InNo+annielo822+12.1.10

p. 1-12 December 1, 2010
 * The World Re-Made **

**The Awesome Part** 2,500,000 wounded in fighting || area larger than Wales ruined Good farm land turned to mud ¾ million homes destroyed 48,000 km of roads || 23,000 factories and workers Over 2 million people fled from homes || Old city of Ypres destroyed || Most was occupied by Germany Stripped machinery from factories, took crops and food, melted church bells to make guns, shot rebels || 1,500,000 wounded || no part ever occupied by enemy || gov’t deeply in debt 9 billion pounds on war and >1 billion borrowed, mostly from US || 1/3 of Russians were under German rule || mass hunger revolution broke out communist gov’t withdrew Russia armies from the war paid heavy price for surrender || after fighting stopped, British Navy blockaded Germany’s ports stopping supplies people suffering were civilians || // Above: A chart showing the losses of the countries from World War I. It includes the number of soldiers lost and land lost/destroyed, as well as some other information. //
 * ** Country ** || ** Soldiers lost ** || ** Land lost/destroyed ** || ** Other ** ||
 * France || 1,400,000 soldiers killed
 * Belgium || 50,000 soldiers killed || Flanders, one part not occupied, destroyed by fighting
 * Britain || 750,000 soldiers died
 * Italy || 600,000 soldiers died || North-east Italy devastated ||  ||
 * Russia || 1,700,000 soldiers died || Treaty was signed with Germany, taking Russia’s western provinces
 * USA || lost 116,000 men ||  ||   ||
 * Germany || nearly 2 million soldiers killed || not a lot of fighting in their country || revolution caused chaos



** Notes **
- all nations suffered greatly - Allies expected great gain - Central Powers could only hope for mercy - where worst fighting took place - area larger than Wales ruined - Good farm land turned to mud - Over 2 million people fled from homes - ¾ million homes destroyed - 23,000 factories and workers - 48,000 km of roads - 1,400,000 soldiers killed - 2,500,000 wounded in fighting - Started in Belgium - Most was occupied by Germany - Stripped machinery from factories, took crops and food, melted church bells to make guns, shot rebels - Flanders, one part not occupied, destroyed by fighting - Old city of Ypres destroyed - 50,000 Belgian soldiers killed - suffered less than France and Belgium - no part ever occupied by enemy - 750,000 soldiers died - 1,500,000 wounded - gov’t deeply in debt - 9 billion pounds on war and >1 billion borrowed, mostly from US - joined war because Allies promised land - felt done more than enough for reward - 600,000 soldiers died - north-east Italy devastated - only Allied country to surrender - mass hunger - 1,700,000 soldiers died - revolution broke out - communist gov’t withdrew Russia armies from the war - paid heavy price for surrender - Treaty was signed with Germany, taking Russia’s western provinces - 1/3 of Russians were under German rule - suffered least - lost 116,000 men - ­different suffering - not a lot of fighting in their country - nearly 2 million soldiers killed - country was exhausted by 1918 - revolution caused chaos - after fighting stopped ,British Navy blockaded Germany’s ports stopping supplies - made sure German army couldn’t renew the war - people suffering were civilians - millions faced starvation - Austria-Hungary lost 1,200,000 men - Turkish Empire: 325,000 - Bulgaria: 100,000 - Epidemic of Spanish influenza- greatest killer of war - More than 25 million people died - Leaders of victorious nations made sure war never happened again - Made treaties with defeated countries to ensure peace - world leaders met in Paris in Jan. 1919 to talk about lasting peace - biggest peace conference held ever - 32 nations gathered in peace - Big Three: David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Britain, Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, and Woodrow Wilson, President of USA. - All had different ideas and expectations - Clemenceau’s aims were very straightforward and harsh o Germany pay for damage o Made so weak, never to attack France again o Take away land, industry, and armed forces - Woodrow Wilson had very different ideas - Aim to prevent wars by making fair peace - Fourteen Points: o No secret agreements o Reduce armed forces and weapons o People under foreign rule allowed to form own nations and gov’ts (national self-determination) o League of Nations, help make peace treaties o Disagreed with Clemenceau - David Lloyd George agreed a lot with 14 points - If treated too harshly, cause trouble for future - But public wanted to be tough with Germany - Encourage anti-German - Difficult to make decision and follow own beliefs - Wilson only one with ideas on making peace, got his own way - Spent 2 months on League of Nations - Became free-for-all, victors compete to carve land from defeated powers - Defeated powers didn’t take part, nor Russia - Some wondered if they were doing the right thing - June 28 1919, left Paris to Versailles - Signed treaties - Dealt with Germany, very long document - League of Nations was set up - Germany gave away land and their colonies were taken away - Armed forces were reduces - Western part was made into a DMZ - Accept blame for war and had to pay for repairing war damage - Germans not consulted, told weeks before having to sign it - Harsher than they expected - The gov’t resigned, ships were sank in protest - Complained the treaty was a dictated peace - Couldn’t do anything about it, Allies threatened to invade - Paris Conference dealt with defeated countries, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkish Empire - Austria-Hungary rebelled against Emperor - Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs set up own independent states and leaders - Before conference, using Wilson’s idea of self-determination - Conference could only agree and suggest minor changes - Two treaties signed at **Saint Germain** and **Trianon**, royal palaces near Paris - Made Austria and Hungary into separate and independent states - Both paid for war damage, reduce military, give up land - In South, Serbia took over land to become new state of Yugoslavia - Austrian land given to Italy and Poland - Large part of Hungary given to Romania - **Treaty of Neuilly** gave land to neighbors, paid for reparations, reduce military - Gave German conquered land back to Russia, but not all - Provinces on Baltic Sea became independent states - Gave part of southern Russia to Romania - No country as Poland before 1919 - Conquered by neighbors - Gained independence by taking land from Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia - Land from Germany was important :the ‘Polish Corridor’ gave free access to ports on Baltic Sea - Last Paris Peace Treaties dealt with Turkish - Took away almost all Turkey’s land - Put Turkish Straits under League of Nations - Arab lands made into mandates, controlled by French and British until people ready to rule themselves - League of Nations made sure they were governed properly - Only Arabia given independence right away - Armies from Britain, France, Italy and Greece occupied remaining Turkey – Asia Minor - Wilson’s idea - Wanted lasting peace - Though wars would be avoided if a body was designed to settle quarrels - ­**The Covenant of the League of Nations** first part of each peace treaty - described how peace was kept - members of the League talk instead of going to war if quarreled - talks take place in League’s **Assembly** in Geneva - world parliament, met once a year, each member country had one vote - if this didn’t work, other members helped member attacked - known as **collective security** - help arranged by the **Council** of the League, smaller body which met quickly in crisis - help victim by cutting of links with attacker, trade and financial links - much work was done by **commissions** - The **Disarmament Commission** persuaded countries to reduce armed forces, cut down stocks of weapons - **Mandates Commission** watched German and Turkish colonies, under temporary rule of Britian and France - Task of making the world a better one - Special committees set up to look into big problems of the world and suggest cures - **Health Organization** for improving world’s health - **International Labor Organization** improve conditions people worked in - Others include improve women’s rights, stop drug smuggling, helping refugees - World law court, the **Permanent Court of Justice**, based in Holland, try legal disputes between countries - League needed large number of organizers - Done by **Secretariat** in Geneva - First chairman of civil servants was Englishman Sir Eric Drummond - looked impressive on paper - when started in real life, actually quite weak - two big problems - USA refused to join, although US President’s idea - Not interested in getting involved with problems of other countries - Russia and Germany didn’t join, not allowed - First problem: Three great countries weren’t in League of Nations - Second problem: didn’t have army to back up decisions - Talked about problems, but didn’t have force to make countries stop fighting - Despite this, many people were enthusiastic about the League - Did a lot of useful work in 1920s
 * __Great Suffering…__**
 * France**
 * Belgium**
 * Britain**
 * Italy**
 * Russia**
 * The United States**
 * Germany**
 * The suffering of war**
 * __Great Expectations__**
 * The Paris Peace Conference**
 * Making the peace**
 * __Germany Re-made the Treaty of Versailles__**
 * __Europe Re-Shaped: The Other Paris Peace Treaties__**
 * Austria-Hungary**
 * Bulgaria**
 * Russia**
 * Poland**
 * Turkish Empire**
 * __The League of Nations__**
 * Organization of the League of Nations**
 * Problems for the League of Nations**

Summary
Each country had suffered greatly from WWI. The Paris Peace Conference was held, where the Big Three, Wilson, Clemenceau, and George, had different views and expectations. Wilson wanted a fair and lasting peace, Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay, while George agreed with Wilson, but the people of Britain were very anti-German. The Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany, while other Paris peace treaties dealt with other defeated countries, along with Russia and Poland. The League of Nations was set up, its aim being to keep peace, but they were missing three great countries and lacked a military force.

**Questions** > > > > >
 * 1) Would WWII occur if the Treaty of Versailles wasn't as harsh?
 * 1) Why didn't David Lloyd George agree with Wilson's Fourteen Points?
 * 1) If the League of Nations didn't have those two major problems, would they have been very successful in keeping peace?
 * 1) Why did Clemenceau want Germany to pay, instead of following Wilson's idea of a fair peace?
 * 1) Was the Treaty of Versailles a good idea, helpful and successful? Why or why not?