InNo+kathryn_chang+10.19.10


 * Part Two: War and Revolution **

Ch.7: Russia at War, 1914-17

Early Defeats
 * August 1914- Russia went to war with Germany
 * Were patriotic demonstrations in support of the Tsar and hatred of Germany spread
 * Tsar renamed St. Petersburg to Petrograd because he thought that it sounded too much like a German name
 * end of August 1914- Two Russian armies attacked Germany and should have won but they were poorly led and badly equipped
 * nearly a million didn't have rifles and also many didn't have boots


 * In Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes both Russian armies were wiped out in two battles
 * in six weeks of the war starting, Russian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner

The Collapse of the Economy
 * As war continued, the Russian economy began to collapse in 1915
 * first problem: lack of workers
 * 15.5 million young men were taken into the army to fight
 * halving the number needed to work in the factories and the fields


 * 1915- nearly 600 factories closed because they didn't have enough workers


 * second problem: transport
 * Russia depended on railways for food and raw materials
 * not enough trains to keep the armies as well as the townspeople supplied with food and materials
 * thousands of tons of butter, meat and grain rotted in railway sidings in the countryside because there weren't enough trains to transport them


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the soldiers and peasants went hungry
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">coal supplies to factories and power stations halted while coal trains stood at the coal mines waiting for engines to pull them
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">power fell and more factories had to close


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">third problem: inflation
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Russian money, rouble, began to lose value
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">same time, food prices began to rise
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">people's wages were buying less and less food


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">meanwhile, defeat followed defeat on the fighting fronts
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">by the end of 1915- 300,000 Russians had been killed and three million were either wounded or locked up in enemy prison camps

'Dark Forces Destroying the Throne'
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">August 1915- Tsar Nicholas decided to take personal command of his armies
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">he left Petrograd and went to the army headquarters to live, 500 km away
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">he left Alexandra in charge of the government in Petrograd (she was in the influence of Rasputin)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">from August 1915-end of 1916- Alexandra did what she wanted to do, she fired ministers who she didn't like and replaced them with men who she did like
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">during this time period, Russia had four different Prime Ministers, five Ministers of the Interior, four Ministers of Agriculture, three Ministers of War, and two Ministers of Foreign Affairs
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the work of the government halted
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">food, fuel, ammunition were already short in supply but now they became almost impossible to get
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">russian armies won some important victories in 1916 but the death toll of the soldiers went over one million

>
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">rumors of Alexandra and Rasputin flew
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">that they were German spies that were working to destroy Russia
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">even the closet supporters of Tsar were in despair
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">one of them said in the Duma that there were dark forces trying to destroy the throne
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">December 1916- three nobles loyal to the Tsar decided to kill Rasputin the get rid of the 'dark forces'
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">when new flew of his death, public rejoiced, people kissed each other in the streets
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">his death did not help Russia
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1917- began with blizzards and temperatures as low as negative 35 degrees celsius
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">more than a thousand railway engines froze and burst their boilers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">there were no more supplies of grain, coal, wood, and oil

Ch. 8: The Revolution of March 1917

Wednesday 7 March Thursday 8 March Friday 9 March Saturday 10 March Sunday 11 March Monday 12 March Tuesday 13 March Wednesday 14 March Tuesday 15 March
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">managers of the giant Putilov steel works locked out their workers after pay talks broke down
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">20,000 though, angry steel workers were out on the streets
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">workers in other factories went on strike in support of the workers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">50 factories closed down and 90,000 workers went out on strike
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">was International Women's Day and so there were also thousands of socialist women on the streets, demonstrating
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">everyone wanted bread
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">200,000 workers were on strike
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">250,000 workers were on strike
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">no public transport and newspapers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">food shortages continued
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cossacks refused to attack strikers when they were ordered to
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">President of the Duma (Michael Rodzianko) sent a telegram to Tsar explaining how bad it was there
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tsar's response was to order the Duma to stop meeting
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">6 AM- a mutiny began in the Volinsky regiment of the army; a sergeant shot his commanding officer dead
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the soldiers left their barracks and marched into the center of Petrograd
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">later, the Duma held a meeting
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">they set up a twelve-man committee called the **Provisional Committee** to take over the government
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">evening, revolutionaries set up a **Soviet**,or council, of workers and soldiers in Petrograd
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">they intended to take over the government and immediately began to organize food supplies for the city
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tsar sent a telegram to the Duma saying that he would not share his power with them
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the Duma leader, Michael Rodzianko replied that he was too late
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">leading army generals sent telegrams to the Tsar saying that they did not support him
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tsar tried to return to Petrograd to take control of the situation
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">revolutionaries stopped the train the he was in
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tsar agreed to abdicate and give the throne to Alexis but then realized that he was too ill and so he gave to crown to his brother, Grand Duke Michael
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Grand Duke Michael feared that he would be just as unpopular as Nicholas and so he also abdicated within 24 hr
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Russia was not a republic- a country governed not by a monarch but an elected leader

Ch. 9: The Provisional Government

Two New Governments Lenin and the April Theses The Kornilov Revolt
 * **Provisional Government**- 12 man commmittee
 * they would govern for a while before there were elections, then they would resign
 * it was the official government
 * there was a second unofficial government call the **Petrograd Soviet** of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
 * this council was elected by the workers
 * they protected the interests of working people and soldiers
 * other soviets with the same aim formed in towns all over Russia
 * what the Petrograd Soviets did, the other groups followed
 * the first action was to issue an order to the armed forces
 * **Order No 1**- soldiers and sailors must set up committees to take control of all arms, ammunition and equipment
 * off-duty soldiers were not to salute their officers and instead of calling them 'Your Excellency' they had to call them 'Mister Colonel' or 'Mister General'
 * in all parts of the army and the navy, they obeyed this order showing that the Petrograd Soviet was in charge, not the Provisional Government
 * many of the deputies in the Petrograd Soviet were revolutionaries, especially SRs and Mensheviks, some Bolsheviks
 * they wanted all land to be given to the peasants, and factories to be given to the workers
 * but for the time being, they were willing to co-operate with the Provisional Government, and to wait for the changes they wanted
 * Lenin was in exile in Switzerland at the time of the March Revolution
 * he disagreed with the revolutionaries who co-operated with the Provisional Government
 * he wanted Russia to organize a second revolution
 * between him and Russia, there were Germany and Austria, Russia's enemies in the war
 * German helped him get across Germany because they knew he would be trouble in Russia
 * they gave Lenin food, money and a special train for him to cross Germany safely
 * April 16 1917-Lenin reached Petrograd
 * **April These**
 * when he did he made a speech to the Bolsheviks saying that they must end the war with Germans
 * that all land must be given to the peasants
 * banks should be nationalized
 * that they should change their names to 'Communists'
 * that No support must be given to the Provisional Government
 * Soviets should get together to form a new government
 * 'All power to the Soviets'
 * they were a great surprise to the Bolsheviks
 * Lenin was telling them to start another revolution
 * they had doubts until June 1917, when the Russian armies made a major attack on Austria
 * they failed and turned into a retreat
 * many joined the Bolsheviks and demanded an end to the Provisional Government
 * more than 100,000 soldiers and Bolsheviks roamed the streets shouting 'All Power to the Soviets', demanding power
 * **July Days**, three day after, Alexander Kerenky, the Minister of War, sent loyal troops to Petrograd
 * 16 and 17 July- these troops broke up into mobs and, killing and wounding 400 of them
 * Kerenky claimed that the Bolsheviks were paid by the Germans to make trouble and that Lenin was a German spy
 * he ordered for the arrest of Lenin, but Lenin fled to Finland, in exile again
 * other leading Bolsheviks were put into jail
 * Kerenky became the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government
 * he was faced with a challenge from Commander-in-Cheif of the armies, General Kornilov
 * Kornilov believed that Russia needed a 'strong man' and that he would be in charge
 * he planned to get rid of the Petrograd Soviet, to arrest the revolutionaries, and to take control of the Provisional Government so that he could fight with the Germans without interference
 * Kornilov's rebel troops were some of the best in Russia-the Savage Division from the Caucasus mountains, and the Cosscks
 * he sent them to Petrograd with orders to get rid of the Provisional Government
 * it almost seemed like he would win
 * Kerensky allowed the Bolsheviks to set up a defense force called the **Red Guards**
 * 25,000 Bolsheviks armed with rifles and machine guns were out on the streets in a few days
 * Kornilov's troops refused to fight against their fellow workers and so Kornilov was soon arrested
 * The Bolsheviks came out as heros
 * they saved the Provisional Government
 * they showed that they were not German spies
 * they came out as an armed and disciplined fighting force
 * they strengthened their force further when they got a mojority in elections for the Petrograd Soviet in September
 * same happened in other big cities
 * By October 1917- the Bolsheviks were more powerful than they had been before
 * they continued to carry out the second revolution, success looked good

Ch. 10: The Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917

The State of Russia in September 1917 The November Revolution
 * during the summer of 1917, the peasants began to take control over the land
 * they had waited for the Provisional Government to give them land but they failed to do so
 * more than 2000 farms peasants killed their landlords and divided the land up among themselves
 * in other areas, they seized lands of the Church and the Tsar
 * Kerneky tried to stop them by sending the soldiers on 'punishment expeditions' into the countryside
 * they whipped peasants and burned their homes
 * but they did not have enough soldiers
 * violence between peasants and landlords continued
 * it delayed harvest which led to food shortages
 * the armies discipline was breaking down
 * the Order No. 1 already led many soldiers to disobey their orders from their officers
 * thousands of soldiers were deserting from the army every week
 * mostly to go back to their villages to make sure they got their share of land
 * Bolsheviks encouraged soldiers to lay down their weapons and to give up fighting
 * everywhere in the army was drunkenness, chaos, and violence
 * soldiers amused themselves by rolling live hand grenades into their officers' headquarters
 * October 1917- Lenin returned
 * at the Bolsheviks meeting, he said that they should begin a revolution right then
 * the Bolsheviks leaders agreed to stage an armed uprising against the Provisional Government
 * Leon Trotsky, the Bolshevik chairman of the Petrograd Soviet drew up plans and set up headquarters in the **Smolny Institute**, a disused school
 * the army said it would support the Bolsheviks
 * the guards of the Peter and Paul Fortress gave all their rifles to the Bolsheviks
 * Night of November 6- the red guard were armed and ready for action
 * during the night, they took most control of the important locations in Petrograd
 * Morning of November 7- they seized government buildings, the power station and the railway stations
 * Provisional Government had headquarters at **Winter Palace**, and guarded only by army cadets and the Women's Battalion of the army
 * Evening of November 7- a cruiser, the **Aurora**, which the Bolsheviks sailors captured sailed up the river Neva and fired blank shells at the Winter Palace
 * Peter and Paul fortress also opened fire on them
 * then the Red Guards stormed in
 * The Cadets and the Women's Battalion gave in without a fight
 * the ministers surrendered and were taken away under arrest
 * The Bolsheviks now controlled Petrograd
 * the next day, Lenin announced that he was setting up a new government
 * Bolsheviks had power after one day of rebellion in which 18 people were arrested and 2 had been killed

Summary Russia suffered really bad because of the war and so the Tsar left to the army headquarters; leaving Alexandra in charge. There was a claim that there was a 'dark force' that was trying to destroy the throne and so, Rasputin was killed. A revolution starts and two new governments form called the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet. Lenin returns and tells the Bolsheviks (they were part of the Petrograd Soviet) to start a new revolution to take the power from the Provisional Government. When they have the rebellion, they took over in a single day

Questions 1. What were the so called 'Dark Forces' that were 'destroying the throne'? Explain. 2. How did Lenin get back to Petrograd from exile? 3. What did Lenin say in his speech as soon as he reached Petrograd? 4. What is the Order No. 1? 5. How did the Bolsheviks come in power?


 * My Awesomeness **

This is during the July days. The soldiers and the Bolsheviks are holding a banner shouting 'All Power to the Soviets!'. They demanded power and then later, the Minister of War would send troops to break up the mob.

The Bolsheviks wanted a revolution right then so they captured the Aurora and bombed the Winter Palace (the headquarters of the Provisional Government. Then the Peter and Paul Fortress started firing bullets at the Winter Palace and then the Red Guards stormed the Winter Palace with rifles provided by the Peter and Paul Fortress.