InNo+christopherc2012+09.08.10

Chapter 3: The Rise of Napoleon

 * France tried a new government when Terror ended
 * governed by 5 men called directors from 1795 - 1799
 * backed by two assemblies called Councils
 * prices shot up, money lost all value, people starved
 * In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte forced them out of office and took over the governmet

Napoleon the Soldier

 * Background **
 * born on Corsica 1769
 * second of 8 children
 * born French, but was Italian
 * from age 9 spent 7 years in military school in France, leaving at 16 as a lieutenant in French Army
 * army gained in size during revolutionary war, he became general by age 24
 * career wrecked in 1794 when Robespierre was overthrown, but had no evidence against him so he returned to the military


 * Italian Campaign **
 * Directors continued Revolutionary war against coalition
 * conquered Belgium and Holland quickly
 * 1796, Napoleon became commander of Italian Army to attack Austrians in North Italy
 * October 1797: all north Italy was in French control and Napoleon was France's most famous general


 * Egypt **
 * Directors put Napoleon in command of 'Army of the East'
 * ordered to attack GB's trade routes and colonies in far east
 * invaded Egypt on the way to India
 * Defeated Egypt at Battle of Pyramids in July 1798, but never made it to India
 * ships carrying the soldiers sunk at Aboukir bay, stranding them in middle east for a year
 * France's enemies formed 2nd coalition and driven them out of Italy and central Europe
 * learned from defeats in summer of 1799, and problems in France
 * left army in Egypt and went to France to save country from defeat


 * Napoleon Seizes Power **
 * one of the Directors were plotting to get rid of fellow Directors, close the council, and set up a stronger newer government
 * asked Napoleon to provide it
 * joined the plot with another director, and Lucien his brother, president of one of the councils
 * Nov 1799, they made a story that rebels were going to capture Paris and Council made Napoleon commander of all troops in Paris district
 * Left Paris and soldiers forced other three directors to resign
 * Council found it was a lie and took an oath to defend the Directory
 * Napoleon was shouted at and declared an outlaw
 * soldiers came in and deputies fled
 * remaining people voted Napoleon and two other plotters to run the country

Napoleon the Ruler

 * The Consulate **
 * governed by three councils
 * first council made decisions, other two advised
 * Napoleon took first council
 * four more councils were created
 * Council of State wrote new laws and discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * a senate, tribunate, and legislative body made laws and appointed officials, Prefects in provinces put the laws into effect
 * 9 million voters given choice on laws, 3 million voted in favour, 1500 against, 6 million did not vote


 * Victory in War **
 * Napoleon's priority was to defend France against army of Second Coalition
 * wanted to attack Austrian forces in north Italy
 * took army through Switzerland and Alps
 * Austrians were already ready and outnumbered Napoleon
 * reserve troops showed up and led to French victory in the Battle of Marengo
 * Austrians abandoned north Italy
 * French army defeated Austrians at Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany
 * peace treaty signed in Luneville in 1801, France controlled Belgium, German lands on River Rhine, and north of Italy


 * Making of a Legend **
 * Napoleon was made famous from victories
 * portrayed in books and paintings as a legendary hero


 * Concordat and Catholic Church **
 * during Terror, churches were de-christianized
 * Napoleon dropped 10 day weeks and made Sunday off
 * signed **Concordat** with pope that allowed Catholics to worship freely again
 * Napoleon will appoint priests and bishops and they would be loyal to him
 * religious conflict ended quicly


 * Reforms **
 * By 1802, Napoleon made peace with Europe and ended religious conflicts
 * grateful senate increased his power, raised his pay, and made him consul for life
 * 3.5 million in favor, 8000 against
 * In 1802, reformed education system
 * created new kind of secondary school the **lycee**
 * lived under strict military discipline
 * took examination called **Baccalaureate** for university
 * Reformed law into seven books
 * 1804 - Code of Civil Law called Code Napoleon
 * criminal laws and commercial laws added over next 5 years
 * made laws demanded in 1789: individual rights, freedom of belief, and equity


 * Napoleon becomes Emperor **
 * Became emperor in 1804, massive approval
 * France became empire after 12 years of republic
 * insisted in being crowned like the kings
 * brought back nobles title
 * brothers Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Emperor
 * Created imperial nobility in 1808
 * princes, dukes, counts, barons, knights
 * nobles had to be rich to pass title
 * Napoleon's nobles had no privileges

In 1804, French Republic was replaced by and Empire, Catholic Church restored, and people became nobles again. Revolution was over.

As the Reign of Terror ended, the Directors was formed to govern France. Napoleon was a soldier for the French Army. Over the years, he was slowly promoted until he became general. Napoleon was very successful as a general, who had captured northern Italy. However, he was defeated in Egypt and went back to Paris to find that the government was not doing too well.
 * Summary: **

In 1799, two directors and Napoleon plotted to make the other directors resign. At the end, this was successful and Napoleon took control of France. During his time of control, he gained popularity from victories in war, setting the Catholic church back up and many reforms. At the end he was crowned emperor for his successes.

Although Napoleon did help France greatly, did he do it for himself or because it was his duty to do so?
 * Questions: **

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