InNo+5+p.38-48+Byue+09.07.10

=__Awesome Thing__= This is a picture of some heads ACQUIRED from the guillotine.

Now compare this brutal to this picture:



This is awesome because one picture is so dramatically sad, while the other one tries to make a joke out of the executions. The second picture is suggesting that the man is about to be executed with the guillotine, but the executors have gone off to have a break. The first picture suggests a more serious matter. The major difference in the 2 pictures are awesome, but something so seriously shouldn't be made fun of.

Head picture Comic picture

=__p.38-48 NOTES__= The Road to war War The Storming of the Tuileries
 * flight to Varennes = first step on road to war, Emperor Leopold tried helping them regain their libterty + power back, with help of King of Prussia + all European kings
 * people thought the Europeans would attack them but Leopold had no intentions attacking France, due to monarchy + his sister
 * Louis expected France to lose the war, then he could get power back -- people against Louis wanted war because forced Louis to show whose side he was on
 * him taking invaders side = dethrone him + make France a Republic
 * Republic - country which people hold power through assembly + president (elected)
 * Apr 20 1792, France declared war on Austria, hoped for quick win and attacked Austrian basses across frontier in Belgium
 * Austria = better organised, equipped, led - beat French easily (defeat blamed on traitors)
 * rumor about "Austrian Committee" in Tuileries Palace
 * Prussia + Austria in May
 * priests rejecting to take oath expelled from country - Louis against
 * July 11, 'The Fatherland is in Danger' - citizens volunteer for army
 * 20,000 broke into Tuileries on June 20 against Louis
 * Duke of Brunswick threatened people of Paris the harming of Louis, but he didn't want to protect him
 * Citizens given weapons defense, do whatever they want, want to rid monarchy and set up new kind of assembly for power
 * August 10 1792, 20,000 armed people marched to Tuileries to dethrone Louis, got help from National Guards
 * Swiss guards tried protecting Louis but outnumbered and retreated, but attackers caught with
 * killed 600 Swiss guards with knives, pikes, axes, mutilated dead bodies

The overthrow of the monarchy
 * attack Tuileries = END OF MONARCHY
 * Louis suspended from office + family imprisoned
 * new assembly = Convention - Sep 21 1792, dethroned Louis + declare France Republic
 * Louis on trial and sentenced to death, BEHEADED public Jan. 21 1793

The //sans culottes//
 * sans culottes - people who overthrew king - working people of Paris
 * hated nobles, refusing word use related to nobles
 * instead of monsieur (my lord) + madame (my lady), they use 'Citizen' + 'Comrade"
 * Republicans, hated monarchy, believe everyone has equal rights (**tu** instead of **vous**)
 * finally had right to carry weapon, Sep.1792, broke into prison and killed everyone suspected for Austrian support

The war spreads Inflation and Shortages Rebellion The Reign of Terror The Law of Suspects The guillotine Terror in the provinces Terror in the armies Economic Terror Terror and the Church Results of the Terror The coup of Thermidor
 * monarch forces joined with Austria and Prussia against war with France, aim = destroy France Republic
 * French people not scared, but more angry instead, wanting to fight 'tyrants' and spread revolution around Europe
 * didn't wait for monarch force to attack, but declared war on Britain, Holland, Spain first
 * Austria defeated French in Netherlands, and commander General Dumouriez abandoned his people and joing Austria
 * high price of food = major problem, prices rising because government printed huge amounts of paper money //assignats// for paying war
 * more bank notes, less the worth - currency suffering from inflation
 * Feb 1793, bank note worth half amount printed on it
 * bread expensive, farmers didn't wana sell grain for half-worth banknotes
 * hungry sans culottes raid shops/food stores to get food they couldn't buy
 * 3rd major problem when 30,000 men joined armies, peasants in Vendee joined rebellion against governments
 * war - conflict between Girondis (held important posts in government) VS. Jacobins (supported by sans culottes)
 * J blame G for food price rise, June 2, agrny sans culootes broke into Convention and expelled leading Girondis
 * 1793 summer, 60/83 departments joined rebellion against gov.
 * Committee of Public Safety, 12 members, 12 months, run France strictly + impose harsh punishments on opponents
 * citizens in every town had to draw up list of suspected people opposing gov.
 * 'by their behavior, their contacts, their words or their writings, showed thmselves to be...enemies of Liberty" - Law said were suspects
 * suspects sent to Paris for trial by Revolutionary Tribunal, judges could impose sentences of imprisonment, deportation, DEATH
 * named after Dr. Guillotin, used for quicker and less painful death
 * 17,000 suspects killed by guillotine, Marie Antoinette being one of the first (Oct 1793, for treason)
 * over 100 Representatives of the Convention were sent to provinces with instructions, do anything to restore order
 * Vendee, where biggest revolt was taking place, Jean-Baptiste Carrier ordered suspects to be drowned in boat-loads in River Loire because the guillotine was too slow to execute capture rebels, 2000 died drowning
 * prisoners also blasted into graves for faster execution
 * August 1793, Convention ordered "Mass Levy" - all citizens had to take an active part in war effort.
 * unmarried men - join army, married men - make weapons, women - make tents and serve in hospitals, children - make bandages + gunpowder
 * increased French armies to 800,000, 3 times size of Coalition's armies
 * General who lost battles replaced by younger officers who had proved their ability in action
 * Committee tried halting rise of food prices with LAW OF THE MAXIMUM, Sep. 1793
 * price of forty goods must stay in place + people's wages, breaking law will = death
 * disappearance of Christian religion in many parts of France, some claiming it as no more than 'superstition'
 * sans culottes closed down churches, robbed their bells and silver, sacked priests
 * Liberty replaced Christianity in some paces
 * year no longer counted from birth of Christ, but Sep. 1792, renamed to Year One, divided into twelve 30-day months, names describing weather or growing seasons, months divided to three 10-day weeks, Sunday ABOLISHED
 * 1972, French armies drove enemies out of France and occupied Austrian Netherlands
 * Committee managed to avoid famine, but 35,000 - 40,000 people still died of filthy, overcrowded prisons
 * Committee became 12-man dicatorship
 * people disliked Committee because of: too powerful, guillotine, no need for Terror when revolts were over and France winning war, wages held down by Maximum Law
 * July 1794-9, Convention decided to kill Committee's leader, Robespierre + supporters - 21 arrested, further 96 day after
 * after he died, Committee power reduced, 100 suspects free, Maximum ABOLISHED, and rid of Revolutionary Tribunalum

__Summary__ European countries and France were ready to go at war. Citizens in France wanted war so that Louis would join the invaders and would be dethroned. When France and Austria started having war, France quickly lost due to Austrians being more well prepared. People were scared, but more scared when Prussia joined Austria. Soon a "The Fatherland is in Danger" appeal drew volunteers to help the French army. 20,000 angry haters broke into the Tuileries, abusing Louis. An enemy commander called Brunswick Manifesto threatened the people that if Louis was hurt, they would be killed, which made no sense since Manifesto will never protect Louis. Thus citizens were given weapons for defense, but they could also fight the king now, since they got weapons. Finally in 1782 August, 20,000 armed people marched to Tuileries, broke into palace grounds, killed 600 Swiss guards defending the king, and brought an end to monarchy. Louis and his family were suspended from office, and imprisoned. The new assembly called the Convention then made the country's laws. People who overthrew the king called themselves sans culottes. Death of Louis shocked many Europeans, and monarchs joined forces to win France in war. France was defeated in many battles and suffered from inflation and shortages, and the government was rebelled by many citizens. Committee set up by Convention made Law of Suspects, guillotines, drownings, blast-into-the-graves terrors to stop people from overpowering the government. Soon all citizens had to work for the army, and Terrors resulted in more than 35,000 people dying. Prices were still high and Committee became 12man dictatorship. Committee became unpopular and soon the Convention killed the leader, and then Terror came to an end.

__Questions__ Why didn't the Convention control the Committee, since they set it up? Why didn't Louis get executed immediately after capture, instead of imprisonment? Why didn't Jean-Baptiste Carrier think of faster ways to kill, rather than "blasting people into graves"?