InNo+youbinpx2013+08.29.10

The government of France
 * ﻿governed by King Louis the Sixteenth (Louis XVI)
 * absolute monarch
 * palace of Versailles
 * magnificent, thousand-room
 * 18 km outside Paris
 * thousands of nobles lived with him
 * served as courtiers
 * helped running the affairs of the nation.
 * wife = Marie Antoinette (an Austrian archduchess)


 * Marie Antoinette
 * people disliked her
 * she was foreign (Autrichienne = Austrian, chienne = bitch)
 * spending too much money on clothes, jewelry, and gambling
 * unfaithful to Louis
 * Petit Trianon


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Use and abuse of power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">king had too much power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'sealed letters'
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">during the reign of Louis XVI,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">around 14,000 sealed letters were issued
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">against people who disagreed with the government
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">sent into exile in distant parts of France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">put into royal prisons (ex: Bastille in Paris)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">only one of the ways that King could impose authority
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">powers allowed the king to do what he liked in any circumstances
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">more people criticized
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">accused Louis of being a 'despot'

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Financial problems
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿The royal debt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">French government had been in debt for hundred years
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">spent more than received taxes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in 1786, Calonne (government minister in charge of finances) informed that government is close to financial collapse
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">increase taxes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">reduce spending
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">borrow more money


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An attempt at reform
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">reform on the tax system
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">tax on land that landowners have to pay
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">nobles and clergy would do everything to get an exempt from paying taxes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">refuses to register in Parlement (Paris law courts)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">new laws had to be registered
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">delayed the new tax system working
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">invited 150 nobles and clergymen (loyal supporters of king) to discuss and approve the new tax.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Calonne: they would approve without much argument.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'Assembly of Notables' - we have no power to approve new taxes, only the Estates General had the power.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Louis tried to introduce the new tax without approval
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">nobles refused to register, only the Estates General can approve it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Louis exiled the entire Parlement from Paris.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">protests have begun
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'Day of Tiles' - four people died when a mob of protesters pelted soldiers with tiles torn from the city's rooftops.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">went on for the next six months
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1788 August, Louis ordered elections for an Estates General to be held.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the first meeting was 1 May 1789

<span style="color: #ff0a0a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Estates Genera <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">l


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The voting system
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Estates General
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">didn't meet often
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">750 members, 250 from each of the three states.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">met in 3 separate rooms
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">each estate had just one vote.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">third estate: unfair, nobles and clergy can out-vote
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">asked the king to double their #s and give each member one vote each
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 1788, agreed to the first demands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bankrupt, couldn't pay all the interest
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jacques Necker (new finance minister) advised to double the third estates.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">doubled third estates, every member had one vote each.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The food crisis
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in the countryside, mass hunger
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">freak weather
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13 July 1788, hailstorm
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">destroyed cornfields, vegetable plots, orchards and vineyards
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">drought followed
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">harvest in 1788 was very poor.
 * coldest winter followed
 * rivers froze out
 * stopped watermills from grinding flour
 * blocked roads prevent food from reaching markets
 * snow - flood on the farms

This chapters are about people starting to abhor the French government. Also, the France government is deeply in debt. Therefore, to solve this, the government made a new land laws. However, people didn't want to pay more taxes. Resulting the calling of Estates General.
 * Summary:**

1. Louis XVI had enormous castles and expensive clothes. Why couldn't he just sell those stuff to pay for the debt?
 * Questions:**