inNO+julies+2013.+10.+26.+10+part+3

=** Part 3 **=

This is a picture of Lenin. http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/jan04/lenin.html //** Chapter 11: 'Peace at Any Price' **//
 * The first decrees of Sovnarkom **
 * Sovnarkom was Lenin's chairman
 * He had gotten a bit of power
 * He started making changes to Russia
 * Nov 8 1917 - a decree on land **
 * Took land away form Tsar, the nobles, the church and other landlords
 * 549 million acres of land
 * Land was given to peasants
 * Nov 8 - a decree on peace **
 * Wanted to make peace with Russia's enemies
 * Nov 12 - a decree on work **
 * Started an 8 hrs work day, 40 hr week for all industrial workers
 * Nov 14 - a decree on unemployment insurance **
 * All workers got health insurance
 * Dec 1 - decree on the press **
 * Banned all non Bolshevik newspapers
 * Dec 11 **
 * Sovnarkkom banned Russia's main liberal party, the constional Democratic Party
 * Dec 20 **
 * Lenin set up a political police force - //Cheka//
 * Their job was to deal with opponents and enemies of the Bolsheviks
 * Dec 27 - a decree on workers control **
 * All factories under control of elected committees of workers
 * Dec 27 - a decree on banking **
 * All banks in Russia were under their control
 * Dec 31 - a decree on marriage **
 * Allowed couples to have non-religious weddings and made it easier to get a divorce


 * The Constituent Assembly **
 * Nov 1917 elections were held for the new parliament, the Constituent Assembly
 * Bolsheviks were beaten pretty badly
 * Constituent Assembly met for the first time on January 18, 1918
 * Sovnarkom ordered the meeting to stop
 * Bolsheviks Red Guards with machine guns killed and wounded more than a thousand people who supported the Assembly


 * The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk **
 * Lenin believed that a quick end to the war against Germany and Austria was needed if the Bolsheviks were to stay in power
 * Other wise they would lose the support of the army
 * Dec 3, 1917 a peace conference between Russia, Germany and Austria
 * //Leon Trotsky// was Russia's Commissar or minister for Foreign Affairs
 * He wanted a socialist government in Germany
 * Feb 1918, Germany advanced into Russia and got so close Lenin decided to make peace at any price
 * The treaty of Breat-Litovsk was made --> very harsh
 * Russia had to give up alot of their land
 * Had to pay 300 million gold roubles
 * Russia was now in peace
 * The Bolsheviks were not facing the civil war

Chapter 12 - Civil War And Foreign Intervention The Czech Legion Reds and White
 * They had made peace with Germany
 * Fighting began May 1918, when anti-bolsheviks took control over the Trans-Siberian Railway
 * May 1918, 45,000 Czech prisoners of war were being taken across Russia on trains
 * They were being sent back to where they came from
 * Czech attacked the officers on the trains and took over
 * A fight started
 * They took over many cities
 * Czech owned the railways
 * All the enemies of the Bolsheviks joined the czech
 * Set up their own governments
 * Most important government was Komuch - short for Committee of members of the constituent assembly
 * Organized an army and attack Moscow
 * On the way they got a lot of gold
 * Men that were between 18 - 40 had to serve in the army - Red Army
 * Leon Trotsky was given the job of organizing them
 * First job was to find some officers to lead the Red Army
 * His solution was to appoint former officers of the Tsar;s army
 * And if they refused send them to jail + his family
 * He managed to find 22,000 officers
 * The Red Armies enemies were the 'whites'
 * They were called whites because that was the color of Tsar
 * Many were socialists revolutionaries
 * Others were democrats
 * Some were landowners
 * White included anyone who opposed the Bolsheviks
 * End of 1912 four armies attacked heartland of Russia which was held but the Bolsheviks
 * They were helped by foreign armies
 * Wanted to crash the bolsheviks government
 * Reds and white fought were often
 * Many thousandths of people were killed
 * Extsar and his family were now prisoners of the Bolsheviks
 * July 1018 it seemed that the town would be captures but the Czech Legion
 * Bolsheviks feared that the exTsar would be saved and become leader of the whites
 * Instead they shot Nicholas dead and his wife and children and servants
 * August 1918 Bolsheviks almost lost their leader
 * A socialist Revolutionary named Fanya Kaplan shot Lenin 3 times at point blank range while he was getting into a care in Moscow
 * Lenin survived and recovered within weeks
 * All that Fanya Kaplan achieved by shooting LEnin was to convince the Bolsheviks that ruthless methods were needed to deal with their White enemies
 * A week after the shooting Sovnarkom ordered the Cheka, the secret political police to begin 'Red terror'

The Red Terror 1918 Red Army issued this orders: 1) Every scroundrel who incites anyone to retreat, to desert, or not to fulfill a militay order, will be shot 2) Every solider of the Red Army who voluntarily deserts his post, will be shot 3) Every soldier who throws away his rifle or sells part of his equipment will be shot.. 4) those guilty of harbouring deserters are liable to be shot 5) Houses in which deserters are found are liable to be burned down
 * the Cheka, led by Felix Dzerzhimsky had its head quarters in Lubyanka Street in Moscow
 * In the cellars of the Lubyanka, Cheka agents tortured prisoners until they confessed
 * Anyone who helped the whites were killed
 * Before long the name Cheka aroused fear even among loyal Bolsheviks
 * If someone tried to run away they would also be shot
 * He wasn't just a tyrant
 * He was a good military leader
 * He spent most of the civil War travelling from one area of the fighting to another
 * He directed the movements of the Red Army
 * Delivered supplies
 * Gave encouragement
 * Dealt with troublemakers
 * Made sure the Red Army was effective and united fighting force
 * Red Army began to win the Civil War
 * 1919 the foreign armies of intervention were withdrawn from russia, leaving the whites to fight alone
 * Bolsheviks government was safe

Chapter 13 - 'One Step Backwards..' War Communism and the Nep War Communism - There were five aspects of War Communism The New Economic Policy Nep said
 * During the civil war the Bolsheviks took strike measures to organize the industry and food supplies
 * They had too aims
 * to keep the Red Army supplies with food and weapons
 * Introduce communism - equal sharing wealth
 * 1) All factories with more than ten workers were nationalized - taken over by the government, a government body called Vesenkha Supreme Council of National Economy could decide what they wanted the factory to produce
 * 2) All workers were under government control. Military discipline in factories, including death penalty for strikers.
 * 3) Private trading was banned. Peasants had to give their surplus food to the government: they could not sell iit for profit
 * 4) The government allowed money to lose its value through inflation. It abolished rents, railway fares, posta charges and many other money payments
 * 5) In cities food was strictly rationed
 * War Communism succeeded
 * 1920 won the civil war
 * Failed to share Russia's wealth equally
 * Peasants stopped growing crops
 * 1919 peasants started to sow less grain and breed fewer animals
 * the result was a food shortage and terrible famine in 1921
 * Starvation, cold weather and disease killed a total of seven million russians
 * In March 1921 there was a revolt of 10,000 sailors at Kronstadt, a near base near Petrograd
 * Kronstadt had been loyal to the Bolsheviks ever since the Revolution, but now the sailors said that Was Communism was not what the Bolsheviks had promised in 1917
 * Got ready to attack
 * Leon Trotsky and other Red Army generals surrounded Kronstadt with 60,000 troops
 * they bombed the naval bases and then attacked the sailors' headquarters
 * Many sailors were killed in hand-to-hand fighting
 * The rest were captured and later shot
 * The Kronstadt rising was crushed, but Lenin realized that a change of policy was needed it there were tobe no more rising like it
 * March 1921 Lenin abandoned War Communism and introduced the New Economic Policy or Nep
 * 1) Peasants could sell their suplus food for profit again
 * 2) Peasant who increased their food production would pay less tax
 * 3) factories with few than twenty workers would be given back to their owners
 * 4) People could use money once again
 * Many bolsheviks were shocked with the Nep
 * It was a step backwards
 * 1925 the Nep had begun to work
 * Food production went back up
 * industrial output increased dramatically

The 1923 Constitution
 * At the Start of 1923 Russia gained a new constituion and, with it, a new game
 * the 1923 Constitution said that Russa was a 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'
 * The country was now a union of four republics - russia, Byelorussia, Ukraine and the Caucasus
 * Each had their own government

Lenin's death
 * Lenin did not live to se the USSR grow to be one of the great powers
 * 1922 and 1923 he suffered a serious of stroke and in January 1924, he died at the age of 53

Summary: Alot happened to Russia, Russia went though many hard times. the Bolsheviks leaders died in 1924.

Questions: 1) How was the Red Terror similar to the Regin or Terror? 2) How did Lenin die? 3) What was the Nep?