Notes+part+1+amypx2013+10.12.2010

= Part 1 : Russia Under the Tsar =

The Russian Empire in 1900. This picture portrays the mass size of Russia's land. From the map we can see that most of Russia was named as "Siberia". Siberia was the icy and coldest place in Russia; for this reason, most of the Russian population lived in the southwest of Russia.



This is a timeline that i made about this part of the Russian Revolution. It includes events starting from the assassination of Alexander II, Nicholas II's grandfather, to the death of Stolypin and Rasputin's influence over the royal family of Russia. This timeline will help to identify the order of events and provide a brief explanation for each of them. (click on the "+" signs on the bottom of the timeline to view all the events)

media type="custom" key="7216347"

Below is a picture of Gregory Efimovitch, or Rasputin the "disreputable one". Rasputin gained absolute trust from the Tsar of Russia by doing "God's work". He later started to influence the government by giving Nicholas II political advices. Although most people have known Rasputin as an improperly behaved person, the Tsar still trusted him completely.



**Chapter 1 Russian Empire in 1990**
 * Rs is VERY big
 * yet much land is useless (for farming)
 * high mountains keep out warm air from south
 * air comes from arctic ocean
 * arctic circle- tundra- nothing except shrubs and moss
 * south of tundra: taiga (forest of pine trees)
 * Only 5 % land was in use in 1990 (southwest)
 * climates also affect industry and trading
 * frozen coastline
 * frozen rivers (Ob, Yanisey, Lena)
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">in 1900 not-so powerful ice-breaking ships
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">sea and river trade impossible till spring
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In 1990 Trans-Siberian (railway for trade) only half-built
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Rs was ruled by a Tsar: Nicholas II
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">125 million ppl in the empire
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">less than half were rsians
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">poles and ukrainians were conquered by ancestors of the Tsar
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">most ppl lived on 5% of Rs's land

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chapter 2 The Government of Russia**
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Tsar was an autocrat- no need to share power
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">no parliament could limit his power
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">he could do whatever he liked
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic employed civil servants
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">fourteen ranks
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">ministers in charge of government to minor officials(office clerks)
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">job: collect taxes, carry out orders
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">ppl were underpaid- bribery
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic had a secret force- __Okhrana-__ protective sections
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">censored books
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">spy on political parties
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">arrested opposing people
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">No juries for prisoners- exiled
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sometimes riots break out from peasants
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Cossacks__ to the rescue
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">ppl with force
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Russian Orthodox Church__ helped too
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">educated ppl to be loyal to Nic
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">head of church: government minister
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">bishops took orders from them- priest from bishops
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">control minds of church goers
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic wasn't well- educated
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Happily married with German Alexandra
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">she encouraged autocracy
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">5 children- 1 son
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Alexis the son had hemophilia
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">deeply religious
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">alexandra ordered Alexis's illness to be kept as secret

<span style="color: #e26e6e; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chapter 3: Russian Society**
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">4/5 citizen of the Rs empire
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">up to 1861 they were serfs- slaves without rights
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Alexander II, 1861, abolished serfdom and allowed peasants to own land
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">land was not given as individuals
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">given to a __mir__ - village commune
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">peasant had to pay installments over 49 years
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">land could only be their if they payed all 49 installments
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Commune gave out land according to family size and needs
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">populations increased- land became smaller
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">caused problems: less land, hard to support family, keep up with redemption payment
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">other problems: disease, malnutrition
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">many people went to work in factories
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">almost 1 million ppl went to St Petersburg to work
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">low wages, little living space, bad conditions
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">long working hours (11.5 hrs per day)- overtime permissions- 14-15 hrs per day
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">workers could not improve conditions: no trade unions, no strikes, workers can be easily replaced
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Tsar Nic owned 8 palaces, 15000 servants
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">nobles were 1% of the population but owned 25% of the land
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">some used their land to farm and made good profits
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">some just sold out pieces of land to make money
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">by 1990 __capitalists__ were becoming rich from banking, industry and trade
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sergei Witte (minister of finance):
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">gave capitalists government contracts (for railways)
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">gave them money for building factories
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">cut taxes
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">however capitalists with money did not help to improve ppl's conditions
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">ppl hated the capitalists

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chapter 4: Opponents of the Tsar**
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">most Rsians believed everyone had their right place in society therefore did not question autocracy
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">some ppl wanted revolution
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">terrorism
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">in march 1881: assassination of Alexander II who freed peasants from serfdom
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">watched by his son and grandson
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">carried out by "People's Will"
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">but they weren't able to get rid of autocracy
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">both Alexander and Nicholas were determined to not let the same thing happen
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">they used Okhrana to arrest critics an opponents
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Socialist Revolutionary Party
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">the SRs wanted all the land given to the mirs so ppl could have more land
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">had a "Fighting Organization" who organized terrorist campaigns
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">killed 3 government ministers and dozen of officials
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">gained support from peasants who wanted land
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Social Democratic Party
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">followed ideas of __Karl Marx__
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">marx wrote the communist manifesto
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">predicted that peasants would overthrow government
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">take away land and factories and other resources from capitalists
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">share equally - called __socialism__
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">people would work for everyone not themselves
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">they only take what they need
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">system of __communism__
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">split into 2 groups i 1903- Bolsheviks, Mensheviks
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Bolsheviks__: revolution should be organized by a small group of skilled revolutionaries
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Mensheviks__: party should be a mass party with as many working class as possible; should be run democratically
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">leader of Bolsheviks: __Vladimir Ilyich Lenin__ argued that the revolution would never happen if the Mensheviks were in charge
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Julius Martov (leader of Mensheviks) said that revolution would fail without support from the working class
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">from 1903 there were 3 rev parties: the Bolsheviks, the Mensheviks, and the Socialist Revolutionaries
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Liberals
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">supported Tsar but wanted him to share power
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">non-violent
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">democratic government

<span style="color: #e26e6e; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chapter 5: The 1905 Revolution**
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1904－war against Japan over Manchuria and Korea
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic thought it would be a quick victory for Rs- it would make his reputation better
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Battle of Tsushima-__ Russian Baltic on a 7-month voyage to Manchuria-defeated by Japanese fleet once they arrived
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">war in fact let Nic down
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">no food for ppl
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">no job for ppl
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sunday 22, January, 1905: 200,000 ppl marched through St. Petersburg to the Winter Palace
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">wanted to ask for better working conditions
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">wanted to end the war
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">and many other reforms
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">led by __Father Gapon__ - a priest
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">soldiers massacred the crowd
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">known as __Bloody Sunday__
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">started revolution across Rs
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Grand Duke Serge (nic's uncle) was killed by a terrorist bomb
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">June 1905 crew of Potemkin took control over the ship
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">this act threatened Nic
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">he could not trust his forces anymore
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">then peasants also rebelled
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">non-russian people declared independence
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">September 1905
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">strike began
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">cities were closed down
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">strikers set up councils called __Soviets__
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Soviets became a form of government
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">October 1905
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic issued __October Manifesto__
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Rs could have a __Duma__, elected parliament
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">basic right for people- political parties and speech
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">liberals were happy but the other parties questioned its reliability
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In December troops went to crush Soviet parties
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Early 1906
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">all areas of revolution were crushed
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Black Hundreds" organized massacres of revolutionaries
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Revolution was finally over in March 1906
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Elections for Duma, meetings for Duma- Nic issued __Fundamental Laws__
 * <span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"to the emperor of all the Russias belongs supreme autocratic power"

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chapter 6: The Aftermath of the 1905 Revolution**
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dumas
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">it wanted a share of power
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic broke its meeting up
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">lasted for 75 days
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1907 second duma: liberals, socialist revolutionaries, social democrats determined to get rid of autocracy
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">lasted for 3 months
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1907 third duma: conservative politician who behaved themselves
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">lasted for 5 years
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1906 Nic appointed new prime minister
 * __<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Peter Stolypin __
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">to ensure there are no more revolutions
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">realized force cannot solve everything
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">helped abolish redemption payments, laws of communes, mirs
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">let peasants set up their own farms
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">thought the peasants with land would grow rich in time- leading to peace
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">conditions got better- growing industry and wages and harvest
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">efficient farms were created
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">in 1911 Stolypin's police agent shot him (the agent was a terrorist)
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Rasputin__- "the disreputable one"- Gregory Efimovitch
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">prayed for Alexis and Alexis recovered
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nic and Alexandra put all their trust in him
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Staret- holy man of God
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Rasputin drank a lot, had affairs with many women, and many more bad behaviors
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">After Stolypin's death in 1911 his power grew
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">gave political advice to Nic
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">got bribed to help politicians and businessmen
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">hatred against him grew
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">everyone knew about his corruption EXCEPT for Nic and his wife.
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">everyone knew about his corruption EXCEPT for Nic and his wife.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Summary

<span style="color: #400080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">At around 1900, Russia was ruled by a Tsar under autocracy. However, conditions were extremely poor for the peasants and the town-workers; people formed political parties against Tsar Nicholas II and revolution broke out in 1905. Nicholas II finally agreed to issue the October Manifesto, but still kept his unlimited power as an autocrat.

<span style="color: #2e9bea; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Review Questions:

<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. How did Russia's geography (especially its climate) affect its industry and trading? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. What was the Okhrana? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">3. Who were the capitalists and why were they hated by the peasants? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">4. Who was Karl Marx and how did he influence the Social Democratic Party? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">5. Why did Nicholas II issue the October Manifesto and what were his intentions?