InNo+15+Sean2013+4.19.2011

Awesome: This is a chart viewing the successes and failures of events before the cold war. This is very important because many of these decisions led to the Cold War.

Found awesome: Planes ready to go to Berlin to drop off supplies. This was very important because it showed the triumph of the US under soviet threat, and showed a symbol that US solved a conflict without war.



The Big three, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill. They worked together to stop the Nazis, they had to make sacrifices and had to work together to end WW1, however after WW1 Stalin became an enemy and they no longer cooperated.


 * Roots of the Cold War Notes **

Two revolutions: 1. Anti-tsarist Provisional Government led by Prince Georgy, then by socialist **Alexander Kerensky** 2. In November, Kerensky government was overthrown by Lenin’s communist party, which seized power in the name of the soviets (worker’s party), they are also known as Bolsheviks. - The US and Russia relationship was a very poor start, - Russians bailed out of the war by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litosvk, - US didn’t care much about the Bolsheviks. - The ideology between communism and capitalism caused suspicion and distrust. - Bolsheviks wanted international communists states and established Comintern, Communist International - Civil war broke out in Russia, US joined troops in support for the anti-Bolshevik - - - Whites in their fight against the Bolshevik Reds. - The victorious Reds established the USSR in 1922 - US government supported Russian famine relief during 1920s - American businessmen established commercial relations with Soviet government during LEN, US recognized them in 1933
 * I. The Bolsheviks**

** - Under NEP, Soviet state controlled all economic enterprises, ** - Small business allowed to operate privately - Five year plan on heavy industry, - US signed formal diplomatic relations with Russia to solve issues - Russia did not like Nazi, but distrust Britain and French even more, and signed peace with Nazi, however they invaded Russia to demoralize Britain but failed
 * II. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact,**

- March 1941 Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass Lend-Lease Act, which sent aid to fend off Germany and Japan, when Soviets joined, America welcomed them. - Very uneasy, because they were allies but hated their government. - **Russia wanted US to attack from the East, but persuaded by Churchill to attack from the West,** Stalin upset
 * III. A Marriage of Convenience**

- Stalin disappointed after delayed invasion from France - British had economic benefits, Stalin suspicious of loyalty **- Big Three meets at Tehran** - Discuss about project Overlord, and the invasion of Poland - Committed on invasion date of May 1
 * IV. The Big Three at Tehran**

- Last time Big Three Meets at Feb 1945 at Yalt **Stalin listed a list of demands, which US and Britain agreed to** - Wanted recognition of Communist government set up in Lublin, - 10 billion dollars worth of war repairs, - Wanted all land lost to Japan - Red Army’s four years of fighting put them high in military position - Stalin wanted to make it lasting political gain - Save face
 * V. Yalta **

- Goals were capture Ruhr Valley, stopping unwanted Soviet clashes - Angered British because to have least casualties - Soviets started main assault on German capital, Hitler suicide - May 2, Berlin surrender, Karl successor reasoned with Western Allies to attack communist - Truman refused and ordered to surrender to all fronts - Surrender came on May 7
 * VI. Division of Germany **

- April 12th 1945 FDR dies - Truman shocked about the Manhattan project **- Manhattan project originated from Albert Einstein about a powerful weapon** - There were many testing and research throughout America
 * VII. The Manhattan Project**

- Truman learns that British knows all about the bomb - However Russia has no idea about it - Niels Bohr gave advice to tell Stalin, to have postwar bomb controls - If they listened the arms race might have been different, but they kept Russia in the dark - US discussed about showing the bomb to the world - If Japanese continue fighting, then they will drop the bomb **- They wanted to have demonstrated strength than moral strength**
 * VIII. Knowledge of the Bomb**

- July 1945, Truman met Stalin and Churchill, - Stalin forthcoming, telling allies of Pacific War - Truman happy about good test results, and didn’t need soviets to end war - Told Stalin about bomb informally - Stalin knew about bomb from spies within Manhattan Project - Secret Soviet nuclear project underway - Anglo-American causes Soviet distrust - Stalin’s fear of bomb on Moscow
 * IX. Potsdam **

- After US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet-American cooperation broke down - US and USSR lacked formal relations - Writer explores USSR goals as to spread communist to other countries - And to secure borders on the east - US interests were Western Europe, Western hemisphere, Japan and Middle East. - Both were different so if there was constant pressure, no need cold war
 * X. Containment **

- Believing his assessment, Truman realized he couldn’t do anything - Russia was now superpower of the East - In Greece, there was civil war and soviet gain ground with anti-western government - Britain informed US they could no longer help Greece or Turkey - Congress gave economic support to Greece and Turkey **- Truman Doctrine was to give aid to anyone under threat of communism.**
 * XI. The Truman Doctrine **

- After Truman’s speech, US, British, French and Russian ministers gathered in Moscow - Discuss future of Germany, war preparations, level of industry - No agreement reached - Delayed this to aggravate Western Europe economy - Economy in Western Europe was bad, lacked supplies, starvation - Economic turmoil was having on the political situation - Communists were gaining ground; widespread poverty was ruining government authority. - Plans for US to provide assistance to Europe
 * XII. Disarray in Postwar Europe **

**- June 5th 1947 Plan for outline of foreign policy problems for Europe** - Marshall wanted European nations to devise a join recovery plan based on self-help, resource sharing and German reintegration. - US will fund it - Taken by British/French foreign ministers - Joint communiqué inviting 22 nations to Paris to draw cooperative plan. - 16 of them took part - Added international tension when Stalin opposed - Because of vision of an integrated European market - Stalin wanted to block power stabilization - The European plan, called ERP proposed to Congress in 1947 Dec - Seventeen billion dollars - Argued that if was not passed there would not be any democratic governments - It also would create new exports markets for US goods - Passed on April, spent 13.3 billion on ERP aid - Signaled America’s embrace of its new role as a global leader
 * XIII. The Marshall Plan **

- Soviets wanted Germany to be unstable - West Germany, where Britain/France/US merged occupation zones - Creating single political unit known as Bizonia. - Introduced new currency, the Deutsche, important to economy - Nazi currency now worthless, black market - Shopkeepers accepted cash - New currency appeared in West Berlin, Soviets cut off all road, rail, and water access to the city, halted everything of West Berlin. - Protest of right of access, Soviet disagreed - Massive airlift, at first seemed hopeless because of size - However sent many airplanes, Berlin had become an international symbol of **US resolve to Soviet aggression without conflict.**
 * XIV. The Berlin Alirlift **

- Militarization of the Cold War was unwise and unnecessary - Soviets not likely to deploy armed forces beyond Eastern Europe - Economic and political counter pressure enough meet all forms of expansionism. - Countries demobilize, but Soviet was still very strong. - America and European allies had military alliance. - North Atlantic Treaty, established called NATO - Countries knew Russia would be unhappy and after WW2 had distasted. - After Western Germany joined NATO, Russia had its own alliance. Warsaw pact
 * XV. Nato and the Warsaw Pact**

- Time Magazine, Whittaker Chambers were called to HUAC - Been part of a secret Communist cell in DC - Another person Hiss was in the cell, - Hiss denied everything - One was lying but don’t know who - Hiss lost his cool, story unravel, - Save face by suing Chamber of slander - Chambers gave documents, Hiss had committed espionage - Hiss could still be charged with perjury if not espionage - Served for 5 years - Psychological impact, image on soviet spy cannot be trusted
 * XVI. The Hiss Case **

- Nixon, became famous through Hiss case, - Became a senate in just three years in the House - Nixon was very harsh on communism compared to Pink Lady - Nixon used distribution of pink sheets comparing to Dougl’as liberal voting - Helen Gahagan Douglas quit the campaign - 1950 Mccarthy declared 250 people were communist in the state department - McCarthy couldn’t keep his accusations straight - Not a single case of disloyalty
 * XVII. McCarthyism **

**- In lessons learned during WW2, Congress passed National security Act of 1947** - Established CIA and made Department of Defense - Document called NSC about communist take over of China and nuclear bomb. - 58 page NSC-68 delivered on April 7th - Meet new soviet threat with massive military buildup - Create a destabilizing arms race - NK invaded US SK, leading to Truman was soft on Communism. - Tripled on defense spending
 * XVIII. NSC-68 **

Summary: There were many things that led to the cold war. First, the Big Three Russia, Britain and America were allies to defeat a common enemy of the Nazi. Then after WW1 many disputes such as nuke and differences of the government led to many tensions and distrust therefore leading to the cold war.

Questions: How did US wanted to display the Manhattan project? Who were the big three? When East Germany cut off supplies to Berlin what did US do? Why was this important? What did this show? What do you think would happen if US told Russia about the Manhattan project? Would this change the outcome of the cold war? Why? What was the Marshall Plan and what was its significance to the US? What did this mean to the US people? Why did they have this plan?

Work Cited: "Big Three." //UCC//. UCC Education, 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.

"Berlin Airlift." //Education Blog//. Blog Library, 8 July 2005. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.