InNo+annielo822+09.20.10

= The legacy of the revolutionary era = ** p. 80-91 ** September 20, 2010

The Awesome Part






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Notes
- Era of French Rev. and Napoleon ended in 1815, but was still important

- People all over Europe continued to feel its effects - Helped shape their lives, their beliefs, and societies they lived in

Traces of the revolutionary era
- Many companies became famous as a result of the Napoleonic wars

- Many streets in France named after famous generals and battles - Meter, kilogram, liter, weights and measures invented by revolutionaries during 1795 - Half of Europe country flags modeled after tricolor flag of revolutionaries of 1789 - Most important are ones that aren’t easily seen - Ideas of how to organize societies that revolutionaries passed on to future generations - Two sets of ideas especially important

Liberalism
- Estates General declared it was a “National Assembly” and worked on writing a constitution

- Made Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - Gives French equal rights and liberties - Idea of giving people liberty and equality through a constitution was an important achievement - When Napoleon conquered Europe (1800s) constitutions were introduced to states under French control - Ideas of liberty and equality spread throughout Europe - 1815, Napoleon was defeated, & old rulers took back their throne - Many got rid of constitutions - But could not wipe people’s memory of the constitutions - Millions of Europeans became ‘liberals’, believing in ideas of liberty and equality, and wanting a constitution giving them rights

Nationalism
- Key idea of French Rev: France was a nation, not kingdom

- France was not personal property of Louis XVI: union of all 28 mill French-speaking people - First act of revolutionaries was set up National Assembly to speak for the people - Adopted tricolor flag to represent nation - Red & blue colors of people of Paris combined with king’s traditional white - During Rev. wars, French set up new nations in lands they conquered - Italians brought together in nations such as Roman Republic - Poles gained own nation when Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - Many Europeans experienced living in nations and ruled according to a constitution - Came to an end in 1815 - Politicians from countries that defeated Napoleon met in Vienna, capital of Austria, to redraw map of Europe - Re-created many old states Napoleon had destroyed - Old royal families took back thrones in Spain & Italian states - New borders of Europe had nothing to do with people’s nationality - Italians under Austrian rule, Poles under Russian rule, etc. - French set example that people wouldn’t forget - People living under foreign rule or separate states from their countrymen did what the French did: started revolutions to change the way they were ruled

Revolution
- Liberals and nationalists started revolutions in 1820, 1830, and 1848

- 1830: revolutions in 6 countries - King William refused to listen to complaints of Belgians - Dislike of his rule spread, and they eventually drove the Dutch out and declared Belgium an independent country - Countries of Europe shaken by revolutions again in 1848 - Austrian Empire, Hungarian people rebelled

** Images of revolution **
- ­revolutionaries of 19th century borrowed images & ideas from French Rev.

- Most famous was of ‘Liberty’ - Image of Liberty created in 1792 - Revolutionaries who overthrew king took it as symbol of the new Republic - Liberty portrayed as young woman, holding club she used to kill many-headed monsters of ‘despotism’ - Other hand holds ‘liberty cap’ originally worn by freed Roman slaves as symbol of their freedom - Became popular among sans culottes in 1792 - Marianne, name of figure of Liberty, appeared in countless pictures, statues, & models throughout French Rev - Appeared during revolutions in 1830 - Most famous image of Liberty is Statue of Liberty in NY - Gift to US from French people to show friendship between the two Republics - Marianne made appearances long after revolutions of 19th century were over

Legends and Myths of revolution
- Era of revolutions created many myths and legends

- Most lasting is the Napoleonic legends - Before death in exile, Napoleon dictated his memories & encouraged his friends to write down everything he said - In the writings he built up an account of his life and ideas made him seem like a great hero - When they were published after his death, it helped created his reputation as a great historical figure - 1840, 20 years after death, British gov’t allowed his body to be taken from its grave in St. Helena for re-burial in France - Napoleon’s coffin arrived in Pairs, 100,000 people lined streets in freezing weather to pay respects - Buried in Invalides church, later transferred to massive tomb made of precious stone - More tourists have visited his tomb since then than any other Paris tourist attraction - Legend of Napoleon spread in many ways - Bank of France issued 20 franc coins bearing his portrait - Brands of cigars and find brandy were named after him - Babies heard of him at their mother’s knee - It was an English lullaby, written down in 1950 by a woman who knew it from her grandmother - The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is largest triumphal arch in the world, decorated with carving showing Napoleon’s greatest victories

Questions
===1. Why was Marianne the name of the figure of Liberty? ===

Summary
This chapter talks about the influences of the French Revolution, the legacy of the revolutionary era. There are many influences that can be seen such as companies, streets named after famous generals and wars, the flags that were adopted by countries in Europe, and weights & measures that were invented by the revolutionaries. But the most important are the ones that aren't easily seen, the ideas of how to organize societies that revolutionaries passed on to future generations. The first set of idea that is important is liberalism. The National Assembly made the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, giving the French equal rights and liberties. The idea of giving people liberty and equality through a constitution was an important achievement. The constitutions were introduced to the states during Napoleon's rule over Europe. The old rulers took control when he was defeated and got rid of many constitutions, millions of Europeans were 'liberals', believing in ideas of liberty and equality, and wanting a constitution giving them rights. Nationalism is a key idea of the French Revolution. France was a nation, not a kingdom. It was not the personal property of Louis XVI, but a union of all 28 million French people. First act of the revolutionaries was to set up a National Assembly that spoke for the people. They adopted a tricolor flag to represent the nation, the red and blue as the colors of the people and the king's traditional white. Many Europeans experienced living in nations under Napoleon's rule. When he was defeated, they redrew the borders and it had nothing to do with the people's nationality. People living under foreign rule or separate states from their countrymen did what the French did. They started revolutions to change the way they were ruled. Liberals and nationalists started revolutions in 1820, 1830, and 1848. Revolutionaries of the 19th century borrowed many images and ideas from the French Revolution. The most famous was of 'Liberty', created in 1792. Liberty was portrayed as a young women, named Marianne. The most famous image of Liberty is the Statue of Liberty in NY that France gave to the US. The era of revolutions also created many myths and legends. The most lasting is the Napoleonic legends. In the writings about him, he built up an account of his life and ideas that made him seem like a great hero, and helped build his reputation as a great historical figure when they were published. The legend of Napoleon was spread in many ways, including bearing his portrait on coins, brands, lullabies, or through architecture with carvings of Napoleon.