inNO+julie+2013+04.+06.+11+Roots+of+the+Cold+War

=Roots of the Cold War:=

1) The Bolsheviks:

 * 1917, there were two revolutions in Russia
 * March - Nicholas II was over thrown and the provisional government was started (led by Prince Georgy Lvov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky)
 * November - Kerensky government was over thrown by the Communist party (led by Vladimir Lenin)
 * His followers were called Bolsheviks
 * Lenin died in 1925, Joseph Stalin took over
 * US didn't care about the Bolsheviks
 * They got off to a poor start.
 * March 1928, US troops went to France to join the Allied side in World War I
 * Bolsheviks signed __Treaty of Brest-Litovsk__ with the central powers -> taking Russia out of the War
 * When America (capitalism) and Russia divided it caused some trouble and lost trust.
 * Bolsheviks wanted to replace capitalism with an international communist state
 * March 1919 Communist International was established
 * Civil War broke out in Russia
 * USA was against Russia and helped the Western nations
 * However multinational forces failed and withdraw in 1920
 * 1922 - Reds established the __Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)__
 * US had helped Russia through their famine (1920's)
 * American businessmen established commercial relations with soviet government

2) The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

 * New economic policy -> Soviet controlled many of the nation's large economic enterprises- factories, mines, railways
 * __Stalin's five year plan__ (1929 - 1933) -> greater economic control
 * He wanted to catch up to the advanced countries
 * March 1933, Franklin Roosevelt became president
 * Realized US policy of nonrecognition were horrible
 * It wasn't restraining Soviet Communism, but it was making it difficult for US to obtain Soviet cooperation with regard to a number of increasingly international issues. (rise of military in Japan and Germany)
 * On Nov 17, FDR invited Maxim Litvinou the Soviet foreign minister to Washington, two nations decided to start formal diplomatic relations
 * Stalin wasn't sure which side to take or who to attack during World War 2 (Germany or France and Britain)
 * April 1939 starting hitting on Germany a bit hoping that he could make an agreement with the Soviets to be neutral.
 * Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression pact was secretly signed by both nations
 * Germany invaded Poland
 * Stalin's five year plan was making progress
 * USSR weren't ready for war though
 * Hitler was trying to avoid war
 * June 1914 Hitler invaded the Soviet Union
 * Hitler had agreed to the pact because he needed more time to prepare for war

3) A marraige of Convenience

 * March 1941, Roosevelt convinced the Congress to pass the __Leng-Lease Act__
 * Which helped the nations in war with Germany and Japan
 * Purpose of Leng-Lease act was to keep Britain and China away from each other until FDR
 * 1941 June, soviets entered war
 * Roosevelt welcomed them and helped them out
 * After pearl harbor US entered war - tried to improve the Soviets and US
 * Both Russia and US didn't like the Bolsheviks
 * May 1942 Stalin sent Vyachslav M. Molotov (foreign minister) to Washington to try to get Roosevelt to talk some actions to relieve German pressure on the Soviet from
 * He said that Molotov would get invaded by France before the end of the year
 * Winston Churchill (British prime minister) didn't like this idea
 * Only way to lose war was to invade France
 * Roosevelt went along with this plan, in June made a trip to Washington to disagree
 * Churchill got Roosevelt to accept his plan of invading North Africa in 1942
 * Upset Stalin, continued fighting Germany
 * Hard to make Stalin change his mind

4) The Big three at Tehran

 * Stalin was forced to accept disappointment in Jan 1943
 * Roosevelt and Churchill moved back the invasion of France
 * British were interested in Mediterranean -> invade sicily
 * Stalin became even more suspiciour when he saw Churchill apparently pursuing imperial self-interest at the expense of countless Russian lives
 * Nov 1943 first big three __meeting in Tehran (Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill)__
 * Roosevelt had heard that Stalin was "the most inscrutable and contradictory character"
 * But according to Harriman Stalin was "better informed than Roosevelt, more realistic than Churchill, in some ways the most effective of war leaders'
 * They discussed the status of a defeated Germany and postwar borders of Poland
 * Main focus was the new cross-Channel invasion plan (overload)
 * Date was May 1, 1944
 * Roosevelt went away from Tehran angry, he didn't get any personal connection with Stalin
 * Soviet Leader was happy to discuss future plans of invading Poland

5) Yalta

 * __Second big three meeting__ Feb 1945 at Yalta on the Black Sea
 * Issues:
 * wanted a successful League of Nations
 * Future of Easter Europe (Poland)
 * Status of Germany, and Soviet entry into Pacific War
 * Leaders found it hard to agree on plans and ideas
 * Stalin wanted veto power for security Council/ separate General Assembly
 * __Poland__ - recognition for the communist government set up in Lublin
 * Wanted 10 billion dollars from Germany as a punishment for war and all the damage they caused
 * Wanted to leave annex the Kurile Islands and take back lost territory in Japan
 * Roosevelt and Churchill thought he had great points, short on declaring war with Soviets
 * Red army four years of hard fighting had improved their army
 * Stalin's troops already occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland, advanced into Berlin

6) The Division of Germany

 * March 1945 - american and british forces crossed the Rhine
 * __Dwight D. Eisenhower (supreme Allied commander) had three main goals__
 * 1) Capturing the Ruhr Valley, the place where Germany industrial took place
 * 2) Making sure the the Nazi's didn't leave the Bavarian Alps
 * 3) Avoid unnecessary clashes with Soviet troops
 * March 28 Eisenhower gave Stalin a message in a cable him that the western Allies' plans and requesting information about the Red army.
 * Churchill didn't like this cable - Eisenhower was giving up Berlin to the Soviets
 * British were in trouble and Eisenhower wanted to end the war
 * April 16, Soviets started attacking Germany
 * This battle continued for the rest of the month
 * April 26, SS went around the city and if anyone had left their positions they would be killed
 * April 30, __Hitler killed himself__
 * May 2, Berlin surrendered, Adm. Karl Donitz (Hitler's successor) wanted peace with the western allies
 * So Germany could continue fighting the soviets, with Anglo-American support
 * Anitcommunist alliance was set up in Germany
 * Harry Truman (US prez) turned down Germany's offer
 * May 7, Germany had been divided into four parts, different zones
 * During the last few weeks of the war American had pushed a few hundred miles beyond the boundaries
 * July - americans pulled back same time the soviets allowed the western allies into Berlin
 * Germany surrendered May 1945, divided into four zones controlled by the US, Britain, France and the Soviet Union

7) The ManHattan Project

 * April 12, 1945, __Roosevelt died__ - bad health
 * Truman was surprised that FDR had been up in Mexico
 * __Manhattan project__ was a project to make a atomic bomb
 * Truman wasn't exactly sure what was going on
 * US thought this weapon would be the strongest human weapon
 * August 1939 - Manhattan project originated because the Hungarian had threatens with making nuclear weapons
 * Germany was working on nuclear weapons too
 * December 1942 first major step in making nuclear weapons - first controlled nuclear chain reactions
 * Other scientists worked on making this into nuclear fuels
 * Los Alamos and New Mexico was were the nuclear bombing testing took place.

8) Knowledge of the Bomb

 * Truman realized that the British knew about the US bomb making
 * Soviets hadn't been informed yet though
 * 1944 summer, Niels Bohr said to Churchill and Roosevelt in separate meeting
 * They didn't like his idea and kept it a secret
 * Planning on attacking Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 * Main goal wasn't to just attack Japan it was to bomb and try out their new weapon

9)Potsdam

 * July 1945 - Truman went to __berlin__ to see Churchill and Stalin
 * They were going to talk about: the German occupation, invading Japan, how it would cost death of many Americans, Manhattan project save peoples lives
 * Conference:
 * July 17: Stalin said he would enter the Pacific War on August 15 and he was keeping peace with Japan
 * July 18: __first atomic bomb testing had been successful__
 * Truman didn't tell Stalin about the bomb until a week before mentioned it informally
 * Stalin didn't really have any special reaction
 * He had already known about it from the Soviet spies
 * A soviet atomic program was already on its way
 * Stalin was scared they would use the bomb on USSR, Moscow

10) Containment

 * Soviet-American cooperation ended when US bombed Japan
 * Soviets rearranged map of eastern europe
 * Poland remained independent
 * Many countries joined the Soviets
 * Feb 22 - __George F. Kennan changed affairs at the US embassy__ in Moscow, sent 3500 cables
 * Kennan had become an expert after being posted to Tallinn, Riga and other posts early in his while the US and USSR lacked formal relations
 * His plan became the basic of postwar US foreign policy
 * April 1946 Kennan went back to Washington
 * July 1947 published his plan in a Foreign Affairs article
 * Kennan's view: postwar USSR 2 goals:
 * 1) Keeping homeland safe -> fighting short wars
 * 2) Exporting communism to other countries -> Marxist-Leninist mattered to bordering countries
 * Kennan was also interested in US

11) The Truman Doctrine

 * Truman found out that there wasn't much he could do to liberate territory that was under the Soviets.
 * Soviets had the most __military power in EU__ (eastern EU)
 * Germany was defeated
 * Decline of Britain and France
 * The countries around the Soviets felt like they were pressured to join them
 * In Greece during the Cold War Communism was starting
 * Soviets wanted the Turkish government to share control of the Dardanelles, which would give the soviets Black Sea fleet access to the MEditerranean
 * 1947 - British government could no longer afford to help Greece or turkey and told US
 * Truman thought that US was the only ones that could help Greece and Turkey
 * Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson was established - domino theory
 * Greece and Turkey were allow to fall, other countries would follow
 * USA gave 400 million to Greece and Turkey for military and economic aid
 * March 12 - Truman gave a speech (Truman Doctrine)
 * Commitment of the US to aid to help other countries who have been threatened by communism

12) Disarray in Postwar Europe

 * Jan 1947 - US, British, French and Soviet met to decided what to do with __Germany in the future__ in Moscow
 * At yalta and Potsdam
 * Germany would be reunified under central, freely elected government
 * Disagreements started about Germany
 * Weather the German industries of Ruhr would be under international control and how centralized the government should be
 * End = no progress
 * In __Western EU economic and political issues__ were being serious
 * Most of EU's economic infrastructure had be destroyed from the allies bombings
 * Many businesses and factories couldn't continue running and stopped -> not enough supplies
 * Major unemployment
 * Starvation
 * Everyone saw the political impact on EU
 * British left Greece and Turkey
 * France and Italy had shortages
 * Communist were getting many votes
 * Germany poverty was spreading
 * US were willing to help EU

13) The Marshall Plan

 * June 5, 1947 - __Secretary of State Marshall__ talked about the foreign policy problems that US was facing in EU in his speech
 * His solution to this problem was: all the EU countries would make up a plan that would benefit themselves and US would support them
 * French and British liked this plan
 * Quickly set up a meeting with the EU countries to make a plan
 * Stalin didn't no approve of this plan and didn't join the meeting
 * free movement of goods and services presumably meant free movement of people
 * Western leaders only saw this as a chance to block postwar stabilization - added to growing international tension
 * This plan became the base of the European Recovery Program proposed to the congress in December 1947.
 * 17 million dollars
 * US didn't have a good enough economy to support them with that much money
 * Feb 1948 - Soviets defeated the Czechoslovakia government, opposition to the bill disappeared.
 * Next four years US spent 13.3 billion on the Marshall plan

14) The Berlin Airlift

 * Germany was unstable
 * Jan 1947 - Soviets had joined together their occupation zones, making Bizonia
 * March 1948 - the French created Trizonia, which would later become West Germany
 * Mid-June - US and Britain created a state in Germany too -> new currency __Duetsche mark__
 * Made it hard for Germany to recover their economy
 * June 1948 - all business deals before the war in germany took place on the black market
 * June 23 - the new currency reached west Berlin
 * The day soviets cut of all the roads, rail and water access to the city -> stopping all shipments of food and fuel
 * Western allies protested, this was going against their right of free access, the Soviets disagreed
 * American and British stepped into help, their only choice was - __a massive airlift__ which began on June 26
 * Task seemed hopeless
 * West Berlin needed a minimum of 45 hundred tons of supplies per day for its 2.5 million people
 * The flights were online able to carry 3 tons
 * Truman decided to send over a bigger flight
 * April 16-17 1949 an eastern present arrived for Berlin
 * May 12, soviets gave up

15) Nato and the Warsaw Pact

 * According to Kennan's theory of containment, militarization of the Cold War was both unwise and unnecessary
 * Soviets weren't likely to move forces past the Eastern Forces
 * economic and political counter pressures should be enough to meet all forms of expansionism
 * If US was part of the military alliance, Kenna believed the soviets would too
 * Europe's military had gotten smaller after World war 2 but the Soviets army had stayed the same
 * massive army
 * extensive military infrastructure
 * March 1948 - the treaty of brussels was signed by Britain, France and the Benelux countries
 * provided defense
 * but there was no hope with this treaty without US
 * Three months later the blockage of Berlin started
 * Tried to get a military alliance between US and EU
 * __North Atlantic Treaty Organization__ (NATO)
 * Addition of West Germany was hard for many reasons
 * NATO couldn't take out the soviets without German forces
 * Mary 9, 1955 - __Warsaw Treaty Organization__

16) The Hiss Case

 * August 3, 1948 - Whittaker Cambers was called to testify before the __House Un-American Activities Committee__(HUAC)
 * He had once been part of the secret Communist cell in Washington DC.
 * Another member was Alger Hiss - a former State department official who had went to the FDR to Yalta
 * August 5 - Hiss was in front of the committee
 * Camber - edgy
 * Hiss - cool - denied everything
 * One was lying - seemed to be camber
 * After an intense hearing they decided he was telling the truth
 * August 25 - another hearing
 * Hiss was lying, sued for slander
 * __Chambers__ produced State department doc form 1937 - 1938 written in __Hiss'__s hand and typed on his personal typewriter
 * Prove that Hiss had committed espionage
 * Dec 15 charged with perjury
 * No one knows today if Hiss was lying or not
 * 5 years

17) McCarthyism

 * 1950 __Nixon__ was able to secure a senate nomination after just three years in the house
 * he had become very famous during the Hiss case
 * Opponent was Helen gahagan Douglas, a democratic congress woman (pink lady)
 * In his eyes the entire Truman administrations suffered
 * One of his campaigns was giving out pink sheets comparing douglas to the american communist party
 * Once he was elected he joined the __Permanent Investigations Subcommittee__ (aggressive anticommunist)
 * feb 9, 1950 they brought out all the people that were workingsecretly for the communists

18) NSC - 68

 * __National Security Act (NSA)__ = reorganized government's military + foreign policies
 * streamlined armed forces by grouping War and Navy Departments, created CIA and National Security Council (NSC)
 * __NSC-68 = review of US national security strategy__ (with developments like Soviet bomb, Communist China)
 * defeat of Germany, Japan, decline of Britain, France = US + USSR as only two world powers
 * USSR motivated by new faith, antithetical to USA's, seeking to impose absolute authority over the entire world
 * solution to new Soviet threat = massive military buildup
 * oppositions = Kennan + followers, convinced that threat was primarily political
 * military buildup = not security but destabilizing arms race
 * winning argument until Communist NKorea invaded SKorea, leading to charges that Truman was soft on Communism

Questions:

 * 1) Explain at least 5 causes of the Cold War
 * 2) What cause do you think had the most impact of starting the Cold War?
 * 3) What were their main strategies?
 * 4) What was the Manhattan project and how did it lead to the Cold War?
 * 5) How was Germany included in the causes of the Cold War?

Summary:
There were many causes of the Cold War, each one different. These causes were; the bolsheviks, the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact, a marriage of convenience, the big three at Tehran, Yalta, the division of Germany, the Manhattan project, knowledge of the bomb, Potsdam, containment, the Truman Doctrine, disarray in Postwar EU, the Marshall plan, the Berlin airlift, Nato and the warsaw pact, the Hiss case, Mccarthyism, and the Nsc-68.

Awesome Stuff:
This pictures shows the first testing of the Manhattan Project (atomis bomb) in New Mexico.