InNo+hyundoj2013+09.10.10

Chapter 3 Notes



** The rise of Napoleon **  - 1795~1799 France was governed by 5 men called' Directors' but they didn't do well.  -In 1799 a young army general forced them out of office and took over the government, and his name was Napoleon Bonaparte. ** Napoleon the soldier ** ** Napoleon's background ** -Before Napoleon, the king of France had bought the island from its Italian owners, so Napoleon was born French while his parents were Italian. -He spent most of his school years in military schools, leaving at sixteen as a lieutenant in the French army. -Napoleon was a general by the age of 24. -When Robespierre was overthrown, he was arrested along with everyone else close to the Robespierre brothers.  - Napoleon was arrested with people who were close to Robespierre, but there was no evidence to execute him so they return him to his army post. ** Napoleon's Italian campaign ** -It was in 1795.  - The French armies conquered Holland and Belgium. -French conquered Holland and Belgium and they wanted to conquer states of northern Italy. -Napoleon led his armies to brilliant victories over the Austrians in Italy. -Napoleon became France's most famous general. ** Napoleon in Egypt ** -The Directors put Napoleon in command of an 'Army of the East'. His orders were to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East. -Napoleon quickly defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798, but he never got to India. -Napoleon and his army were marooned in the Middle East for a whole year. -Back in France, the French armies were faring badly. -Napoleon learned of these defeats in the summer of 1799, and he also learned that rebels had over-run large parts of western France, that the country was nearly bankrupt, and that the Directors were facing strong opposition in the Councils. -Napoleon left his army in Egypt and hurried back to France. ** Napoleon seizes power ** -Napoleon agreed and joined the plot, along with another of the Directors. -They made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked the councils to take emergency action. The Councils did as they were asked and made Napoleon commander of all the troops in the Paris district. -They took action on 9 November 1799. -Deputies find out that the story about rebel was lie, so they got really angry and tried to declare him an outlaw. -According to the Council's own records, angry deputies tried to kill him. ** Napoleon the ruler ** ** The Consulate ** -It took only a month to create a new government. France was to be governed by three Consuls, with only the First Consul having the power to make decisions. -To share the work of governing France, four new Councils were created. -The senate also helped making law and appoints officials. -3 million voted in favor and only 1,500 against. ** Victory in war ** -He planned to do so with an attack on Austrian forces in north Italy. -Napoleon's most urgent task as First Consul was to defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition. -Result of this battle, in 1801 at Luneville, peace treaty was signed and France got control of Belgium and north Italy. ** The making of a legend ** -His victory made him more famous. -14 years after Napoleon's memoirs had been published. ** The Concordat and the Catholic Church ** -Now that France was at peace, Napoleon could deal with some urgent problems. -During the terror, most of church closed and France became de-Christianized, so loyal Catholics hated this and tried to overthrow the government. -Napoleon had to end this conflict, and so he allowed people to take Sundays off. -In return, the Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon. -Napoleon gained more loyalty from this incident. ** Reforms ** -By 1802, Napoleon had made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflict at home. -The main change was the creation of a new kind of secondary school, the lycee. -They also made into law some of the things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789. -This incident simplified the very complex laws. ** Napoleon becomes Emperor ** -In 1804 Napoleon increased his power still further by making himself Emperor. -The voters showed their support with a massive vote of approval. -As Emperor, Napoleon brought back some of the things that had been abolished during the Revolution. -To keep noble title, nobles had to be rich; they had to leave their son and 200,000 a year.