InNo+caroline.norgreen+09.10.10


 * Napoleon and Europe & The Opposistion**






 * Notes - Napoleon and Europe & The Opposition to Napoleon **


 * Napoleon and Europe **


 * Peace in 1802 did not last long
 * Britain, Russia, Austria formed another Coalition in 1805
 * Restarted war
 * Napoleon conquers that army too
 * Takes over half of Europe
 * Changed how France was run and organized
 * Changes had long-lasting & important results

Napoleon Conquers Europe


 * Defeated enemies in a series of battles
 * 1805 – Austria (at Ulm & Austerlitz)
 * 1806 – Prussia joins & get defeated (at Jena & Auerstadt)
 * 1807 – Russia (at Eylau & Friedland)
 * Nothing stopped Napoleon from expanding
 * 1807 – Tuscany & Parma made into French Provinces
 * 1809 – Illyrian & Papal
 * 1810 – Holland & North-East Germany
 * Made changes in neighboring countries
 * 1808 – occupied Spain
 * 1806 – forced German states together, from 300 to 30.
 * 1806 – brought German leaders together – Confederation of the Rhine
 * He became the head
 * States helped form barrier between him and Prussia & Austria
 * States provided him with money and soldiers for him army

Rule of the Bonapartes


 * Napoleon could not personally govern all the conquered land
 * Shared it among his family
 * Brothers where Kings of
 * Holland
 * Westphalia
 * Spain
 * Stepson was Viceroy of
 * Italy
 * Brother-in-law was King of
 * Naples
 * Sisters got
 * Smaller parts of Italy
 * Bonaparte family
 * Reformed out of date laws
 * Got rid of feudal rights
 * Took land away from Church
 * Modernized the way the states were governed

Costs of French Rule


 * Tried to improve the way states were ruled
 * But brought both benefits and losses
 * Big losses was Napoleon’s wars
 * Had to provide a huge number of people
 * Many where killed
 * Paid for army by taxations
 * War from 1804-1814, half was paid by foreigners living in Bonaparte rule
 * Germany alone paid 560 million francs
 * Army campaign did not bring food – took food from villages they passes through

Resistance and Rebellion


 * Spain – hatred for French rule was the strongest
 * Ruled by Joseph Bonaparte
 * 1808 – began a war of independence against them
 * France went to great lengths to crush rebellions


 * The Opposition to Napoleon **

Napoleon and Britain


 * Five countries stayed independent of Napoleon
 * Britain was the biggest threat
 * Napoleon’s number one priority
 * 1803-1805 gathered a “Army of England”
 * Gathered in camps along the Channel
 * Need to get control of the Channel for at least 4 days
 * This was in order to get all of the army out of the port (6 tides)
 * Tried to trick British navy away from the Channel
 * Admiral Villeneuve lead British warship (Admiral Nelson) on wild goose chase
 * Tricks succeeded, but had to go fight of Austria instead – gave up all hope to invade Britain
 * October 20th, 1805 victory at Ulm
 * Admiral Villeneuve got trapped – 9/33 ships escaped unharmed
 * October 21st, 1805 – French navy was small and had no chance to invade Britain

The Continental System


 * Tried to ruin Britain by a stoppage of trade with them
 * Known as the Berlin Decree – issued in 1806
 * Portugal refuses to join
 * 1807 – Invade and occupy Lisbon – forcing it to accept the Berlin Decree
 * 1808 – Spain and Portugal together started war of independence – tried to seize Lisbon
 * Unexpected problem for Napoleon
 * British also sent forces to the Spanish Peninsula
 * Fought for 5 years
 * For Napoleon it was the “Spanish Ulcer” – spend a lot of keeping ¼ million soldiers there
 * 1810 – Russian Tsar decides to leave the Continental System
 * Its hurting Russian trade
 * Napoleon decides to invade Russia

The Russian Campaign


 * Created “Grand Army” of 655,000 people – invaded Russia summer of 1812
 * Defeated Russians, (Battle of Borodino)
 * Enters capital of Moscow, September 1812
 * Two months later – they were in retreat
 * When they crossed boarder – only 50,000 still alive
 * Grand Army was whipped out, reasons being:
 * Lack of horses
 * Lack of supplies (ex. food, medicine)
 * Were not prepared for the winter
 * Napoleon’s six-month Russian Campaign
 * 370,000 died in battle, illness, or cold
 * 200,000 were taken as prisoners (half of them dying in captivity)
 * 200,000 horses

Fall of Napoleon


 * Defeat in Russia led to disaster for the French
 * 1813 – The Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition, being allies with:
 * Sweden
 * Prussia
 * Britain
 * When French were getting driven back Germans and Austrians joined in as well
 * 1814 – the French were right back into France
 * Every country in Europe against him – Napoleon surrenders in April 1814
 * Allied troops march to Paris and occupy it
 * Napoleon gives up throne
 * Allies set up new government – Louis XVI’s brother as the head
 * Crowned Louis the Eighteenth (Louis XVIII)

Elba


 * Allies allow Napoleon to keep title
 * Sends him to exile on Elba though (of the coast of Italy)
 * Napoleon ran island like its own little country (for almost a year)
 * Created an army, navy, opened mines, and helped farmers improve land
 * When he heard Louis XVIII was unpopular – he secretly sailed back to France (March 1815)
 * When he returned, Louis XVIII fled, and crowds of people cheered him all the way to Paris
 * Set up an empire again.

The “Hundred Days”


 * Second Empire lasted 95 days
 * Leaders of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia put together 6 armies of almost 1 million men
 * Napoleon did not wait for attack – went to Belgium to attack Prussians
 * 16 June 1815 – defeated Prussian armies
 * 18 June 1815 – British, reinforced by Prussia defeated Napoleon
 * He fled to Paris
 * Would have kept fighting – but had no support from government
 * 22 June 1815 – Napoleon abdicated the throne
 * 2 weeks later – gave himself up to a British warship captain
 * Wanted to escape Prussians
 * Hoped British would let him live there
 * He was transferred to another ship then sailed to St. Helena (8,000 km from France)
 * Received no trial
 * Died in 1821


 * Summary - **

This chapter was mainly on a few years in French History. It was a time where Napoleon had an empire stretching all over Europe. He defeated almost every big power at some point in history. Since his naval fleets were destroyed by the British and they had to use a large part of military on stopping attacks from Austria Napoleon could not get to Britain, so instead he wanted to attack Britain economically. He banned any trade with Britain and Europe (1806). Even though Portugal refused, France forces them to agree, which in turn cost a lot for France to have military down south. Then when Russia stopping following the Continental System France also invaded Russia and took over its capital. The Russians were smart though and had burned the city, thus creating a lot of food shortages, animal shortages, and many only died from the cold. Once Napoleon has to retreat because of all the bad conditions in Russia, another coalition is formed and Napoleon's empire is back to only France. Napoleon was then removed from government and placed in exile to Elba. He lived there for a year, ruling it like him own little country but once he heard that the new King Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular he snuck back to France and took the throne again. His empire, in 1815, lasted 95 days, until the 6 armies of almost a million were ready to fight him again. With no governmental support he was forced to abdicate the throne and gave himself up to a British warship captain in hope of being able to live in Britain. Instead he was this time exiled to St. Helena, 8000 km from France, where he died in 1821.


 * Questions - **

Why was King Louis XVI's brother crowned as King Louis XVIII? What happened to XVII? How did Napoleon die? Why did Napoleon attack Russia when there was already rebellions in Spain, which should have been settled first?

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