The+Rise+of+Napoleon+(pg.+52-65)

= Chapter 3: The Rise of Napoleon = = (pg. 52-65) =

HERE IS A MOVIE I MADE SHOWING NAPOLEON AND THE CONCORDAT :D

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If it doesn't work properly/ you want to see a fullsize mode/description/where I did this click here.

To add to my awesomeness, here is an oil painting 'Napoleon on his Imperial Throne' painted by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres in 1806. However, Napoleon rejected it after his coronation. He is shown holding the Charlemagne's sceptre, an ornamented staff held by rulers to indicate their sovereignty.



NOTES
>>
 * end of terror --> new gov (1795-1799) lead by five Directors + two assemblies (Councils)
 * prices rose, money lost value, people starved --> 1799 Napoleon Bonparte forced them out and took over

Napoleon the soldier

 * 1769 --> born on island of Corsica (France), second youngest, parents Italian
 * 9 yrs old --> military school 7 yrs --> left 16 yrs old as lietenant of French army
 * 20 yrs old --> Rev. begins, Napoleon gets promoted higher and higher (24 yrs old --> General)
 * 1794: Robespierre overthrown, N got arrested because he was close to R's bro. however no evidence against him, so returned to army

Napoleon's Italian campaign

 * 1795: Directors in power.. continue rev. war against Coalition
 * France conquered Holland + Belgium, planned to attack northern Italy
 * 1796: N = commander of Army of Italy...
 * attacked nItaly for next 18 months, victorious, Oct 1797 --> nItaly all under French, Napoleon = famous

Napoleon in Egypt

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N in command of "Army of the East", had to attack Britain's trade + colonies in east, started with EGYPT
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">July 1798: quick victory, Battle of the Pyramids
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">British sunk his ships, N stranded in Middle East for entire year
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">during this time, Second Coalition formed, France no longer has Italy/central Europe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1799 summer: Napoleon learned of defeats.. as well as bankruptcy & how now Councils opposed Directors,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N ---> France

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Napoleon seizes power

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">one of Directors plotted to rid other Directors, close Councils, set up new, stronger gov., asked N for military backing.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N + Lucien (N's bro, President of one Council) agreed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">9 Nov 1799: made up story that rebels were going to capture Paris, alerted Councils
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Councils let N = commander of Paris troops, N + Lucien left, soldiers forced other 3 Directors to resign
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When N + Lucien came back & asked councils to change gov, deputies had discovered story = lie, tried to declare him outlaw. questionable records about violence used against him
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">soldiers entered to protect N, deputies fled, those who stayed agreed to give N + L + first Director plotter power over country until new gov. was formed

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Napoleon the ruler
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Consulate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">one month later = new gov:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">three Consuls:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">first Consul: decision maker (Napoleon --> head of gov)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">other two: advisor of the first
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">four Councils created
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Council of State: wrote laws, discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Senate, Tribunate, Legislative Body: helped write laws, appointed officials
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">officials = Prefects... put laws in effect in provinces
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">9 million voters... 3 million in favor of new gov, 1500 against, 6 million abstained

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Victory in war

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N wanted to surprise attack Austrian forces in nItaly, marched thru Switzerland + Alps
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">took too long, by the time reached, Austrians ready, N forces outnumber + exhausted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">on brink of defeat when reserve troops arrived, pushed Austrian forces away... Battle of Marengo = French victory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Austrians out of n Italy, later on French defeated Austrians again at Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany... SECOND COALITION WAR ENDS
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1801: Luneville --> peace treaty -- France controls Belgium, Germand lands on River Rhine, n Italy

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Making of a legend

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">war victory -- N famous --> newspapers, books, painting portrayed him as hero
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N = legendary figure
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">portrayed at many different times + places... questionable accuracy + reality?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Concordat and the Catholic Church

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Christianity had disappeared.. Catholics tried to overthrow gov.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">decided to dissolve conflict:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">dropped ten-day week, let people take Sundays off
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1801: signed agreement with Pope (Concordat):
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N allowed Catholics to worship freely
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pope allowed N to appoint all bishops in France and agreed all priests must take oath of loyalty to N
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">RESULT: Christianity surfaced again, religious conflict ends, N got support of millions

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reforms

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1802: N + Europe at peace, religious conflict ended
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Senate increases his powers, raises pay, makes him "consul-for-life" --> 3.5 million in favor, 8,000 against
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1802 reforms:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">"lycee" created --> a secondary school whose curriculum was drawn up by gov. they followed strict military discipline and took an exam (Baccalaureate) to enter university
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">broke down law into seven books --> codes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1804: Code of Civil Law (Code Napoleon)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">criminal + commercial law codes added over five years... allowed SIMPLIFICATION of laws
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">added Individual rights, freedom of belief, equality (what revolutionaries demanded in 1789) into codes

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Napoleon becomes Emperor

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1804: Napoleon = emperor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">overwhelming majority of approval from voters
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">france = EMPIRE!!
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Napoleon :
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">was crowned in coronation ceremony like old kings
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">brought back noble titles for family members
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">created Imperial Nobility (1808) - princes, dukes, counts, barons, knights
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">had to be rich to pass titles down generations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">nobles = no privileges
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">1804: republic replaced by Empire, Church restored, people can be nobles. Rev = OVER!

=<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">SUMMARY =

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> When the Terror ended, a new government (Five Directors + 2 councils) came into power, but because France was faring no better than before Napoleon kicked them out in 1799.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> He was born in 1769 and went to military school for seven years, then left as a 16 year old lietenant of the army. When he was 20, the rev started and he was promoted until he was a general.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1795, the directors came in power again and continued to battle against the Coalition. France conquered Holland Belgium and planned to attack northern Italy. They sent Napoleon as commander and he emerged victorious. Later, Napoleon was sent again to Egypt to stop Britain's trade and colonies in the east. Again, Napoleon earned a quick victory but was unable to return because his fleet was sunk by the British Royal Navy. As a result, he was stranded there for an entire year, while France faced defeats, bankruptcy, and how councils now strongly opposed their directors. Also, during this time, a second Coalition was formed, depriving France of control over Italy/central Europe.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Back in France, he plotted with a director and his brother to overthrow the gov, and they did so by deceiving the current directors and taking charge of the Paris troops. By the time the others learned of the cheating plan, it was too late and the soldiers supported Napoleon.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> A new gov was formed, whereby three consuls (Napoleon, his brother, first plotter) lead four Councils which wrote laws and appointed officials who put the laws effect in provinces. They received "wide acclaim" for the new government.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In charge again, Napoleon attacked the Austrian forces in nItaly, marching through Switzerland and the Alps attempting to use the element of surprise which failed. They were on the brink of defeat when reserve troops arrived and landed the victory. Later, France defeated the Austrians again in Germany, which ended the Second Coalition war. In 1801, a peace treaty was signed which gave France control over Belgium, Germand lands on the River Rhine, and northern Italy. Napoleon was virtually now a legendary figure, depicted with grandeur in newspapers, books and paintings.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> However, there was still a problem left unsolved, and this was the conflict with the Catholic Church. Deciding to rid of this tension, Napoleon abolished the ten-day week and gave Sundays as a work-free day. He also signed an agreement called the Concordat with the Pope, stating that if Napoleon allowed the Catholics to worship freely, all the bishops had to be appointed by him and all priests had to take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon. This resulted in the support of millions and the resurfacing of Christianity.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1802, Napoleon was made "consul for life" with an overwhelming majority of approval from voters. He began a set of reforms on education (secondary school) and laws (codes).

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor and France was now an empire. He created an Imperial Nobility which had no privileges but were allowed to keep a title. The Revolution was over.

= = =<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">QUESTIONS = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> When Napoleon was stranded in Egypt, why didn't the French send another fleet to rescue him? Why did they wait an entire year for that to happen?

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why did the French people give Napoleon their overwhelming approval when he made himself king? Wasn't the entire point of the revolution to get rid of absolute monarchy and to have equal rights amongst everyone? Maybe the people just adored Napoleon too much :/