InNo+kathryn_chang+09.10.10


 * __ Chapter 4: Napoleon and Europe __**


 * 1802- the peace that Napoleon made did not last
 * Britain, Russia and Austria formed another Coalition in 1805 and restarted their war against France
 * Napoleon won those wars and gained half of Europe and made changes
 * Napoleon Conquers Europe
 * Napoleon defeated the Coalition's armies in a series of battles in central Europe
 * 1805- he defeated the Austrian at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * 1806- the Prussians joined the Coalition, Napoleon defeated them in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt
 * 1807- he beat the Russians in the battles of Eylau and Friedland
 * 1807- he made Italian state of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * 1809- he took Illyrian Provinces and the Papal States
 * 1810- he added Holland and north-east Germany to the empire
 * Napoleon also made changes to the countries which shared a border with it
 * 1808- he occupied much of Spain
 * central Europe, he forced rulers of many German states to join their lands together
 * reduced the numbr of German states from 300 to thirty
 * 1806- he brought the leading German rulers together in a union called the Confederation of the Phine, with himself as head
 * helped him by forming a barrier between France and Austria and Prussia
 * also provided money and soldiers for his armies
 * The Rule of the Bonapartes
 * Napoleon could not govern all the land he conquered so he gave parts to his family to govern
 * he made his brothers Kings of Holland, Westphalia and Spain
 * his step-son became Viceroy of Italy
 * brother-in-law became King of Naples
 * his sisters were given the smaller Italian states to rule
 * The Bonaparte family made many changes to the states they ruled
 * they reformed laws that were out o date, got rid of feudal rights, took away land from the Church, and modernised the way their states were governed
 * French ideas about how to organize and run countries spread to many parts of Europe
 * Napoleon's Europe: 1810
 * Kingdom of Holland
 * Ruled by Napoleon's brother: Louis Bonaparte: 1806-1810
 * introduced a new, fairer code of criminal law
 * helped farmers
 * set up a Science Academy and a Royal Library
 * Grand Duchy of Berg
 * Ruled by Napoleon's brother-in-law: Joachim Murat: 1806-1808
 * Napoleon and his nephew Louis: 1808-1814
 * ended feudal rights and dues
 * got rid of serfdom
 * introduced the //Code Napoleon//
 * reduced the power of the Church
 * gave equal rights to Jews
 * gave citizens equal rights
 * Principality of Lucca
 * Ruled by Napoleon's sister: Elisa Bonaparte: 1805-1814
 * modernized industry
 * helped artists, writers, and sculptors
 * Kingdom of Spain
 * Ruled by Napoleon's brother: Joseph Bonaparte: 1808-1813
 * ended feudalism
 * abolished nobles' privileges
 * closed many monasteries and abolished the Inquisition
 * introduced a constitution allowing an elected parliament and giving people equal rights
 * organized a new system of Law Courts
 * divided Spain into regions run by Prefects
 * Kingdom of Westphalia
 * Ruled by Napoleon's brother: Jerome Bonaparte: 1807-1813
 * introduced a constitution giving people equal rights and freedom of religious belief
 * abolished privileges
 * abolished serfdom
 * introduced the //Code Napoleon//
 * improved trade
 * Principality of Guastalla
 * Ruled by Napoleon's sister: Paulin Bonaparte: 1806-1814
 * she did not live there until 1810 and did little to change it
 * Kingdom of Italy
 * Ruled by Napoleon's stepson: Eugene Beauharnais: 1806-1814
 * ended feudalism
 * reduced the power of the Church
 * took land from the monasteries
 * introduced a constitution giving people rights and allowing an elected parliament
 * introduced the //Code Napoleon//
 * divided Italy into regions run by Prefects
 * built new roads and canals
 * improved schools and built new ones
 * helped artists, writers, and musicians
 * Kingdom of Naples
 * Ruled by Joseph Bonaparte: 1806-1808
 * Joachim Murat and his wife Caroline Bonaparte: 1808-1815
 * ended feudalism
 * reduced the power of the Church
 * took land from monasteries
 * introduced a constitution giving people rights
 * introduced the //Code Napoleon// and French-style law courts
 * improved schools and colleges
 * gave help to farmers
 * The Costs of French Rule
 * The French Rule had benefits and losses
 * biggest losses were caused by Napoleon's wars
 * every state under their rule had to provide troops for Napoleon's armies
 * 1806- The Grand Duchy of Berg had a population of 50,000 and had to provide 5,000 men
 * Westphalia with a population of 2 million, provided 600,000 men of whom 38,000 were killed or wounded
 * half a million young Germans, Italians and Poles say action in Napoleon's armies
 * families left behind also paid a heavy price
 * fighting wars is very expensive and Napoleon paid for his wars by taxing people
 * 1804-1814- roughly half his spending on war was paid for by foreigners living under his rule
 * The German sates alone contributed 560 million francs
 * usually French armies didn't carry food with them but they took the food they needed from the villages and farms they passed
 * peasant families living near the route of a marching army had to put up with soldiers digging up their crops, killing their animals, and eating and sleeping in their homes
 * Resistance and Rebellion
 * many European people hated the rule of the French
 * Hatred was strongest in Spain
 * 1808- Spaniards rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them
 * French went to great lengths to crush the Spanish rebels

The Opposition to Napoleon
 * Napoleon and Britain
 * Five Countries managed to stay independent of Napoleon, and the most powerful and dangerous of these was Britain
 * soon, defeating Britain became Napoleon's highest priorities
 * Between 1803-1805- he gathered a massive 'Army of England' in camps along the Channel coast, ready to invade Britain
 * 2,443 boats were built to ferry 193,000 men and 9,149 hoses across the Channel
 * without the Channel in their control, invasion fleet could be attacked by the British navy while at sea
 * The French admirals tried to lure the British away from the Channel by tricking their ships into chasing them into distant waters and succeeded but Napoleon decided to postpone the invasion because the Austrian army was coming towards France


 * Napoleon ordered the Army of England to leave the Channel coast to cut off the Austrian in central Europe
 * Result was the Battle of Ulm on 20 October
 * Napoleon won great victory at Ulm
 * He threw away all hope of invading Britain
 * while the Austians were surrendering to him, the Nelson's fleet trapped Admiral Villeneuve's fleet off the coast of Spain
 * 21 October 1805- Battle of Trafalgar
 * only nine out of thirty-three French escaped unharmed
 * meant that the French navy had no chance of controlling the Channel, making the invasion impossible
 * The Continental System
 * Instead of invading, Napoleon cut off all trade with Britain
 * blockade of British goods, known as the Continental System, led to an immediate fall in the quantity of goods imported into and exported out of Britain
 * Most of Europe belonged to Napoleon's Continental System but Portugal refused to join
 * Napoleon decided to force it to join because most of Britain's trade was with Portugal
 * 1807- French forces invaded Portugal and occupied the capital, Lisbon
 * led to unexpected problems
 * Spanish and Portuguese hated the French armies
 * 1808- They rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them
 * Britain quickly joined in the fighting
 * British forces were sent to the Spanish peninsula to help the rebels fight the French
 * For next five years, they fought the French in the 'Peninsular War'
 * For Napoleon, this war became a 'Spanish ulcer', using up huge amounts of money and keeping a quarter of a million of his soldiers tied down in Spain
 * The Continental System created similar problems on the other side of Europe
 * 1810- The Tsar of Russia decided to leave the System because it was damaging Russia's trade
 * the opened ports to British ships and allowed Russian merchants to trade normally with Britain
 * Napoleon decided to force the Tsar back into the Continental System by invading Russia
 * The Russian Campaign
 * Summer of 1812- Napoleon gathered a 'Grand Army' of 655,000 men and invaded Russia
 * Russian armies retreated before this massive onslaught
 * September 1812- After defeating them in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered the capital Moscow
 * two months later, his men were on the retreat and by the time they crossed the border back into Europe, only 50,000 were still alive
 * the Grand Army was wiped out
 * The Russians had did all they could to stop the French from finding food and shelter
 * Russians moved all horses, cattle, inhabitants
 * Lack of horses meant that the French had to dump huge amounts of their stores by the roadside
 * food and medicine ran short
 * Tsar, his government and many of the people of Moscow abandoned the city and set it on fire as they went, and retreated to safety in the countryside
 * Napoleon had had his men retreat but then winter came early
 * Men froze and starved
 * the men ate horses and dead people
 * During Napoleon's six-month Russian campaign, 370,000 French soldiers died in battle, of illness or of the cold
 * 200,000 were taken prisoner; half of them died in captivity
 * 200,000 horses also died

The Fall of Napoleon
 * 1813- Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition against Napoleon. Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Britain joined together as allies and soon drove the French out of central Europe
 * when the Austrians and the German states saw that the French were on the run, they joined the coalition
 * By 1814- the allies drove the French back into France
 * April 1814- Napoleon was forced to surrender when nearly every country in Europe was against him
 * The Allies set up a new government with Louis XVI's brother at its head
 * he was crowned as Louis XVIII
 * Elba
 * Napoleon was allowed to keep his title of Emperor but was sent to exile on the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy
 * for a year, he ran the island as a little country, he created a tiny army and navy, opened some mines, and helped farmers to improve their land
 * he soon became restless and unhappy
 * Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular so he decided to return to France
 * 1815- he secretly sailed from Elba and landed in southern France
 * Louis fled while crowds cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again
 * The 'Hundred Days
 * Napoleon's second empire lasted just ninety-five days
 * Leaders of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together six armies of almost a million men and set out to crush him
 * Instead of waiting for them to attack, Napoleon marched with 122,000 men to meet them in Belgium
 * 16 June- he beat one of the Prussian armies
 * 18 June- he then attacked the British army at Waterloo, in Belgium
 * The British, reinforced by Prussians, defeated his attack
 * Napoleon fled from the battlefield and returned to Paris
 * He would have continued the war but the Assembly wanted peace
 * without the support of the leading politicians, Napoleon gave up his throne on 22 June
 * Two weeks later, he gave himself up to the captain of a British warship off the French coast, just in time to escape the pursuing Prussians, who wanted to execute him
 * he hoped that the British government would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain but then he wasn't even allowed to get off the ship, he was transferred to another ship and taken to island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, 8,000 km away from France
 * he spent the rest of his life in captivity
 * he died in 1821

Summary Napoleon conquered most of Europe and gave parts of Europe to his family to govern. He taxed the people and made the people join armies to fight in wars. People protested and Napoleon killed them. Napoleon tried to invade Britain, the most powerful and dangerous enemy of Napoleon but failed when the Austrians attacked. So Napoleon tried to cut off all trade with Britain. Portugal refused and then Russia started trading with Britain. Napoleon tried to invade Russia and failed and lost most of the Great Army. Then Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Britain joined together and overthrew Napoleon. He was exiled and then they put Louis XVIII as ruler. Napoleon stayed at the Island of Elba for about a year and then snuck back when Louis was getting unpopular. Napoleon stayed in power for ninety-five days. Leaders of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia got together and created a massive army and then they defeated Napoleon. He wanted to fight more but then he lost the leading politicians because they wanted peace. Napoleon surrendered to Britain and then was sent straight t the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, 8,000 km away from France. He died there in 1821.


 * __ My Awesomeness __**
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