InNo+Road+To+War+Chapter+One+ Jerry+January+12th+2010

Chapter 1
-1929 everyone was hoping for peace now that war has ended. --`925 first hopes for world peace, European statesmen met for conference at Locarno -Discussed problems that weren’t settled at the end of the Great War. -They had a group of agreements **Locarno Treaties** -Germany and France were still on bad terms after the Great War. First of these treaties were based on Germany France. -Germany, France and Belgium agreeing to respect each others borders. Never attack France and Belgium. And France and Belgium was not to use force on france. Italy was there to make sure the terms were not broken. -Lots of these treaties were signed. France promised support to Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany ever quarreled them. -These countries agreed to not go to war with each other. -1929 new era began. All but 2 tnations were at peace -border clash between Paraguay and Bolivia. But resolved later on. -Signed agreements with each other in 1929. -known as theKellogg Briand Pact. Agreement thought up by the foreign ministers of the United States and France., Kellogg and Briand. -the terms were to not use war as a way of settling disputes. -came in force in July 1929 ,65 countires signed. -the USSR signed the **Eastern Pact** with six neighboring states, to not use war to settle disputes amonst themselves. - 1929 10th year anniversary of the League of Nations - created 1919 peace treaties which ended Great War, make world better place for all people - To keep world peace, countries joined the league had to sign a promise that they would not go to war with other countries. If any one member attacks another the other memebers would join force and attack the member who raised an attack. Known as **collective security** - Take any action to keep peace. Only three peace keeping actions they could do. - One was to deal with dispute with legal means, in the Leagues Permanent Court of International Justice. - Two was to impose economic **sanctions** on an attacker. Meaning all other league members would refist to trade with the attacker, threatening economic - Third, most extreme, impose military sanctions against the attacker, forming league of nations army from the league memebers. - Dealt with 9 disputes. setteled all disputes but 2 wihtout sanctions. - League had numerous departments by 1929 who did good work to improve international relations. eg. **Disarmament Commission** persuade member nations to reduce their weapon stocks and to rely on collective security for their defence. - 60 nations were going to meet up in Switzerland Geneva in 1932 for a worlds first ever disarmament conference **The limitations of the League** -it had serious limitations -not every nation belonged in the league. USA was not a meber, their government of the 1920’w followed a **policy of isolation** from the affairs of Europe. they did not want to get involved in unessesary forign affairs. -ussr was not part of it because communist leaders saw the league as “capitalist” club. -despite only 10 non members, but not having two of the strongest countries is a weakness. -anotehr problem was some memebers lacked enthusiasm.. -Germany was beaten in the great war, excluded until 1926, but even afterwards being in the league they saw the lague as a ‘**club of victors’** countries who beaten them in 1918. -third problem was that Leagues ability to keep peace never been fully tested. -solved many disputes, none involved the worlds major powers none required sanctions. -no proof sanctions can stop war and no proof it can stop major wpowers. -still an established feature of the world scene by 1929. -in Britain people showed support 400,000 people joined league of nations union. A body of people who aimed to promote the leagues work in their country.
 * New Ear**
 * Locarno and the new Era**
 * Friendship Between nations**
 * The League of Nations**

Chapter 2
-1929 break down of world economy. -Wall streetstock fell to all time low. -many firms went bankrupt, million shareholders were ruined. -Spread to most other countries -factories businesses closed down, millions lost their jobs. -affected prospects of world peace -tried to protect their own people by issueing new economic policies. -in Britain raised custom duties on foreign goods. **Protectionism** to boost the demand for goods made in their own country. - hope would create more jobs for people. -italy try to keep out all forign goods. Making themselves self sufficient. -harmed international relations -the more they thought about themselves, the more they forgot the ideas of world co operation. - The great depression also cuased unrest amon the people. -social unrest, cause of mass employment. -in germany 6 million out of 64 million were unemployed. -european peasants were reduced to total poverty, prices of wheat fell to all time low. -people blamed governemtn for unemployment. -desperate for food and work, gave support to political parties who promised to help them if elected to power. -germany led to the collapse of democratic governments. -Great depression, division of world into powers, which owned large empires which didn’t. -British and France owned largest empires in 1929. -many people envied their large empires and wanted to enlarge their own -Germans were angered because they lost their entire empire. -Great depression increased the resentment of Italy Japan and Germany - as depression got worse Britain and France increased their trade with other empires, weren’t affected as much. -Italy Germany and Japan thought adding to their empire would help them avoid the worst effects of the depression. -France and British had to keep large military force. Expensive and couldn’t support full aim of world peace disarmament.
 * The Great Depression**
 * The problem of Empires**

Chapter 3
-Viscount Cecil chief British representative to the league of nations thought world was entering an new era. -he was proved wrong -Japan, invaded Manchuria, (china) attack that brought Southeast Asia under Japanese control. Both were members of the league. - -by 1931 Japanese controlled most of Manchuria’s economy. -owned all important mines railways factories and ports. -Conquering more land meant they would gain raw materials trade and many more jobs. - Kwantun army in the south Manchuria. - -Japanese officiers of the Kwantung amry plotted military take over Manchuria. - -September 18th 1931 at ngiht soldiers blew up section of the south Manchurian railway, blamed it on Chinese people and entered China. - -China asked league of nations for help. - LON wanted Japan to withdraw troops, they agreed to do so. - -while Japanese government agreed to withdraw army, the Kwan tung army continued to advance into Manchuria. - End of 1931 occupied entire province, made it into semi-independent state named Manzhougup. - Government lost control, Kwantung army officers acting against orders. -they could use collective security and if that did not work, they could use economic sanctions. -no one wanted to use sanctions against them Damaged trade already because of depression, did not want to damage it any further. -A commission of Enquiry led by lord Lytton was sent to Manchuria to investigate crisis. -aim to produce report to satisfy both China and Japan. -report suggested Japan leave Manchuria, the are shall remain semi independent country instead of retunrign to china. - attempt to approve both countries were approved by leage in 1933 -Japan resigned from league, went on to occupy china. -league failed to stop one major power form attacking another. Doubted its ability to maintain world peace.
 * Attraction of Manchuria**
 * ­**-Japan took over land around asia, chian Formosa korea liaodong kiaochow.
 * Japan Invades Manchuria**
 * The League and Manchuria**

Chapter 4
While Japan occupied Manchuria, elections in Germany during 1930-1932 brought the Nazi Party to power and allowed its leader Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany by January 1933.

-had strong views about world. -natzi part setup in 1919 after defeat in great war. -Refused to believe German army had been beaten. -got furious when **treaty fo Versailles** was signed. -blamed germany for starting the greatwar. -cut amred forces to bareminimum -made them pay for war damage. -Tear up Treaty of Versailles -United all German-speaking people in to one country (known as "Greater Germany" -Aimed to give all Germans "**lebensraum**" or "living space" as Germany was overcrowded. To achieve this, they had to take over land on the east of Germany such as USSR and Poland.
 * Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims**
 * Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 he had three aims.**

-had 100,000 men. Only allowed six warships of over 10000 tonnes. -had a plan to increase armed forces. Increased to 300,000 -air ministry build 1000 aircraft secretly trained polots in civilian flying clubs -1933 withdrew from Geneva Disarmament conference -March 1935 new airfoce **Luftwaffe** had 25000 aircracts -March 1935, did not need to re arm in secrecy, all men had to do military serves, increase army to 550,000 men.
 * Re-armament**

-Re armament could have been stopped by any major power if they did not uphold the treaty of Versailles. -british had their own problems, lsot money in depression - French focused on defending france with the **Maginot Line (walls )** **-**Italy came close to taking action when Hitler tried to overthrow the Austrian government, killing the Chancellor. -They expected Hitler would try to control Austria and united with Germany, to prevent this, Italian leader Mussolini placed army units in threatening positions between the borders of Italy and Austria. Clear warning that such attempts were not allowed and Hitler had to abandon all plans.
 * Reactions to German rearmament**
 * -**Italy came close totake actions against Germany

-announced compulsory military service in 1935 alarmed the other European powers, butn o one took actions against it.

- Prime ministers of France Britain and Italy met at stresa in italy, **Stresa Front**, issued protest against Hitler;s rearmament plans.

Summary
After the Great War ended, people believed that a new era of world peace. But everyone was wrong, the great depression hit and the relationship between countries worsened. The League of nations did not do a great job at solving disputes such as the Manchuria incident and Germany’s rearmament. League of nations was not capable of solving big issues.

Questions
1. In what ways could the League of Nations improve to be more successful? 2.What would happen if germanys re armament was stopped? 3. what would the world be like today if we actually achieved world peace? 4. If the great depression never affected any other countries would we have achieved world peace? 5.Why were some many countries afraid to go to war with Japan and Germany?