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Chapter 4 - Napoleon and Europe


 * Napoleon made peace in 1802 but that did not last very long
 * Coalition army: Britiain, Russia and Austria teamed up against France
 * Napoleon want the war and conquered half of Europe

Napoleon conquers Europe
 * He defeated the Coalition's armies
 * 1805 - smashed the Austrian armies
 * 1806 - defeated the Russians
 * There was nothing stoping Napoleon from expanding his empire
 * 1807 - Tuscany and Parma were made into French provinces
 * 1809 - Illyrian and Papal states also became French
 * 1810 - Holland was added to Germany
 * Napoleon made changes to the countries around France
 * He forced rulers of German to join their land together
 * 1806 - he brought the leading German rulers together in a union called the Confederation of Rhine, he was the leader
 * This helped him build a barrier between his enemies ( Austria and Prussia)
 * Other countries gave him soldiers and money

The Ruler of the Bonapartes
 * Napoleon couldn't governor all the land by himself, it was too much
 * He shared it with his family
 * Brother = king of Holland, Westphalia and Spain
 * Step son = Viceroy of Italy
 * Brother in law = King of Naples
 * Sisters = Italian small states
 * This family made made changes
 * Reformed laws
 * Got rid of the feudal rights
 * Took away land from the Churches
 * Modernized the way states were run

The Costs of French Rule
 * Bonapartes tired to improve the states
 * brought losses as well as benefits
 * Biggest losses were: every province were to provide Napoleon with soldiers
 * Half a million Germans, Italians and Poles were in his armies
 * The men in the army weren't the only ones suffering
 * Their families had to pay high prices
 * Fighting wars was very expensive, therefore he rose taxes
 * French armies didn't carry food on their trips
 * Took food from the villages and farms they passed by
 * Peasants couldn't complain when soldiers marched over their crops or took their crops
 * their animals were also killed

Resistance and Rebellion
 * Many hated the French rule
 * Mostly in Spain by Joseph Bonaparte
 * 1808 - Spaniards rebelled against the French -> started a war
 * French were very violent when they fought

=The Opposition to Napoleon=

Napoleon and Britain

 * 5 countries managed to stay independent of Napoleon
 * Most powerful and dangerous was Britain
 * Napoleon's highest wish was to defeat the British
 * Between 1803 - 1805 he gathers a massive ' Army of England' ready to attack
 * Many ships took people across the Channel to Britain
 * He would need control of Channel in order to get to Britain
 * He attacked the British navy at sea first
 * France tricked the British and actually succeeded
 * 1805 - he decided to wait a little to attack
 * He heard that a Austrian army was about to attack France
 * He ordered all his soldiers back to France
 * This was the battle of Ulm on Oct 20
 * Napoleon was the battle of Ulm, had lost all his hope of invading Britain
 * Nelson't fleet trapped Admiral Villeneuve's fleet of the coast of spain
 * Battle of Trafalgar on Oct 21, 1805, barely any ships escaped safely
 * Lost many soldiers

The Continetal System
 * His plan to invade Britain was over
 * 1806 - issued an order 'Berlin Decree' forbidding people to trade with the British
 * His aim was to force Britain to surrender
 * Britain's trade went down
 * Portugal had refused to join Napoleon because most of its trade was with Britain
 * He tried to force them to join
 * 1807 - invaded Portugal
 * Portuguese hated it when the French armies walked across their land and destroyed it
 * 1808 - they rebelled -> a war began
 * Britain joined the fighting
 * 'Peninsular War' was the war between Britain and Portuguese against the French ( 5 years)
 * Used alot of money
 * 1810 - Tsar of Russia decided to the the system because it was damaging Russia's Trade
 * Russia and Britain were now allow to trade

The Russian Campaign
 * He gathered another army 'Grand Army' of 665,000 men and invaded Russia (1812)
 * Russians retreated
 * Defeated them in the Battle of Borodin
 * 1812 - enter Moscow
 * On his way back only 55,000 men were alive
 * Food and medicine ran short
 * His men ditched him
 * As the French soldiers retreated it had become winter and gotten really cold
 * The soldiers weren't given food or anything to keep warm
 * Men were dying everywhere
 * 370,000 French men died in battle, illness or of cold
 * 200,000 were taken prisoner
 * Half of them died in captivity
 * 200,000 horses died

The Fall of Napoleon
 * Tsar Of Russia started a army against him
 * Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britain joined together and 1813 attacked him
 * Austrians and Germans joined
 * 1814 - France was back in France
 * With most of Europe against him
 * April 1814 - he surrendered

Elba
 * Allies allowed him to stay Emperor but sent him to exile on island of Elba (Italy)
 * He ran the island as a little country
 * When he heard that Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular he returned to France
 * March 1815 - he secretly sailed to France

The Hundred Days
 * Napoleon's second empire lasted 95 days
 * Austria, Britain, Russ and Prussia attacked him
 * He didn't wait for them he began marching his army toward them
 * June 16 - beat a Prussian army and then attacked the British army on June 18
 * He would have kept fighting but then Assembly wanted peace
 * June 22 - gave up his crown
 * He joined the british army
 * Hoping they would protect him
 * He was put on another island St. Helena
 * Spent the rest of his life there
 * Died in 1821