InNo+JonathanK2013+09.18.2010

=The Legacy of the Revolutionary Era [Pg. 82-93]=

[[image:tombeau_p.jpg width="300" height="377" caption="Tomb of Napoleon"]]
==On 15th May, 1821, Napoleon passed away on St. Helena where he was buried. Later he was moved to France to burry him there. This tomb was crafted in red porphyry from Russia, and placed on a green granite base from Vosges, circled by a crown of laurels and inscriptions to remind people of the great victories of Napoleon. A statue of the emperor, which bears the imperial emblems was at the back of the crypt.==

Traces of the Revolutionary Era

 * Many streets and train stations are named after generals and battles from the Revolutionary Era
 * Many weights and measurements were invented during the Revolutionary Era
 * Most of the flags of the countries of Europe, half modeled after the tricolor flag of the Revolutionaries of 1789
 * Idea of how to organize societies that are revolutionaries passed on to future generation
 * **Liberalism** and **Nationalism**

** Liberalism **

 * Giving citizens equal rights and liberties
 * **First Act:** "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"
 * One of the most important achievements of the revolution
 * After Napoleon conquered Europe, this idea was spread throughout Europe
 * After Napoleon was defeated, they got rid of his constitution but many people still remember what its like to be ruled with a constitution
 * **Liberals**
 * People who believed in the ideas of liberty and equality

** Nationalism **

 * Idea that France is Nation not a Kingdom
 * France belongs to everyone in it and not just the King
 * **First Act:** Revolutionaries set up "National Assembly" to speak for people
 * During Revolutionary wars, the French set up new nations in the lands they had conquered
 * Many European people found out what it was like to be ruled by a constitution
 * **Congress of Vienna**
 * 1815, countries that defeated Napoleon redrew the map of Europe
 * Re-created many old states that Napoleon destroyed
 * Royal families took back the throne
 * This new borders in Europe had nothing to do with people's nationality, many people were under foreign rule
 * These states started revolutions to change the way they were ruled

** Revolution **

 * Liberals and Nationalist started revolutions in 1820, 1830, and 1848
 * German States
 * Many revolutionaries were students
 * They want the country to belong to everyone and not just the King
 * In 1830, revolutions broke out in 6 countries
 * Netherlands: People rose in revolt against the Dutch King William
 * Their country were taken over by the Dutch in 1815 and didn't like the way they had governed
 * This resulted more nations rebelling
 * In 1848, countries of Europe were shaken by revolutions
 * Austrian Empire
 * Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian authorities and drew up a petition of listed demands

** Images of Revolution **

 * **Images of Liberty (1792)**
 * One of the most famous image that revolutionaries borrowed from the French Revolution
 * Created in 1792
 * Revolutionaries who overthrew the King used it as a symbol of the new Republic
 * Meaning:
 * Liberty was portrayed as a young women
 * Holding a club with which she had killed many-headed monsters of 'despotism'
 * Holds a 'liberty cap'
 * Originally worn by freed roman slaves as a symbol of their freedom
 * Liberty cap became fashionable among sans culottes in 1792
 * Named the **Marianne**
 * Appeared in countless pictures, statues and models throughout the French Revolution
 * Most famous statue: **Statue of Liberty**

** Legends and Myths of Revolution **

 * **Napoleonic Legend**
 * Before Napoleon's death on St. Helena, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and told his friends to write down everything he said
 * In these writings, he made himself seem like a great person
 * In 1840, 20 years after his death, they decided to move his body from St. Helena to France for re-burial
 * He was buried in the Invalides Church in a massive tomb made of precious stone
 * Became a famous tourist attraction

Summary: After the French Revolution, it left many ideas of living in a constitution in the European people's minds. Most important two were Liberty and Nationalism, these two ideas are seen in many constitutions these days. One of the most famous statues was statue of liberty in New York. Marianna was also found in many paintings and statues.

Questions: Why was Marianna used as the symbol?