InNo+tinapx2013+20.9.10

AWESOME PART



This is the Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizen. In french

This is a comic about the Liberty



The original image of the lady Liberty. Marianne The Statute of Liberty in New York Harbor. Very similar to the above image.



A painting of the Revolution. Showing Marianne leading the French Revolution. The man with the gun and the top hat is rumored to be Eugene Delacroix himself. This is a picture of the students protest in Beijing in 1989. It was not very... liberating ...

Traces of the Revolutionary era

· If, in London, you walk through Trafalgar Square, visit Madame Tussaud’s, or take a train from Waterloo Station, you are in the company of names that became famous as a result of the Napoleonic wars. o Visit any French town, and you will almost certainly walk along streets named after famous generals and battles of the revolutionary eras. · Those are only the most obvious traces of the revolutionary era that remain today. There are many others. o Measure a meter, weigh a kilogram or pour out a liter, and you are using weights and measures invented by the revolutionaries in 1795. o Look at the flags of the countries of Europe, and you will see that half are modeled on the tricolor flag of the revolutionaries of 1789. · But perhaps the most important traces of the era are the ones that cannot easily be seen. o These are the ideas about how to organize societies that the revolutionaries passed on to future generations. o Two sets of ideas were especially important. o The first is known as liberalism.

Liberalism

· The French Revolution began, as you have read, when the Estates General of 1789 declared that it was a “National Assembly” and set to work to write a constitution, which is a set of rules for how a country should be run. o It began by making a ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’. o This gave French citizens equal rights and liberties. o The idea of giving people liberty and equality through a constitution was one of the important achievements of the revolution. · And when Napoleon conquered Europe in 1800s, constitutions were introduced into the states that came under French control. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The ideas of liberty and equality therefore spread throughout Europe. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In1815, however, after they had defeated Napoleon, the old rulers of Europe took back their thrones. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many got rid of his constitutions and went back to ruling their states in the old way. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But they could not wipe out people’s memories of what it was like to be ruled with a constitution. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Millions of Europeans became “liberals”, believing in the ideas of liberty and equality, and wanting a constitution giving them rights.

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nationalism

· <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Another key idea of the French Revolution was that France was a nation not a kingdom. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In other words, France was not the personal property of King Louis XVI: it was a union of all 28 million French-speaking people. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first set of the revolutionaries was to set up a national Assembly to speak for these people. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Soon after, they adopted the tricolor flag to represent the nation: § <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The red and the blue colors of the people of Paris combined with the Kings traditional white. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the Revolutionary wars, the French set up new nations in the lands they had conquered. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Italian speaking people were brought together into nations such as Roman Republic. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Later Poled gained their own nation when napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Millions of Germans became citizens of a new nations when Napoleon forced 300 German rulers to unite into just thirty states. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many European people thus found out what it was like to live in their own nation, and to be ruled according to a constitution. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This came to an end in 1815. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Politicians from the Countries that defeated napoleon met in Vienna, capital of Austria, to redraw the map of Europe. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At the Congress of Vienna, as this meeting was called, they re-created many of the old states that Napoleon had destroyed. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Old royal families took back their thrones in Spain and the Italian states. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A German Confederation of thirty-states replaced Napoleon’s Rhine Confederation. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Belgium, Holland and Luxemberg became a single Kingdom of the Netherlands. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Millions of Italians were under Austrian rule, Poles under Russian rule, and so on. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Napoleon and the French, however, had set an example that these people would nor forget. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Throughout the nineteenth century, people living under foreign rule, or living in separate states from their fellow countrymen, did what the French had done in 1789: they started revolutions to change the way they were ruled.

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Revolution

· <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Liberals and nationalists started revolutions in 1820, 1830, and 1848. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the German states, many of the revolutionaries were students. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1830, revolutions broke out in six countries. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the Netherlands, the Belgian people rose in revolt against the Dutch King William. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Their country had been taken over by the Dutch in 1815 and they did not like the way he had governed them since then. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There were many complaints, but King William refused to listen to such complaints. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dislike of his rule spread throughout the provinces and people armed themselves to fight the Dutch. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After much bloodshed, the Belgians drove the Dutch out and proclaimed that Belgium was an independent country. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The countries of Europe were shaken by revolutions again 1848. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the Austrian Empire, for example, Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrian authorities in Budapest. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hungary had a list of demands of they want.

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Images of Revolution

· <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The revolutionaries of the nineteenth century borrowed images as well as ideas from the French Revolution. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The most famous of those images was that of “liberty”. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The image of Liberty was created 1792. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The revolutionaries who overthrew the king took it as the symbol of the new Republic. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Liberty was portrayed as a young woman. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She is holding a club with which she has killed the many-headed monster of “despotism”. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In her other hand she holds a “liberty cap. “   o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Originally worn by freed Roman slaves as a symbol of their freedom, the liberty cap became fashionable among sans culottes in 1792. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Marianne, as the figure of Liberty was named, appeared in countless pictures, statutes and models throughout the French Revolution. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She appeared again during the revolutions of 1830. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An painting by Eugene Delacroix, shows Marianne leading revolutionaries over a barricade in a Paris street. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She is holding the trocolor flag in one hand and a musket in the other. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perhaps the most famous image of Liberty is the Statue of liberty at the entrance to New York harbor. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This 200 ton, 97m high copper statue was a gift to the US from the French people to show the friendship between their two republics. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A French historian to commemorate the 100th anniversary of American independence suggested it. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Marianne went on making appearances long after the revolutions of the nineteenth century were over.

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Legends and Myths of revolution

· <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The era of revolution created many myths and legends. And the most lasting of them was the Napoleonic legend. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before his death in exile on the lonely island of St Helena, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and encouraged his friends to write down everything he said. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In these writings he built up an account of his life and ideas which made him seem like a great hero and a martyr. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When these were published after his death, they helped to create a reputation for him as a great historical figure. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1840, nearly twenty years after his death, the British government allowed his body to be taken from its grave on St Helena for a re-burial in France. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When Napoleon’s coffin arrived in Paris, 100,000 people lined the streets in freezing weather to pay their respects. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He was buried in the Invalides Church, and was later transferred to a massive tomb made of precious stone. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since then, more people have visited his tomb than any other tourist attraction in Paris. · <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The legend of Napoleon spread in many ways. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The band of France issued 20 francs coins bearing his portrait. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brands of cigars and fine brandy were named after him. o <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even babies got to hear of him at their mother’s knee.

Summary: In many places, you can still see the legacies left over by the Revolution. The two most important traces of the revolution were liberalism and nationalism. The National Assembly made a Declaration of Rights. Following the French’s lead, many revolutions also broke out across Europe, to overthrow corrupt rulers. The symbol to represent liberty was a young lady named Marianne. She was the symbol of liberty in many revolutionary paintings and statutes. A long time after his death, the British government allowed the French to take Napoleon’s body and re-buried it in France. Napoleon’s legacies lives on still today.

Question: Who created the character of Marianne?