inNO+julies+2013.+11.+29.+10+The+World+Re-Made

=The World Re-Made= This is a picture of Woodrow Wilson, he was the President of United States of American, also part of the 'Big three.' His plan about the League of Nations was used to create peace.

This is a picture of David Lloyd George, he was the Prime Minister of Britain, also part of the 'Big Three' This is a picture of George Clemenceau, he was the prime minister of France, also part of the 'Big Three'

Chapter 1: Great Suffering...

 * Nations --> win --> land/ money/power
 * More fighting more expected
 * Nations of Great War suffered 1914 - 18
 * Victorious Allies expected alot/ Powers hope for mercy

**Each Nation Suffered:**

 * France:**
 * Worst fighting took place in France
 * Land was ruined --> farm land got all muddy, by explosive shells
 * Soldiers started eating the animals on the fields
 * 2 million people fled from their homes --> 3/4 houses were destroyed, 23,000 factories, 48,000 roads wrecked
 * 1,400,000 French soldiers killed/ 2,500,000 wounded
 * Belgium:**
 * War started in Belgium --> German armies swept through it for attack on France
 * Germany occupied the country
 * Stole Britain's crops, machinery, melted church bells and made guns, shot rebels
 * 50,000 soldiers died
 * Britain:**
 * No part was ever occupied
 * 750,000 soldiers dead/ 1,500,000 woulded
 * Gov in debt --> spent nine billion pounds on war/ borrow one million (Americans)
 * Italy:**
 * 1915 joined the war --> allies promised Austrian land
 * 600,000 soldiers died
 * Russia:**
 * Only Allied country which surrendered (1917)
 * 1,700,000 dead soldiers
 * Had to pay heavy price for surrender
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk --> Germany took all their provinces in the west
 * 1/3 under German rule
 * US:**
 * Didn't sufferer as much
 * started fighting in 1917
 * Lost 116,000 men
 * Germany:**
 * Fighting didn't take place on their land
 * Nearly 2 million soldiers were killed
 * 1918 country was tired
 * Revolution started causing chaos
 * British navy stopped the supplies from coming in
 * People who suffered were the ordinary people
 * With food ship not reaching their ports, millions faced starvation
 * The Suffereing of War**
 * Other central powers also suffered
 * Austrian-Hungary lost 1,200,000 men
 * Turkish empire 325,000
 * Bulgaria 100,000
 * Mid- 1918 Europe was hit by a spanish flu --> more than 25 million people died from this
 * Leader didn't want a war like this again
 * Must make treaties and ensure long lasting peace

Chapter 2: Great Expectations...
Clemenceau about Germany --> Germany wasn't the only country in charge of starting the war //** David Lloyd George **// - agreed with Wilson's 14 points
 * The Paris Peace Conference:**
 * Everyone wanted to make peace therefore they met in Pairs in Jan 1919
 * Hundred of politicians from 32 nations, each having their own ideas and expectations
 * Three quickly took control --> David Lloyd George, Minister of Britain, Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France and Woodrow Wilson, President of US. --> known as the big three
 * //Each had different ideas...//
 * //** Clemenceau's ('The Tiger') ** -// aims were straight forward and harsh
 * Germany must made for damage done in France (Cost: 200,000,000,000 gold francs)
 * Germany must be made weak --> never attack again
 * Take away land / industry / armed forces
 * **// Woodrow Wilson //** - aim make future wars impossible --> making world peace
 * He had 14 ways to do this
 * No secret agreements - everyone had to be open
 * Countries must reduce armed forced and weapons
 * Countries under foreign empires must be allowed to form their own nation/ choose own government
 * His idea was called ** national self-determination **
 * All counties should belong to a new organization for keeping peace
 * Suggested to start ** League of Nations **
 * Disagreed with
 * If defeated countries were treated harsh it would cause trouble in the future
 * Wanted to be tough with Germany
 * Britain was anti - Germany
 * Making Peace:**
 * Wilson got his way being the only man wanting peace
 * Spent first 5 months starting the League of Nations
 * Countries were demanding to join with other countries
 * Peace Conference quickly became a free for all - victors competed with each other to carve up the lands of defeated powers

Chapter 3: Germany Re-Made the Treaty of Versailles

 * June 28, 1919, everyone left Pairs and went by train to Versailles
 * In a royal palace there, they signed the first treaty
 * Treaty of Versailles - dealt with Germany - very lone doc with 400 ** clauses **
 * ** League of Nations ** was set up - first 26 clauses desciebed how it was going to work, were called the ** Covenant of the League of Nations **
 * Germany had given land away
 * All German over seas colonies were taken away - put under the rule of League of Nations
 * Land that Germany had taken from Russia was given back
 * Germany's armed forced were reduced - army of 100,000 men and a navy with no more than 6 ships
 * Western part of Germany was made into ** demilitarized zone (DMZ) **
 * Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
 * Germany had to accept the blame for starting the great war - known was ** war guilt clause **
 * Germany had to pay reparations - cost of repairing war damage
 * Germans hadn't been consulted about any of this
 * Germany was told about this a few weeks before they had to sign, Germans started going crazy
 * Government resigned, Leaders fleet, Germans complained was a dictated peace
 * Allies threaten to invade if Germany didn't sign

Chapter 4: Europe Re-Shaped: The Other Pairs Peace Treaties

 * Treaty-makers also had to face Germanys defeated partners - the Empire of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Turkish Empire
 * No longer existed
 * Three had already set up their own independent states and appointed their own leaders - Czechs, Hungaiands, Serbs
 * Austria-Hungary:**
 * Was dealt with by two treaties signed at ** Saint Germain ** and ** Trianon ** two royal palaces near pairs
 * Made Austria and Hungary into separate independent states
 * Had to pay for damage, reduce army and give up land
 * Bulgaria:**
 * ** Treaty of Neuilly ** gave away land to neighbors and made her pay reparations/ reduce army
 * Russia:**
 * Treaties were dealt with the defeated powers, important effects on other countries
 * Didn't attend Peace Conference
 * Treaty of Versailles gave Russia back the land German had taken but not all of it
 * Provinces on the Baltic Sea - Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent states
 * Southern Russia was given to Romania
 * Poland:**
 * Before 1919 no such country
 * Poles had been conquered by neighbors hundreds years earlier
 * Gained back their independence - took land from Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia
 * The Turkish Empire:**
 * Treaty of Sevres was very harsh
 * Took away all Turkish land and gave it to League of Nations

Chapter 5: The League of Nations
The Organization of the League of Nations:
 * All five peace treaties began the same way, describing a new organisation for keeping peace
 * Woodrow Wilson's idea - wanted peace that would last
 * The Covenant of the League of Nations:
 * If anyone argued - they would solve the problem by talking not fighting
 * The talks would be held in the League's ** Assembly **
 * Collective security was set up, it two countries were to go to war - others would help
 * Help would be arranged by the ** Council **
 * Much of the work was done by ** commissions **
 * ** Disarmament Commission ** - persuade countries to cut down their armed forced and weapons
 * The ** Mandates Commission ** kept an eye on German and Turkish colonies
 * ** Health Organization ** - improve societies health
 * ** International Labour Organization ** - improve living conditions
 * ** Permanent Court of Justice ** - world law court - try legal disputes between countries

Summary:
After the Great War, a Peace conference was held in Pairs, trying to make world peace; there were three leaders; Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd. Many treaties were signed and the League of Nations was set up.

Questions:

 * 1) How did each European country suffer from the war?
 * 2) Why was the Pairs Peace Conference set up? When was it?
 * 3) Why was everyone so harsh towards Germany? What was taken away from them?
 * 4) What happened to Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Russia, Poland and the Turkish Empire after they each signed different treaties?
 * 5) How was the League of Nations organized?