InNo+mengxinw2013+09.11.10

AWESOME PART Vanity made the [French] Revolution; liberty was only a pretext ~ Napoleon Bonaparte





NOTES of chap.3
 * - new government governed by five men called the Directors, backed by two new assemblies called Councils
 * - prices shot up, money lost all its value and many people starved
 * - 1799, young army general forced them out of office and took over the government, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Napoleon’s Background
 * - born on island of Corsica in 1769
 * - second of eight children
 * - a year before he was born, king of France bought the island from its Italian owners, therefore Napoleon was born French while his parents were Italian
 * - Napoleon was sent to school in France when he was nine
 * - Spent next seven years in military schools, leaving at sixteen as a lieutenant in the French army
 * - Revolution began four years later
 * - Army grew in size during the Revolutionary war, Napoleon gained rapid promotion
 * - General by the age of twenty-four
 * - Nearly wrecked in 1794 when his close friend’s brother Robespiere was overthrown, he was arrested
 * - Authorities could find no evidence to use against him and had to allow him to return to his army post

Napoleon’s Italian Campaign
 * - when Directors took power, continued the Revolutionary war against the Coalition
 * - French armies were very large, quickly conquered Holland and Belgium
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- New target were states of northern Italy, gave Napoleon’s next promotion
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 1796, commander of the Army of Italy, with orders to attack Austrian forces in northern Italy
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- by October 1797, all of northern Italy was under French control, Napoleon was France’s most famous general

Napoleon in Egypt
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Directors put Napoleon in command of an “Army of the East,” after his outstanding success in Italy
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Orders were to attack Britain’s trade and colonies in the Far East, began invading Egypt, half way on the trade route to India
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Quickly defeated Egyptians at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798, never got to India
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Only a week after the battle, ships which had brought his army to Egypt were sunk by the British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay, stranding them in Egypt; could not advance to India, nor return to France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon and army marooned in Middle East for a whole year
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Back in Europe, unknown to Napoleon, other French armies faring badly; France’s enemies formed a Second Coalition, driven them out of Italy and central Europe
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Learned these defeats in summer of 1799
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Rebels over-run large parts of western France, country was nearly bankrupt, Directors facing strong opposition in the Councils
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Although not ordered, Napoleon left his army in Egypt and hurried back to France, intention was to save the country from defeat.

Napoleon Seizes Power
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- one of the Directos plotting to get rid of his fellow Directors, close down the Councils, and set up a new, stronger government
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- to succeed, needed military backing, asked Napoleon to provide it
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon agreed to join the plot, along with another of the Directors
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon’s brother Lucien, Prez of one of the Councils, also involved
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 9 November 1799, took action; made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked Councils to take emergency action
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Council made Napoleon commander of all the troops in the Paris district, then left Paris for a safer meeting place in nearby Saint-Cloud
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Soldiers then forced the other three Directors to resign
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon went to the Councils to ask them to change the government, by this time, discovered the story about rebels was a lie; immediately took oath to defend the Directory
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- When Napoleon appeared, shouted at him, pushed him around and tried to declare him an outlaw, according to Council’s own records, angry deputies tried to kill him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Soldiers waiting outside believed Napoleon’s life was in danger, entered the hall to save him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Most deputies fled when they saw the soldiers, many humped from windows
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Handful who stayed voted to give Napoleon and two of the other plotters the power to run the country until a new type of government could be formed

Consulate
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- took only a month to create a new government
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- France was governed by three Consuls, only First Consul having power to make decisions, other two Consuls were to advise him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon took the post of First Consul and became head of the government
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Four new councils created, most powerful = Council of State, helped to write new law and discussed Napoleon’s decisions
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- A senate, a Tribunate, and a Legislative Body also shared in the making of laws and the appointment of officials
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- In the provinces, officials called the Perfects put the laws into effect
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- France’s 9 million voters given the change to show by voting whether or not they liked this new government; 3 million voted in favor, and only 1500 against; although 6 million did not bother to vote, Napoleon said result showed that people supported him

Victory in War
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon’s most urgent task as First Consul was to defend France against Second Coalition
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Planned with an attack on Austrian forces in north Italy, hoping to surprise them by attacking them from behind, took his army through Switzerland and across the Alps
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Dangerous gamble, nearly failed; took much longer to cross the Alps than Napoleon expected; when army reached Italy the Austrians were ready for him, attacked near a village called Marengo
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon’s men outnumbered and exhausted after their long march, were on the point of defeat when reserve troops unexpectedly arrived on the battlefirled and drove the Autrians back
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Battle of Marengo ended in victory for the French; defeated Austrians abandoned north Italy
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Another French army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany, brought the war of the Second Coalition to an end
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Peace treaty, signed at Luneville in 1801, left France in control of Belgium, of German lands on the river Rhine, and of north Italy

Making of a Legend
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Napoleon’s victory in war made him more famous than ever
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Newspapers, books and paintings portrayed him as a hero, before long, become almost a legendary figure
 * Concordat and the Catholic Church
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">most difficult of the concerns in France was the Catholic religion
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">during Terror, churches had been closed and France was “de-christianized”
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">millions of loyal Catholics hated this, in western France, many became rebels, trying to overthrow the government
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Napoleon had to end this religion conflict if his new government was to last
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Dropped the ten-day week of the Revolutionary Calendar, allowed people to take Sundays off
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Told rebel leaders that he would deal with their religious complaints
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">In 1801, signed an agreement with the Pope called the Concordat, agrred to allow Catholics to worship freely again
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Result of the Concordat, priests able to come out of hiding and churches re-opened
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Religious conflict ended quickly, gave Napoleon support of millions of people who had spent the last ten years hating the revolution

Reforms
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">in 1802, Napoleon made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflict at home
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">grateful Senate increased his powers, raised his pay and made him “Consul-for-Life;” 3.5 million voted in favor and only 8000 against
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Napoleon started to reform the way France was run
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1802, began reform of the country’s schools; main change was the creation of a new kind of secondary school, the lycee
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">pupils lived under strict military discipline, and high schools studied a curriculum drawn up by the government; took an examination called the Baccalaureate for entrance to university
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">greatest achievement was a reform on the French law into seven books called codes
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">began in 1804 with Code of Civil Law called Code Napoleon
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Codes of Criminal and commercial law were added over the next five years
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Codes simplified the very complex laws that had existed for centuries
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Also made into law some of the things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789, individual rights, freedom of belief, and equality before the law were all included in the codes

Napoleon Becomes Emperor
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1804, Napoleon increased his power further by making himself Emperor
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">voters showed their support with a massive vote of approval
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">France became an empire after twelve years of being republic
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Napoleon brought back some of the things that had been abolished during the Revolution; insisted on being crowned in a coronation ceremony like that of the old French kings
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Brought back noble titles for members of his family; brothers Joseph and Ouis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1808, created an Imperial Nobility consisting of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">nobles had to be very rich if they wanted to pass their titles on to their children: a prince had to leave his son an income of 200,000 francs a year to keep the titles in the family
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Napoleon’s nobles had no privileges
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1804, French Republic replaced by an Empire, Catholic Church had been restored, and people could become nobles once again; REVOLUTION WAS OVER

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1. The whole point of the Revolution was that the people of France didn’t like the King and Nobles, but why did Napoleon bring back nobility, and became the Emperor himself?
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica in 1769, born French while his parents were Italian. He was sent to school in France when he was nine, spent next seven years in military schools, leaving at sixteen as a lieutenant in the French army. During the Revolutionary war, Napoleon was rapidly promoted, by the age of twenty-four, he was a general. His career was nearly wrecked in 1794 when his close friend’s brother, Robespierre was overthrown. He was arrested, however, authorities could find no evidence to use against him and had to allow him to return to his army post. When the Directors took power in 1795, the Revolutionary war against the Coalition was continued. French armies were very large, and quickly conquered Holland and Belgium, and their next target was the states of northern Italy. In 1796, Napoleon was made commander of the Army of Italy, and had orders to attack Austrian forces in northern Italy. By October 1797, all of northern Italy was under French control, making Napoleon France’s most famous general. Directors put Napoleon in command of an “Army of the East,” with orders to attack Britain’s trade and colonies in the Far East. Egyptians were quickly defeated at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798, however, Napoleon never got to India. The ships that had brought his army to Egypt were sunk by the British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay, stranding them in Egypt. This caused them to not being able to advance to India, nor return to France. Napoleon and his army were stranded in the Middle East for a whole year, however back in Europe, unknown to Napoleon, the other French armies were faring badly. France’s enemies had formed a Second Coalition, and drove them out of Italy and central Europe. When Napoleon learned of this, he left his army in Egypt and hurried back to France, with intention to save the country from bankruptcy, rebellions, and oppositions in the Councils. One of the Directors was plotting to get rid of his fellow Directors, close down the Councils, set up a new, stronger government. He needed military backing, so he asked Napoleon to provide it. Napoleon agreed along with another of the Directors, and his brother, Lucien, who was the President of one of the Councils. On November 9, 1799, they made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked the Councils to take emergency action. Councils made Napoleon commander of all the troops in the Paris district, and left Paris for a safer meeting place in nearby Saint-Cloud. Soldiers then forced the other three Directors to resign. Napoleon went to the Councils to ask them to change the government, however they discovered that the story was a lie, and immediately took an oath to defend the Directory. When Napoleon appeared before them, they shouted at him, pushed him around and tried to declare him an outlaw. Soldiers waiting outside the hall believed that Napoleon’s life was in danger, so they entered the hall to save him. Most deputies fled when they saw the soldiers, only a handful who stayed voted to give Napoleon and two of the other plotters the power to run the country until a new type of government could be formed. New government of France was to be governed by three Consuls, with only the First Consul having the power to make decisions. Napoleon took the post of First Consul, and became the head of the government. Four new Councils were created, most powerful was the Council of State, helping to write new laws and discuss Napoleon’s decisions. The Senate, Tribunate, and Legislative Body also shared in the making of laws and appointment of officials. Officials in the provinces are called Perfects. The most urgent task was to defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition. Hoping to surprise the Austrian forces in north Italy, he took his army through Switzerland and across the Alps. It took much longer to cross the Alps than expected, therefore, when his army reached Italy, the Austrians were ready for him. They attacked near a village called Marengo. Napoleon’s men were on the point of defeat when reserve troops unexpectedly arrived and drove the Austrians back. The French won. Later that year, another French army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany, bringing the Second Coalition to an end. A peace treaty was signed at Luneville in 1801, leaving France in control of Belgium, German lands on the river Rhine, and north Italy. Napoelon became almost a legendary figure with his victories in war. With France at peace, the most difficult concern was the Catholic religion. Millions of loyal Catholics hated the fact that churches had been close and France was “de-christianized.” Many Catholics became rebels, trying to overthrow the government. Napoleon dropped the ten-day week of the Revolutionary Calendar, and signed an agreement with the Pope called the Concordat, agreeing to allow Catholics to worship freely again, in return, Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon. Priests were able to come out of hiding and churches re-opened as a result of the Concordat. The Senate increased his power, making him “Consul-for-Life.” Napoleon started to reform the way France was run. He began with reforms on school, creating a new kind of school called the lycee. The greatest achievement was a reform of the French law into seven books called codes. Began in 1804 with Code of Civil Law, called Code Napoleon. Codes of criminal and commercial law was added, and these codes simplified the very complex laws before. In 1804, Napoleon made himself Emperor. Napoleon brought back some of the things that had been abolished during the Revolution, for example, coronation ceremony like that of the old French kings. Napoleon brought back noble titles for member of his family, and later created an Imperial Nobility, consisting princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights. However, Napoleon’s nobles had no privileges.
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