InNo+JonathanK2013+03.03.2011

=PART TWO: THE WAR BECOMES GLOBAL, 1941-42=

** Awesome: **


This is the U-Boat, a german submarine. It played a huge role in world war 2 as it caused many problems for the allies. First it intercepted and destroyed many trading boats of the British and Americans. The power of the U-boat can be seen when a single one attacked the Royal Navy's harbor and destroyed the //Royal Oak//.

Operation Barbarossa. The Germans and the USSR signed a pact, the Nazi Soviet Pact. The only reason why the German signed it is was to keep the USSR neutral so they won't interfere with Germans battle plans to invade Poland. The pact was also to give USSR half of Poland. After taking over poland, the USSR was no use to the Germans and decided to invaded. This plan is Operation Barbarossa.

== The Battle of the Atlantic. It is the only major sea battle during the World War 2. This war was mostly about the menace of the U-Boats (Germany Submarines) who were constantly harassing the British and US trading ships. This battle ended with the British and US starting a convoy system in which the trading boats would be protected using battle cruisers etc equipped with High frequency and Direction Finding. ==

** Why did Germany attack the USSR? **

 * **Nazi Soviet Pac**t signed not for friendship but to keep USSR neutral while taking over countries
 * USSR signed because forces were not ready to fight
 * Gave him time to prepare for war
 * USSR no longer useful to hitler and wanted to invade them

** Operation Barbarossa **

 * Germany invaded USSR by surprise, USSR not prepared and was defeated.
 * **Scorched Earth Methods**
 * Stalin (USSR) told the people to used this method against Germans
 * Burn and destroy everything, make the place unbearable to the Germans
 * Failed to stop invasion
 * Germany continued to invade

** How the USSR was saved **

 * **Four things stop German invasion**
 * **1) Soviet moved important weapon factories to eastern regions out of Germany's reach**
 * **2) Bad Weather**
 * Started to rain which flooded places, slowed Germany's invasion down
 * Mud froze as winter came in
 * **3) Help from USA and Britain**
 * USA provided lots of ships filled with food, weapons medical supplies and army
 * Britain sent 500 Hurricane fighter aircrafts
 * **4) Behavior of German armed forces strengthened will of the people**
 * Cruel to the people, they were taken as slaves
 * Massacred Jews by **Special Action Groups**

The United States and Japan

 * **Neutrality Laws** (USA)
 * Isolating the USA form other countries disputes
 * Little money to the armed forces
 * **Japan**
 * Opposite of USA
 * Invaded many countries in attempt to gain extra land and resources
 * Spent money on army

** The End of US Isolation **

 * **Cash and Carry**
 * Neutrality Laws amended o allow Britain to buy war supplies from USA
 * Meant that British had to pay in dollars or gold, and also collect the goods in their own ships
 * US Navy gave British 50 destroyers that made British navy stronger
 * **Lend-Lease Act**
 * Allowing the USA to provide britain with guns, tanks, warships, planes and other war supplies
 * Later also given to USSR
 * **US role in Japan-China War** (Manchurian Incident)
 * Stop trade with Japan (90% of oil in Japan was imported from USA)
 * Both countries in deadlock as war was the only way out

** Japan attacks Pearl Harbor **

 * Japan needed new source of oil, oil-rich British and Dutch colonies in South-East Asia
 * Started with plan on surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
 * **Pearl Harbor** (7th December 1941)
 * American base for US Pacific Fleet
 * Destroyed lots of American army, took america by surprise
 * Japan did not destroy four aircraft carriers and huge oil storage tanks which supplied the US Navy

**Declarations of War**
 * **Pearl Harbor result:**
 * Brought America into World War 2
 * Britain, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and eight other countries declared war on Japan
 * **Tripartite Axis Pact** (September 1940)
 * Japan treaty with Germany and Italy
 * Promised to help each other if attacked by country
 * Germany and Italy declared war on USA --> Another 26 nations declared war on Germany, Italy and Japan
 * Germany Italy and Japan vs the World
 * **United Nations Declaration**
 * Signed by 26 countries
 * Agreed to put all resources into fighting the Axis and carry on fighting until defeated all three

**Japan conquers Asia**
 * Declarations of war didn't stop Japan from conquering Asia
 * Attacked Philippines, Guam Midway and Wake islands
 * **Prince of Wales** and **Repulse**
 * British warships sent to defend Singapore, sank by Japanese
 * Japan conquered most of South-East Asia, had all resources they need

** Chapter 7: War At Sea **
**Sea Battles**
 * **River Plate**
 * Only major sea battle in early stages of war
 * Three British warships trapped the German pocket battleship (**Graf Spee)** in the River Plate in South America
 * Germans wanted to use powerful warships in the French port of Brest to attack British convoy deep in Atlantic
 * Means to bring back only battleship (**Bismarck**) and the battlecruiser (**Prinz Eugen**) from Baltic Sea to Atlantic to join cruisers (**Gneisenau** and **Scharnhorst**)
 * British aircraft spotted them --> Royal Navy fleet (17 British ships) sent to chase them --> Engaged Germany ship in 24 May, Single shot from //Bismarck// destroyed //HMS Hood// killing all but 3 of 1400 crew --> Sent all available warships to hunt //Bismarck// --> //Ark Royal's aircraft damaged Bismarcks// steering gear, forcing it to drop speed --> Rest of British ships caught up and destroyed it, 110 of 2300 survived
 * //Prinz Eugen, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau// made many attack on British shipping

**The Menace of the U-Boats**
 * **U-Boat**
 * Germany submarines
 * Could hunt ships unseen beneath he waves and destroy them with torpedoes
 * October 1939, single U-boat penetrated the Royal Navy's harbor and sank battleship //Royal Oak//
 * Germany used it to hunt ships
 * **Convoys**
 * Ships travelled in //convoys// guarded by Royal Navy destroyers and corvettes
 * Germans started to hunt in 'wolf packs', 15-20 U-boats hunting together

**The Battle of the Atlantic**
 * U-boat started attacking American shipping on the US east coast, sank more than 200 ships before US started its on convoy system
 * **High Frequency Direction Finding**
 * To detect very short radio signals from surfaced U-boats
 * Used to hunt U-boats
 * **Enigma**
 * Coding machine on board a capture U-boat
 * Allowed British to decipher the //Ultra// codes Germany used for sending orders
 * Despite inventions, allies loosing battle of the Atlantic
 * March 1943, allies lost 92 ships in the convoys, 21 sunk, for the lost of only one U-boat
 * Germans massed 60 U-boats, used to attack
 * Allies better equipped, used fast escorts boats with radar and long range aircrafts
 * Turning point in war, Germany failed to cut Britain supply
 * With Americans aid, British would be able to continue fighting for a long time.

Summary: Germany invaded USSR because they had to dream of uniting the entire Europe. Also they made a pact earlier with them but only to use them, now USSR was useless to them and therefore the Germany invaded them with Operation Barbarossa. The USSR was saved by 4 reasons, moved important factories out of German reach, Bad weather, aid from US and Britain and the cruelty of the German soldiers. The US then helps China by defending them against Japan by stop selling oil to Japan, huge impact. Japan starts to invade lots of Asia in order to obtain resources, attacks Pearl Harbor, success for the Japanese. Lots of countries declared war on Japan, led to the Axis (Japan, Italy, Germany) vs the Allies. Battle of the Atlantic, U-boat used a lot, caused lots of trouble. In the end the British and US solved the problem with the convoy system.

Questions: Why didn't the whole world declare was on Germany when they invaded USSR, like when Japan attacked Pearl harbor? What is the Enigma used for? How did the British stop the U-Boats from destroying their trade? What is the result of Pearl Harbor? Who was in the Axis?