InNo+annielo822+09.06.10

= ** Revolution and Terror, 1789-1794 ** = ** p. 26-36 ** September 6, 2010

** 1789 **: Revolution began in Versailles ** July 12 **: Fears grew that the king would break up the National Assembly ** July 14 **: There was rumor of gunpowder in Bastille, so the angry crowd broke in and had control of Bastille by evening ** Late July **: Violence spread in countryside, and farmers feared gangs of wanderers who stole food and damaged farms. By Late July, the whole country was gripped with a “Great Fear” ** August 4 **: The Assembly took drastic measures to end the violence. Noble deputies announced they would give up feudal rights and dues ** 3 weeks later **: Assembly issued “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” ** October 5 **: Crowds of market women gathered weapons and marched to Versailles to protest, because Louis didn’t like the decisions of the Assembly ** October 6 **: Louis, Mari Antoinette, and their oldest son moves to Paris. He refused at first, but changed his mind after they killed 2 bodyguards and threatened to kill the queen ** Over next two years **: Assembly made new laws, changed the way France was governed and run ** July 1790 **: Protests of Catholics grew loud when the Assembly drew up a law reducing the Church’s power ** June 21, 1791 **: Louis, Antoinette, and their children escaped from Tuileries Palace in Paris. Their aim was to get help and take back power. But he was recognized and arrested, and sent back to Paris.
 * Timeline of dates in this section**



** Notes **
- Revolution that began in Versailles in 1789 spread to other parts  - Over next 5 years, great changes in society, government, and religion  - Later, the changes spread through the world  - Revolution changed a lot, so people had strong feelings about it  - Many welcomed the changes, keen revolutionaries  - Millions more hated the rev, did all they could to stop it

__ ** Revolution, 1789 ** __
- National Assembly was great victory for third estate, but defeat for king - Louis XVI lost control of the Estates General - Riots near Paris he risked losing control of capital - Urged by queen and members of his court, Louis ordered 20,000 royal troops to move into area around Paris - Claimed to keep order there, but suspected that troops were to break up the National Assembly - People in Paris began to be afraid - Fears grew on July 12 - Louis sacked the popular finance minister, Necker - Replaced with hard-liner who opposed the third estate - People assumed Louis would crack down on National Assembly - Angry and frightened - Began looking for weapons to defend against the troops - Search for weapons went on for two days - Crowds broke into stores and stole thousands of guns - Morning July 14, rumor was there were tonnes of gunpowder in Bastille, old fortress in east end of Paris

**The storming of the Bastille**
- Parisians hated the Bastille  - For hundreds of years, it was a prison where prisoners of the crown were sent by sealed letters  - Heard stories of stinking dungeons, torture chambers, masked prisoners chained to walls for life  - Fortress was a symbol of all they hated about the king’s power  - Broke into courtyard and threatened to blow down gates with cannons  - Governor gave in, but angry crowd would not hear surrender  - Wanted to destroy the symbol of royal power  - Stormed inside when drawbridge was let down, destroyed anything in their way and killed the defenders  - Had control of Bastille by evening

**Images of Bastille**
- Fall of Bastille was one of the most famous events in the French Revolution - Symbol of victory of ordinary people over power of rulers - Victory was recorded in thousands of paintings and drawings - Many pictures show dramatic events that led up to capture of Bastille o Arrest of the prison governor, Marquis de Launay o Claim to show what attackers found inside Bastille

- Copies of such pictures appeared in thousands - Seen all over France, created images everyone could recognize - Foreigners were fascinated, artists abroad created their own versions - According to what the attackers found by French historian, pictures were not accurate o Attackers were astonished to find so few captives o Many believed there were others hidden in cavers or dungeons o 4 gaolers were questioned separately, confirmed only 7 prisoners

** The king loses control **
** - Louis XVI considered sending army to Paris to recapture Bastille ** ** - War minister warned him soldiers would refuse the order ** ** - Louis had to give up control of Paris ** ** - Ordered army back into barracks ** ** - To keep order in Paris, he allowed people to set up their own military force, the National Guard ** ** - To run city, leading officials of the third estate formed a new local gov’t, the Paris Commune ** ** - Town and cities in France followed example of Paris ** ** - Riots attacked town halls, forced out royal officials, set up own communes and National Guard units **

** The Great Fear **
** - Violence spread into countryside ** ** - Unemployment was high and millions were hungry ** ** - Thousands of people left home to seek work or to beg ** ** - Wandering around countryside looking for food ** ** - Farmers lived in fear of gangs of wanderers who stole food from fields and damaged farms ** ** - Harvest time arrived, and rumors spread that nobles were trying to starve people by hoarding grain ** ** - Also said nobles were paying gang of wanderers to attack farms and terrorize peasants ** ** - Angry peasants refused to pay feudal dues ** ** - In many places, they broke into their lords’ homes and burned records of their dues ** ** - Violence spread, fear of gangs increased ** ** - Villagers who thought they saw gangs rang church bell to warn others ** ** - Warnings passed from town to town, spread panic ** ** - Late July, whole country was gripped by a “Great Fear” **

** The Assembly begins its work **
** - Deputies of National Assembly scared by violence of peasants ** ** - Took drastic measures to end it ** ** - Night of August 4, noble deputies announced they would give up feudal rights and dues ** ** - Next morning, hunting rights, tithes, the // corvee //, and rights of mill and oven had been abolished ** ** - Feudalism was dead ** ** - 3 weeks later, Assembly issued a “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” ** ** - Stated all men were free and equal in rights ** ** - Right to speak and write freely ** ** - Changed laws of arrest and imprisonment, banned torture ** ** - Said power in France belonged to the entire people, not just the king **

** The women march to Versailles **
** - Louis XVI disliked decisions of Assembly ** ** - Refused to sign, so wouldn’t become law ** ** - Early October, sent more troops to Versailles ** ** - Looked like he was going to break up the Assembly ** ** - New reached Paris, crowds of market women gathered in streets ** ** - They marched through the city, collecting weapons ** ** - 5 October, armed with knives, sticks, rifles, and 2 cannons, marched to Versailles to protest ** ** - Supported by National Guardsmen, complained to king about high price of bread and extra soldiers in Versailles ** ** - Asked him to leave Versailles and live in Paris ** ** - This allowed them to keep an eye on his activities ** ** - Louis didn’t want to go ** ** - Changed his mind when women smashed into his palace, killed 2 bodyguards, and threatened to kill the queen ** ** - 6 October, Louis, Marie Antoinette, and oldest son moved to Paris surrounded by 60,000 people ** ** - Palace of Versailles was locked up, they lived in Tuileries Palace of Paris **

** Reforms of the National Assembly **
 ** - National Assembly followed royal family to Paris **  ** - Took over an old riding school as meeting place **  ** - Over next 2 years, Assembly made new laws, changed the way France was governed and run ** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> ** - Most important reforms include: ** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> o Male tax-payers over age 25 had right to vote <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> o Protestants had same voting rights as Catholic <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> o Salt tax was abolished <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> o Church land was confiscated to be sold to pay France’s debts **The reform of the Church** ** - Most people welcomed reforms ** ** - They were divided on reform of the Church ** ** - One side: Church had too much power, money, and land ** ** - Many clergy lived unholy lives ** ** - Other side: millions of God-fearing Catholics who never questioned the way the Church was run, saw no reason to change it ** ** - National Assembly took money from the Church, many Catholics protested ** ** - Protests grew louder in July 1790, Assembly drew up law reducing Church’s power ** ** - Law called Civil Constitution of the Clergy, priests and bishops must be elected by public officials ** ** - Ordered all clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the French nation and law ** ** - Over half refused to take the oath ** ** - Said Assembly had no right to interfere with Church affairs ** ** - Pope supported protest by condemning new law ** ** - Clergy was divided between ones who took the oath and supported rev. and ones who refused to take oath and opposed rev. ** ** - Millions of people followed example set by priests ** ** - Soon, entire nation was divided by the question of the Church and its power **

**The flight to Varennes** ** - Louis XVI was deeply unhappy with the Civil Constitution ** ** - Sided with priests and refused to take oath ** ** - Looked like he opposed the rev. ** ** - Angry crowds protested at gates of Tuileries Palace ** ** - Urged by wife and members of his court, Louis decided to leave France ** ** - Aim was to get help from French princes who already left France and built armies across the frontier ** ** - Hoped for assistance by Antoinette’s brother Leopold, Emperor of Austria ** ** - They would be able to invade France, get rid of Assembly, and take back power ** ** - Assembly suspected Louis might try to leave so there were guards at every door ** ** - Close to midnight on June 21 1791, Louis, Antoinette, and their children were in disguise and crept through a temporarily unguarded door ** ** - Waiting carriage took then eastward towards Montmedy, close to frontier 250 km away ** ** - 50 km from frontier when they were recognized ** ** - News of escape was sent ahead and local authorities were waiting in Varennes ** ** - They were arrested and sent back to Paris, crowds insulting as they went ** **The road to war** ** - Flight to Varennes was first step on a road to war ** ** - Believing Louis and Antoinette were in danger, Emperor Leopold promised to help them regain liberty and power ** ** - With King of Prussia, he called all European kings to help Louis ** ** - Leopold privately had no intentions of attacking France ** ** - Statement just a show of support for a fellow monarch and his sister ** ** - Nobody in France knew, and rumors spread about foreign armies and armies of French princes that would invade ** ** - Most people were convinced war was inevitable ** ** - Many French people wanted war ** ** - Louis and supporters wanted war because they expected French armies to lose, and Louis could restore power ** ** - People opposing wanted war because they thought it would force him to show which side he was on ** ** - If he took sides of the invaders, they could de-throne him ** ** - Then make France a Republic, where people hold power through an assembly and a president they elect **

** Questions **
1. Why was it women who marched to Versailles to protest?

** Summary **
This section of the chapter talks about the reforms to the government from 1789 to 1792. The Revolution began in Versailles in 1789 with the National Assembly. Louis sent troops to Paris to keep order. People suspected the troops were going to break up the Assembly, and fear grew when Louis replaced the popular finance minister with one who opposed the third estate. People looked for weapons and stole thousands of guns. There was a rumor that there was gunpowder at Bastille, an old fortress. The Parisians hated Bastille, which was a symbol of the king’s power. They broke in, destroyed everything, and had control of Bastille by evening. The king begins to lose control, and allowed Paris to have their own military and they created their own local government. Towns and cities followed their example. Violence spread in countryside, and farmers feared gangs of wanderers who stole food and damaged farms. The whole country was gripped with a “Great Fear”. To stop violence, the Assembly took drastic measures. Noble deputies gave up feudal rights and dues, and they issued a “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”. Feudalism was dead. Louis disliked the decisions, and it looked like he was going to break up the Assembly when he sent troops to Versailles. Women armed with weapons marched to Versailles to protests. They forced the king to move to Paris. The National Assembly moved to Paris, and made new laws over the next 2 years, changing the way France was run. Catholics opposed laws to reduce the power of the Church. Soon, the entire nation was divided by the question of the Church and its power. Louis XVI decided to leave France to get help and take back his power. He tried to escape, but was recognized, arrested, and sent back to Paris. This escape was the first step on the road to war. Most French people were convinced war was inevitable, and both sides wanted war.