Notes+Part+1+An+Uneasy+Peace+1929-35+amypx2013.01.10.2011

Part 1: An Uneasy Peace 1929-35
Above is a picture of the 1932 Disarmament Conference held in Geneva. This conference was the League of Nations attempt to create and ensure peace for the world. This is a map of Japan and China. It helps to illustrate how the Japanese occupied Manchuria.

Below is an awesome mind map showing several factors that led to the revival of Germany :-)



1929: Hopes for Peace


 * 1 925: conference in Swiss town of Locarno; Locarno Treaties signed.
 * major problem: hostility between France and Germany (french occupation of Rhur Valley)
 * treaty first between France, Germany, Belgium.
 * France will support Poland, Czechoslovakia if quarrel with Germany
 * Never go to war
 * This removed suspicion
 * 1929: "new era" begins - friendship between countries
 * Paraguay & Bolivia border clash in 1929- quickly calmed
 *  Kellogg- Briand Pact - came up by Foreign Ministers of the United States and France, Killogg Briand
 * Not to use war to settle disputes
 * signed by 65 countries by July 1929
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Eastern Pact - USSR with 6 neighboring states - not to use war to settle disputes
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Other quarrels settled: Greece and Yugoslavia, Chile and Peru, Arabia and Turkey, Iran and Iraq
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">League of Nations
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1929: 10th anniversary for the League of Nations
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">LN formed in 1919 - to keep peace between nations and make the world better
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Collective security - countries who joined LN cannot go to war with another member; countries will help those under attack
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3 peace- keeping actions:
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">deal with a dispute by legal means
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> economic sanctions on attacker (stop trading with the attacker) to create threat
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">military sanctions against attacker
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Special departments - disarmament commission : persuade members to reduce weapons & rely on collective security
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">First disarmament conference in 1932 (Geneva)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Limitations of the League
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1) not every nation was in the LN - 2 major powers were lacking
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US followed "policy of isolation"; did not want to get involved
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">USSR saw the LN as a club of capitalists
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2) members' lack of enthusiasm
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Germany excluded until 1926
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">viewed LN as a club of victors
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3) could not test ability to keep world peace
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">no problems involved major powers
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">there was no proof that the LN could use sanctions to settle disputes

<span style="color: #808000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;"> The Great Depression (1929-33)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">October 1929 economic crash
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1st problem: spread to other countries- disrupted world peace
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">countries followed <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> protectionism <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> : raise custom duties on foreign products to boost demands for domestic goods
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">some countries (Italy) became self-sufficient
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">ideas of world co-operation ruined
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2nd problem : unrest among people
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">mass unemployment
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">poverty
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2.5 problem : people gave support to political parties
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">democratic governments collapsed (Japan and Germany)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3rd problem: divisions of powers (those with large empires and those who didn't)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">France and Britain had large empires
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Italy grew envious
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Germany was mad for the land taken away (no colonies)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japan had little land too
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Result: Japan, Germany, Italy filled with resentment
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Britain and France avoided the GD's worst effect by trading with their empires
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">(however there were revolts in colonies; they could not support world peace and disarmament)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japan, Germany, Italy wanted to steal land to avoid worst effects

<span style="color: #808000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">Japan, Manchuria, and the League, 1931-33
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japan occupied Korea, Formosa, Liaodong, Kiaochow
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japan wanted <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Manchuria <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> because
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">scarcity of Manchuria's population
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">rich forestry, minerals, agricultural products
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">built <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">South Manchuria Railway Company
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">wanted to exploit those resources
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1931: Japan had control over most of Manchuria's economy
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">18 September 1931: invasion of Manchuria
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">unrest in the military: soldiers decided to increase colonies as a way out of the GD
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japanese army blew up part of the SMR and blamed it on chinese as a reason for invasion
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">China asked LN for help; Japanese government agreed to withdraw its troops
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">however the Japanese government lost control of its army
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">by end of 1931 Manchuria was made into <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Manzhouguo <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> : semi-independent state
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The league and Manchuria
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">no one wanted to use sanctions
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">they didn't want to stop trading with Japan
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">if they uses sanctions Japan will seize Hong Kong and Singapore
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Commission of Enquiry (Lytton) sent to Manchuria to persuade soldiers
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">October 1932: suggested Japan leave Manchuria, and Manchuria becomes semi-independent
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Japan withdrew from the LN and continued to invade Jehol
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">LN"s reputation damaged: members gone to war; in 1933 supporters started to doubt the LN's ability to maintain world peace.

<span style="color: #808000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">The Revival of Germany (1933-35)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">had strong views about Germany's place in the world
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nazi party set up in 1919
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nazis grew mad because of 1919 <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Treaty of Versailles
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">thought it to be unfair
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">could not unite with Austria
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">people put under foreign rule
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hitler's three basic aims:
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">tear up treaty of Versailles
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"Greater Germany" - unite all German speaking people
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Give Germans <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">lebensraum <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> (living space) - Germany was overcrowded without enough food
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">wanted colonial power and sea power
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Re-armament
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">done secretly
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Air Ministry was to build 1000 aircraft; train pilots in civilian flying clubs
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Late 1933: Hitler withdrew from Geneva Disarmament Conference and the LN
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">16 March 1935: decided there to be no need for secrecy
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">army was to increase to 550,000 men
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">announced compulsory military service for all men
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Reactions to Armament
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">British had their own problems and did not want to get involved
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">no money to spend on building armed forces
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">France put defense at the <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Maginot Line <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> : armed concrete fortes along the French border with Germany
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Italy took some actions:
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1934: Nazis in Austrian killed the Austrian Chancellor
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">to prevent Germany from uniting with Austria, Mussolini placed army on the border between Austria and Italy
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hitler had to abandon plans for take-over of Austria
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In general, no specific military actions taken:
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">France, Britain, Italy formed <span style="color: #c6111d; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stresa Front <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> at Stresa in Italy
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">issued protests but took no other action

<span style="color: #c6111d; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Summary: <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Since 1929, although the League of Nations issued several peace plans, the new era of world peace still became very unstable. The Great Depression greatly affected countries' relationships with each other. Events such as Japan's invasion of Manchuria and Germany's re-armament showed that the world's leading powers do not follow the laws of world peace. However, other major countries such as Britain and France did not take specific actions, because they were also facing problems within their empires.

<span style="color: #c6111d; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> Questions: <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 1. Explain why the League of Nation's peace policies could not provide a stable world peace.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 2. Describe the effects that the Great Depression had on the different countries in the world. How did those problems lead to more hostility between nations?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 3. Why was Japan so interested in taking control of Manchuria?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 4. Describe how Manzhouguo was formed.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 5. What were some reactions to Germany's re-armament? What results might these reactions lead to?