InNo+eunyoungpx2013+Oct.22.2010


 * Russia Revolution Part Three ** toc

Ch. 11: Peace at any price
<**The first decrees of sovnarkon**> -Sonarknom start issuing decrees or orders on the day it was created. -decrease made big changes to Russia and Russian people **->8 November 1917: a decree on land** -took 540 million acres of land away from Tsar, the nobles, the church and other landlords. Then, they land was given to the peasant to divide among themselves. **->8 November: a decree on peace** -stated that Sovnarkom intended to make pace with Russia's enemies at once. **->12 November:a decree on work** -established an 8 hours day and a 48 hour week for all industrial workers and laid down rules about over-time and holidays **->14 November: a decree on unemployment** -promised to give insurance to all workers against injury, illness and unemployment **->1 December:a decree on the press** banned all non-Bolshevik newspapers ->**11 December:Banned Russia's main liberal party**, the Constitutional Democracy party and ordered to arrest of its leader. **->20 December:** -Lenin set up a political police force, the 'All-Russian Extraordinary Commision to fight Counter-Revolution and Espionage'(also known as **Cheka**). Their job was to deal with opponents and enemies of the Bolsheviks **->27 December:a decree in worker's control** -put all banks in Russia under Sovnarkom's control **->27 December:a decree on banking** -put all banks in Russia under Sovarkom's control **->31 December:a decree on marriage** -allowed couples to have non-religious weddings and made it easier to get a divorce. <**The constituent Assembly**> -In Nov 1917, election was held for Russia;s new parliament, the Constituent Assembly. It was the 1st free lections in Russian History. ->Result of election -Bolsheviks ->175 -Left wing Socialist Revolutionaries ->40 -Constitutional Democrats ->17 -Mensheviks ->16 -Narodniks ->2 -Others(representing nationalities) ->87
 * Number of seats in the Constituent Assembly ||
 * -Socialist Revolutionaries ->370

Total= 707 || -On 18 Jan 1918, the constituent Assembly met for the 1st time -Less than 24 hours later Sovnarkom ordered it to stop meeting -Bolshevik Red Guards killed and wounded more than a hundred people who demonstrated in support of the Assembly out side the meeting location -Then, Red Guards prevented the elected Deputies from entering the Assembly and closed down permanently. <**The treaty of Brest- Litovsk**> -Lenin believed that a quick end to the war against Germany and Austria was needed if the Bolsheviks were to stay in power. Otherwise, they would lose the support of the army -On 3 December 1917, a peace conference between Russia, Germany and Austria Hungary began at **Brest Litovsk**, a town on the border with Germany -**Leon Trosk**y was Russia's Commissar, or minister, for Foreign Affairs -At the peace conference he dragged out the talks for as long as he could, hoping that a socialist revolution would begin in Germany -With a socialist government in Germany as well as Russia, the 2 countries could make a fair and democratic peace with each other. -Trotsky span out the talks for 9 weeks but no revolution began in Germany -In Feb 1918, the German army advanced into Russia and got so close to Petrograd that Lenin decided to make peace at any price. -The **Treaty of Brest- Litovsk** between Russia and German was one of the harshest treaties ever mades. -Russia had ti give up all western lands->Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Ukraine and Georgia SO Russia lost -Russia also, had to pay fine of 300 million gold roubles to German -Lenin said that peace would give the Bolsheviks a 'breathing space', which would help them get a grip on the country. BUT when they were faced with a different but just as damaging kind of war, **civil war**, they hardly had the Bolsheviks drawn breath down
 * 62 million people-26% of Russia population
 * 27% of Russia farm land
 * 26% of Russia railways
 * 74% of Russia iron ore and coal

Ch. 12: Civil War and Foreign Intervention
-Lenin and the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany, than enemies of the Bolsheviks inside Russia got ready to fight them. -Serious fighting began in May 1918 when anti-Bolshevik soldiers took control of the Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia's vital link between east and west. <**The Czech Leign**> -During May 1918, 45,000 Czech prisoners of war were being taken across Russia on train to Vladivostok -They were put on to ships and sent back to their country by sea -On the way, one train load of Czech got into a quarrel with the Soviet of a town on the railway -The quarrel became a fight and the Czechs took control of the town -When Bolshevik troops arrived to restore order, more train loads of Czech prisoners of war joined in the fight -In 2 weeks they had taken over all important towns in the area -By the end of 1918, almost all the Trans-Siberian Railway and the towns along its route were in Czech hands -Enemies of the Bolshevks rushed to join the Czech Legion -Under Czech protection they set up their own governments and claimed that they ruled Russia -The most important of these new governments were called **Komuch(kind of Committee of members of the constituent assembly)** -They quickly organised the enemies of the Bolsheviks into a People's Army which afvanced on Moscow ->on the way it captured 650 million gold roubles in an attack on the government's gold reserve at Kazan -The Bolshevik government took desperate measures to protect itself ->1st, it introduced conscription (men aged 18 to 40 had to serve in a new Bolshevik army=the Red Guard) -Leon Trotsky's job was organizing it. First problem was to find officers to lead the Red Army, for most of the the troops were raw recruits ->Solution was to appoint former officers of the Tsar's army -When they refused, they were sent to prison camps -Any officer who tried deserting to the enemy found their family kept in prison -Using this methods, Trotsky managed to find 22,000 officers to command the 330,00 men of the Red Army. <**Reds and Whites**> -people against the Red Army was known as 'Whites'(white was the traditional color of the Tsar) -Many of them were Socialist revolutionaries and others were democrats, and landlords. -by the end of 1918, 4 white Armies were attacking the heartland of Russia which was held by the Bolsheviks ->helped by foreign armies from the Allies -the allies were angry at Russia's withdrawal from the war and wanted to crush the B government-the Red Army had to face foreign armies of intervention from Britain, France, America, and Japan-Tsar and his family were prisoners in Ekaterinburg-Bs feared the land would fall into Czech hands and they would release the Tsar who might become leader of the whites, therefore executed tsar and his family in july 1918 -In August 1918 a SR named Fanya Kaplan shot lenin 3 times->lenin survived and point of the shooting was to convince the Bs that ruthless methods were needed to deal with the whites-after a week, sovnarkom ordered the Cheka to begin a "red terror  <**The Red Terror**> -The Cheka, led by Felix Dzerzhinsky, had its head quarters in Lubyanka Street in Moscow -In the cellars of the Luyanks, Cheka agents tortured prisoners to extract confessions before executing them. -Cheka units in the countryside hanged, shot and burned anyone who helped the Whites or fought for them -Before long the name of the Cheka aroused fear even among loyal Bolshevik -In 1918, Leon Trotsky issued the order: 1. Every scoundrel who incites anyone to retrea, to desert, or not to fulfil a military order, will be shot 2. Every soldier of the Red Army who voluntarily deserts his post, will be shot 3. Every soldier who throws away his rifle or sells apart of his equipment will be shot 6. Those guilty of harbouring deserters are liable to be shot 7. Houses in which deserters are found are liable to be burned down

-When a Red Army battalion tried to runaway, they were shot by Trotsky -Trotsky spent much of the Civil War travelling from one area of the fighting to another -From his war train Trotsky directed the movements of the Red Army, delivered supplies, gave encouragement, and dealt with troublemakers -He made sure that the Red Army was an effective and united fighting force -Red Army began to win the Civil War -In 1919, the foreign armies of intervention were withdrawn from Russia, leaving the White Armies to fight alone -The White Armies never came together as a united force, so Trotsky was able to fight them one at a time -By the end of 1919, only isolated groups of Whites were still fighting.

Ch. 13: 'One Step Backwards...' War Communism and The Nep
<**War Communism**> During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks took strict measures to organize industry and food supplies in the areas under their control 2 aims: to keep the Red Army supplied with food and weapons, and to introduce a system of communism (the equal sharing of wealth)- War Communism War Communism -five aspects ->all factories with more than ten workers were nationalized -government body called Vesenkha (the Supreme Council of National Economy) decided what each industry would produce ->all workers were under government control -military discipline in the factories, including death penalty for strikers -the unemployed were made to join 'Labour Armies', cutting trees or building roads ->private trading was banned -peasants had to give their surplus food to the government -they could not sell for their profit -the government allowed money to lose its value through inflation ->they abolished rents, railway fares, postal charges and many other money payments ->in place of money, they were encouraged to barter -in cities food was strictly rationed ->the war communism succeeded in their first aim (to keep the Red Army supplied with food and weapons ->they failed in sharing Russia's wealth equally -in the countryside, many peasants decided that there was no point in growing more food than they needed for themselves (the government took away all the crops they grew) ->in 1919- the peasants started to sow less grain and breed fewer animals -1920- there was food shortage -1921- there was terrible famine ->starvation, cold weather and disease killed seven million Russians ->25 million Russians were living below subsistence level <**The New Economic Policy**> -March 1921- revolt of 10,000 sailors at **Kronstadt**, a naval base near Petrograd ->they were loyal to the Bolsheviks before but now, they claimed that War Communism wasn't what the Bolsheviks promised in 1917 and got ready to attack Petrograd -Leon and the Red Army generals surrounded Kronstadt with 60,000 troops ->they bombed the naval base and then attacked the sailors' headquarters ->sailors were killed in a hand-to-hand fighting and the rest were captured and later shot by the Cheka -Lenin realized that they need a change in the policy to stop anymore risings -he introduced the New Economic Policy, NEP, in March 1921 ->peasants could sell their surplus food for profit again ->peasants who increased their food production would pay less tax ->factories with fewer than twenty workers would be given back to their owners ->people could use money once again -Many Bolsheviks were shocked and Lenin said that a step backward would later become two steps forward -by 1925- NEP begun to work ->production went back up to the level it had been at before the Great War, while industrial output increased dramatically <**The 1923 Constitution**> -at the start of 1923- Russia gained a new constitution -the 1923 Constitution said that Russia was a 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' -the country was now a union of four republics- Russia, Byelorussia, the Ukraine and the Caucasus ->each republic had its own government with control over such matters as public health, welfare and education ->the national government in Moscow, Sovnarkom, retained control over national concerns such as the armed forces, industry, communications and the secret police <**Lenin's death**> -he did not live to see the USSR grow to be one of the great powers of the twentieth century world ->in 1922 and 1923- suffered a series of strokes ->in 1924- he died at the age of 53 -his body was embalmed and put on display in a tomb in Red Square in Moscow -millions of visitors from all over the USSR and from other countries have queued to see Lenin's body, which shows that he was one of the greatest leaders of the twentieth century

Summary:
This chapter talks about what Bolsheviks did after they got power. Also, it talks about many decrees that Lenin issued and how it effect the society. Then, it talks fight between Bolshevik and the group that is against then, which is called whites.

Question:
1. List some decrees that Lenin made 2. How did Lenin's effect the society? 3. what is the **Treaty of Brest- Litovsk?** 4. what did Russia lost because of this treaty? 5. what kinds of orders did Trotsky issued in 1918?

Awesomeness:
(Photocopy of the first 2 pages of **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, March 1918. ) **

(This tables shows what Russia lost by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Especially, between Russia and German )
 * Things that Russia lost by t he **Treaty of Brest- Litovsk** ||
 * * 62 million people-26% of Russia population


 * 27% of Russia farm land
 * 26% of Russia railways
 * 74% of Russia iron ore and coal ||