The+World+Remade+I+(pg.+1-12)+ yipsumw2013

Part One: Making Peace Chapters 1-5

AWESOMENESS:  This Photograph shows the "Big Three" (from left to right) French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), American President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George (1863-1945). They each had different ideas on what would happen to the defeated countries and how to create a peace that would last throughout the world. Therefore the Treaty of Versailles was a treaty based on different ideas and expectations.

This is some of my own awesomeness. It shows the main bodies of the League of Nations:

NOTES

After the Great War, all countries had suffered severe losses and those who won expected to gain a great deal. Each nation had suffered in a different way:

France: - Worst of fighting took place here - Farm animals all eaten - 750,000 homes, 23,000 factories, 5,600 km of railway, 48,000 km of roads destroyed - 1,400,000 French soldiers killed, 2,500,000 wounded Belgium - factories stripped of machines, crops were taken, food was rationed - unoccupied area destroyed - 50,000 Belgian soldiers killed Britain - 750,000 soldiers dead, 1,500,000 wounded - gov. deeply in dept (nine billion pounds spent on war, owed 1 million to US) Italy - north-east Italy devastated - 600,000 soldiers dead Russia - only Allied country to surrender, surrendered in 1917 due to mass hunger and 1,700,000 deaths - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk --> huge loss to Russia US  - Suffered least, started fighting in late 1917 - 116,000 men lost Germany - 2,000,000 soldiers killed - country exhausted of resources - revolution causes chaos - starvation

other sufferings: Spanish influenza (killed 25 million people)

THEREFORE, to make sure war never happened again, signed PEACE TREATIES with defeated countries to ensure long-lasting peace.

** A. **** The Paris Peace Conference ** ** 1. **** Biggest peace conference in history of mankind ** 2. 32 countries sent representatives to Paris in January 1919 to make peace treaties with the defeated Central powers. 3. The Peace Conference was dominated by the “**Big Three**” (Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain and Wilson of the USA). Each had different aims a. ** Clemenceau ** (France) i. Requested Germany pay for all the damage to France (200,000,000,000 golf francs) ii. aimed to weaken Germany so much that France could never be invaded again --> wanted to take away much of her land, industry and armed forces b. ** Wilson ** (USA) aimed for a fair and lasting peace. In his **Fourteen Points** he said that countries must reduce their armaments, there must be no secret agreements between countries, people under foreign rule must be given the right of **national self-determination** (people living under the rule of foreign empires – ex. Czechs in Austria, Poles in Russia – must be allowed to form their own nations and choose their own governments), and a **League of Nations** (an organization consisting of all countries for keeping peace in the world) must be set up. i. Disagreed that Germany should pay for war damage, because it was not the only country to blame for starting the war. c. Lloyd George (Britain) agreed with most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points but was under pressure from the British public to be harsh on Germany (had ferocious thoughts about dealing with Germany. i. Believed that making a fair and lasting peace meant taking revenge on Germany  4. The Peace Treaties which the Conference made were therefore a mixture of these different aims and ideas.  5. Because Wilson had the most detailed ideas, his way was followed, and League of Nations was set up, and worked on national self-determination.  6. Peace Conference became free-for-all where victors competed with each other for the lands of defeated powers.  7. Politicians doubted if peace was really being made  ** B. **** The Paris Peace Treaties **  Five treaties were signed in palaces close to Paris   1. ** The Treaty of Versailles ** (1919) dealt with Germany (200 pages long, 400 **clauses**), declared that : a. A **League of Nations** was set up… **Covenant of the League of Nations** (first 26 clauses which described how League of Nations was to function) b. Land was taken away from Germany: Alsace and Lorraine were given to France, Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia to Poland, Hultschin to Czechoslovakia. Danzig, the Saar and Memel were to be ruled by the League of Nations. All Russian land conquered in 1918 was taken away. All Germany’s colonies were put under League of Nations control. c. Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men. The navy was allowed no more than six battleships. No submarines and no air force were allowed. d. Western part of Germany made into **DMZ (demilitarized zone**) – meant that no German soldiers or weapons were allowed there e. The Rhineland was demilitarized and occupied by Allied armies. f. Union with Austria was forbidden. g. The **War Guilt Clause** blamed Germany for starting the war and so Germany had to pay **reparations** to the Allies (mainly to France) Germany was not consulted for the above ^ When told about it, caused great uproar: government resigned, German fleet sank ships, complained treaty was “Diktat” (dictated peace). However they were still forced to sign in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. 2. ** The Treaties of Saint-Germain ** and **Trianon** (1919 and 1920) dealt with Austria and Hungary (two separate treaties) **couldn’t do much to Austria-Hungary because peoples had rebelled against Emperor, set up three independent states with own leaders (Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs), conference could not make many changes.** C. The League of Nations ** (specially designed for settling quarrels between countries) ** 5. USA (didn’t want to), Germany (wasn’t allowed), and Communist Russia (wasn’t allowed) didn’t join. 6. Didn’t have a force that would actually stop countries from fighting. 7. Many were enthusiastic about the League
 * a. The Covenant of the League of Nations **
 * b. The Austro-Hungarian Empire ceased to exist. Austria and Hungary became separate and independent states. Much of their land was given to the new nations of Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia, as well as to Romania and Italy. **
 * c. Both countries had to reduce their armaments and pay reparations. **
 * 3. ** The Treaty of Neuillly ** (1919) dealt with Bulgaria **
 * a. The Covenant of the League of Nations **
 * b. Bulgarian land was given to Greece and Yugoslavia **
 * c. Bulgaria had to reduce armaments and pay reparations. **
 * 4. ** The Treaty of Sevres ** (1920) dealt with Turkey **
 * a. The Covenant of the League of Nations **
 * b. Most of Turkey’s land in Europe was given to Greece and the Turkish Straits were put under the League of Nations control. **
 * c. Turkey’s Arab lands became **mandates **of the League of Nations and were put under French and British rule.**
 * d. Alied armies were to occupy what was left of Turkey – Asia minor. **
 * 1. The Peace Conference set up a League of Nations. Its **Covenant **(rules) was included in all five peace treaties.**
 * 2. The job of the League was to preserve the peace by using **collective security **to deal with countries that attacked others (everyone would help the attacked country). This would be organized by the** Assembly **(world parliament which met once a year and in which each member country had one vote) in Geneva or, in an emergency, by the** Council **of the League (a smaller body that could meet quickly) --> would help by cutting off all links with the attacker, especially in trade and financial links.**
 * 3. League operated using **commissions **(commands):** Disarmament Commission **(persuaded member countries to reduce size of armed forces),** Mandates Commission **(watched over German and Turkish Colonies.**
 * 4. The League also aimed to improve the world through specialized agencies, eg. The **International Labor Organization **(aimed to improve working conditions), the** Health Organization **(aimed to help world’s health by wiping up leprosy), etc.** Permanent Court of Justice **(aimed to solve legal disputes between countries. A** Secretariat **was elected (chairman of civil services body) --> Englishman, Sir Eric Drummond.

SUMMARY After the war huge damages had been inflicted on all European countries who expected reimbursement and rewards. The Allies gathered together in he Paris Peace Conference and decided to make peace treaties to ensure that there would never be war in Europe again. These included the Treaty of Versailles (1919, aimed at Germany), the Treaties of Saint-Germain (1919) and Trianon (1920) (aimed at Austria and Hungary), the Treaty of Neuilly (1919 with Bulgaria), and the Treaty of Sevres (1920 with the Turkish Empire). The Peace Conference also set up a League of Nations which would preserve the peace by using collective security and ensure that no nation will harm another.

QUESTIONS: 1. Who was the Secretariat? 2. Why was the League important to the Allies in terms of improving the world? 3. What was similar about all the treaties? 4. Who were the "Big Three"? 5. Why were the peace treaties a mixture of different aims and ideas?