InNo+7+(67-79)+Byue+09.11.10

=Awesome Thing - Another Video= =media type="file" key="russian campaign.mov" width="300" height="300"= This is another I made with the keynote program. This video is about the Russian Campaign Napoleon and his men went through. It features some problems they encountered, like living in an extremely low temperature, and dying of hunger. It also gives an example of one man digging out a horse and crawling in the keep warmth, which shows just HOW cold it was. Such an extreme action had to be done to keep warmth, but still, it wasn't enough. Many died from illness and the temperature. This video is awesome because it took at least an hour to find those FEW pictures because google.com and yahoo.com would have problems connecting. And every time I browse pictures for fun, it would work forever. Just had to be THIS period of time, when they stop working. My life is great. It's also awesome because I made it.

Song: Slipknot - Dead Memories Covered Face picture Frozen man picture Snow plains picture Dead horse picture Cannibal picture

=__p. 67-79 NOTES__= Napoleon and Europe
 * peace in 1802 didn't last, 1805 - Britain, Russia, and Austria formed another Coalition
 * France won in war and conquered half of Europe

Napoleon conquers Europe
 * 1805 - defeated Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz, then when Prussian joined Coalition in 1806, France won again in Jena and Auerstadt, 1807 - beat Russians in Eylau and Friedland
 * 1807 - made Tuscany + Parma into French provinces, 1809 - took Illyrian Province + Papal States, 1810 - added Holland and NE Germany to empire
 * occupied Spain, forced rulers of small German states to join their lands together, brought leading German rulers in union called Confederation of the Rhine, himself as HEAD, reduced German states 300 --> 30
 * union helped Nap. form barrier between Fr. and Austria + Prussia, and add money and soldiers

The rule of the Bonapartes
 * Nap. made his bros king of Holland, Westphalia, Spain; step-son - Viceroy of Italy; bro-in-law - King of Naples; sisters - smaller Italian states --- couldn't govern everything himself
 * reformed laws out of date, rid feudal rights, took away land from Church, modernised how states were governed

The Costs of French rule
 * biggest lost of Bonaparte rule: the death of many people, since millions were sent to war. Families left behind also paid heavy price. Spending on war was paid by foreigners living under Bonaparte rule. German alone gave 560 MILLION FRANCS!!!
 * peasants had to live with soldiers digging up their crops, killing animals, eating and sleeping in their homes

Resistance and rebellion
 * Europeans hated rule in France, esp. Spain, 1808 - rebelled and started war
 * France went great lengths to crush Spanish rebels, one British captain saying: peasants stabbed or deeply cut across fingers and wrists, hands defending their heads, then blows aimed at vital places

The Opposition to Napoleon: Napoleon and Britain
 * most powerful and dangerous country managed to stay independent: Britain, defeating it Nap.'s highest priority
 * 1803-1805 - 'Army of England' along Channel coast ready to invade Britain, 2443 boats built to ferry 193,000 men and 9149 horses across Channel
 * French needed Channel for 4 days, or British could attack them while at sea, Nap. trying to lure British away by tricking their ships into chasing French into distant waters, and trick worked
 * August 1805, decided to postpone invasion, news arrived that Austrian army was marching towards France - Nap. ordered army to leave Channel to cut off Austrians, resulting in Battle of Ulm and winning
 * result in victory led to Nap. throwing away hope of invading Britain
 * Admiral Nelson (Britain) trapped Admiral Villeneuve - Battle of Trafalgar, Oct 21 1805, only 9/35 French ships escaped, resulting in no chance of controlling Channel, invasion of Britain = impossible

The Continental System
 * 1806, forbidding states under Nap's control to trade with Britain, aim being to force B to surrender by ruining its trade -- led to immediate fall in quantity of goods imported into and exported out of Britain
 * Portugal refused not the trade, France invaded and occupied capital Lisbon, 1807
 * Spanish and Portuguese hated French for crossed their land and rebelled against French, 1808, and Britain quickly joined
 * 'Peninsular War', British forces with Spanish rebels fight French -- used up lots of money for Nap.
 * 1808, Tsar of Russia left the trade system because of damage of Russia, and opened up for British to trade
 * Napoleon decided to use force to get Tsar back into system and invaded Russia

The Russian Campaign
 * Nap. gathered 650,000 men (Grand Army) to invade Russia, 1802, and after defeating them in Battle of Borodino, Nap. entered capital Moscow, Sep. 1812
 * 2 months later, army went on retreated, and only 50,000 were still alive - Grand Army wiped out
 * dead horses everywhere, no transportation, had to dump stores by roadside, and food and medicine ran short
 * people of Moscow burning houses as they ran away, Nap. had no time to follow them
 * no food to feed army during winter, as it arrived early and French weren't prepared, people froze to death
 * people so desperate they started eating horses (one disemboweled a horse to keep warm) and some cannibalism
 * 370,000 French soldiers died; 200,000 taken prisoner; half died in captivity; 200,000 horses died

The Fall of Napoleon
 * 1813, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, Britain joined to drive French out of central Europe, and Austrians and German states joined Coalition later
 * 1814, Coalition French back into France, and with almost all European countries against France, Nap. was forced to surredner
 * Nap. gave up throne, and Louis XVI's brother was made as head, as Louis the Eighteenth (XVIII)

Elba
 * Coalition allies sent Napoleon to Elba, but he could still keep title as Emperor
 * Nap. created tiny army and navy, opened mines, helped farmers improve land, and when he heard Louis became unpopular, he went back to France secretly, 1815
 * crowds cheered for him, and he set up his empire again

The 'Hundred Days'
 * his second empire only lasted 95 days, when leaders of Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia put six armies of almost ONE MILLION men to crush him
 * with only 122,000 men, Nap. defeated one of the Prussian armies, and attacked British army at Waterloo, Belgium, June 18th, but British defeated his attack, and Nap. fled
 * he wanted to continue, but Assembly didn't let him, and without support of leading politicians, Nap. abdicated// (gave up throne) on June 22, and 2 weeks later gave himself up to captain of British warship off French coast
 * he hoped British would let him live in Britain, but they refused and he was sent to St Helena in South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France
 * he never received trial, spent his life in captivity
 * Napoleon died in 1821

=__Summary__= Napoleon becomes a successful leader as he soon captured almost ALL of Europe. Napoleon couldn't country all the regions, therefore sharing it with his family. He made his brothers kings of Holland, Westphalia and Spain, and made more relatives into rulers. But having so many countries in rule, there was a big problem, which was recruiting great amount of troops. Many died, and the families of the soldiers had to suffer too. They had to pay heavy tax for the cost of wars. The French were also cruel to peasants of foreigners living under the lands of Napoleon. They took whatever they wanted in the peasants houses. Many Europeans hated how the French rules, and soon the Spanish started a rebellion. The French fought back and went beyond limit to crush the Spanish rebels, like blasting them with guns in vital places. Despite this, France had a powerful enemy, the British. Napoleon attempted winning the British by cutting trade with British in all regions under his rule. But when Portugal refused, France attacked them, and Portugal and Spain together started attacking France. Britain joined in the fight. On the other side of Europe, same thing was happening with Tsar of Russia, resulting in Napoleon going over there to invade Russia. 655,000 men invaded Russia, but only 50,000 made it alive, due to the winter season and scarce food. Many died of hunger and freeze. This disaster led to even MORE disasters, when Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britain made a new coalition against Napoleon. Soon he was forced to surrender and was sent to Elba. Louis XVIII ruled for the moment, but when Napoleon heard he was unpopular, he secretly went back to France and started his 2nd empire. After hearing about this, ONE MILLION soldiers formed by Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia, defeated Napoleon and his attacks, and forced him to give up his throne. He was sent in St Helena, although he never received a trial. Napoleon died in 1821.

__Questions:__ How come Napoleon could escape Elba without any of his enemies noticing? Did people rebel when Louis XVIII was ruling the country? Did Napoleon know he was up against a million soldiers in his last battle, because only having 122,000 seems like obvious defeat?