-+Ho+Soo's+Notes+(France+39-49)+Notebook+09.08.10

=﻿Awesome Part= Result of Terror

Waiting their turn to be guillotined

Picture of Guillotine

The image of British about the san culottes

Overthrowing monarchy

Notes

- On 20 April 1792, France declared war on Austria - French thought it was going to be a easy victory, but Austrians were better organised, better equipped, so France lost. - In Paris, people blamed the French defeat on traitors. - Their fears increased when Prussia joined forces with Austria in May. - The Assembly took emergency measures to deal with this threat. (Watch on all foreigners) - It decided that priests who still refused to take an oath of loyalty should be expelled from the country. - On 11 July, it declared that 'The Fatherland is in Danger' and appealed to all citizens to volunteer for the army. - Louis disagreed especially with the measure against priests. - 20,000 citizens got angry and broke into the Tuileries on 20 June and abused him. - In July, the enemy commander, the Duke of Brunswick, issued a statement known as the Brunswick Manifesto. It threatened the people of Paris with terrible punishments if Louis was harmed in anyway. - Assembly ordered weapons to be given to all citizens so that they could defend themselves. - The French citizens now wanted to get rid of monarchy and to set up a new kind of assembly in which they had power.
 * War**

- On 10 August 1792, 20,000 armed men and women marched to the Tuileries, determined to de-throne Louis XVI. - Helped by National Guards, they broke into the palace grounds. - Swiss guards tried to defend the king but they were out numbered. - They killed 600 Swiss Guards. - Then the ransacked the palace.
 * The storming of the Tuileries**

- Attack on the Tuileries led quickly to the end of the monarchy. - Louis was imprisoned with his family. - A new assembly called the Convention was set up as the country's new law-making body. - It's first action, on 21 September 1792, was to de-throne Louis and declare that France was now a Republic. - Two months later it put him on trial for high treason, and sentenced him to death. - He was beheaded in public on 21 January 1793.
 * The overthrow of the monarch**

- The people who overthre the king called themselves //sans culottes//. - They were the working people of Paris. - They hated nobles. - They didn't wear what nobles wore and didn't call them monsieur or madame but called them as 'Citizen' or 'comrade' instead. - They were Republicans, hated monarchy and wanted equal rights. - They believed, everyone should have equal rights, such as the right to vote. - Finally they claimed the right to carry weapons and to use them against their opponents. - In September 1792, they broke into the prisons of Paris and murdered around 1,400 prisoners whom they suspected of supporting the Austrians.
 * The //San Culottes//**

- Exceturion of Louis XVI shocked the entire Europe. - Louis' fellow monarchs joined forces with Austira and Prussia to destory the new French Republic. (1793) - Then France wanted to fight all tyrants, as they called all kings, and spread the revolution to the rest of Europe. - They declared war on its three latest members, Britain, Holland, and Spain. - France was now at war with most of Europe. - Disaster, Austrian forces beat the in a series of battles in the Netherlands. - THe French commander, General Dumouriez, abandoned hi men and went over to the Austrian side.
 * The war spreads**

- High price of food was a major problem - The prices were rising to pay for the war. - By Feburary 1793 a bank note was worth only half the amount printed on it. - Farmers the won't sell bread, which then the hungry san sulottes began raiding shops and food stores to get the food.
 * Inflation and shortages**

- The country ordered an extra 300,000 men to join the armies. - This order was deeply unpopular. - In Vendee (western France), where many people were royalists, thousands of peasants joined in an armed rebellion against the government. - In Paris, the war led to conflict between two groups of Politicians 1. Girondins (who held most of the important posts in the government) 2. Jacobins (who were supported by the sans culottes.) - The Jacobins blamed the Girondins for France's defeat. - On 2 June an angry crowd of sans culottes broke into the convention and expelled the leading Girondins. - By summer 1793, sixty out of eighty three departments had joined the rebellion against the government.
 * Rebellion**

- The convention set up an emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety. - Its twelve members had the power to do anythin they thought necessary to save France. - So harsh was the Committee's rule that it was known as the 'Reign of Terror'.
 * The Reign of Terror**

- The terror began with a 'Law of Suspects' in September 1793. - Groups of citiznes in every town had to draw up lists of people they suspected of opposing the gov. - 'by their behaviour, their contacts, their words or their writings, showed themselves to be... enemies of Liberty.' - Over a quarter of a million suspects were arrested and put in prison. - Many suspects were sent to Paris for trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal. - This was a special court set up to deal with political offences. - Almost all of them were death sentences.
 * The Law of Suspects**

- Doctor Guillotin invented it. - It meant to be quicker and less painful than the methods of exectuion used before in the Revolution. - Around 17,000 suspects were executed by guillotine during the terror. - Marie Antoinette, executed in October 1793 for treason.
 * The Guillotine**

- The Committee of Public Safety took very strong measures to crush the revolts in the countryside. - Hundreds of representatives sent to provinces to restore order. - In the Vendee (the biggest revolt was taking place), the Representative on Mission was Jean-Baptiste Carrier. - He captured rebels and had them drowned in boat loads in the River Loire. At least 2,000 died. - To speed up executions, prisoners were lined up in front of open graves and blasted into them with cannon fire.
 * Terror in the provinces**

- In August 1793 the Convention ordered a 'Mass Levy' of the French people. (This meant that every citizen had to take an active part in the war effort) - Unmarried men had to join the armies to fight. - Married men were to make weapons for them. - Women were to make tentsand serve in hospitals. - Children were to make bandages and gunpowder. - The mass Levy increased the French armies to 800,000 men, nearly three times the size of the Coalition's armies. - Representatives of the COnvention made sure that strict discipline was kept. - Generals who did not win battles were replaced by younger officers who had proved their ability in action.
 * Terror in the armies**

- In September 1793, the Committe tried to halt the rise in food prices with a Law of the Maximum. - This said that the prices of forty goods, such as corn, flour, firewood and oil, must stay fixed until futher notice. - So too must people's wages. - Breaking the maximum carried the death penalty.
 * Economic Terror**

- Claimed Chrstianity was no more than 'superstition', san culottes closed down churches. - Years were no longer counted from the birth of Christ but from September 1792, when the Republic was founded. - Each year was divided into twelve thirty-day months with names describing their weather or growing seasons. - Months were divided into three ten day weeks. Sunday was abolished.
 * Terror and the Church**
 * -** The terror led to the disappearance of the Christian religon in many parts of France.

- By mid 1794, the French armies had driven their enemies right out of France and had occupied the Austrian Netherlands. - The Representatives on Mission had crushed all the revolts in the Provinces. - Committe had managed to avoid a famine. - Between 35,000 and 40,000 people had been executed or had died in filthy, overcrowed prisons. - Everybody's rights and freedoms had been severely limited. - The Committee had became a kind of twelve man dictatorship.
 * Results of the Terror**

- Many deputies thought it was too powerful. - Some feared ending up under the guillotine. - Others thoght they could not see any need for the Terror now that the revolts were over and France was winning the war. - Even the san culottes, its strongest supporters, were unhappy because their wages were held down by the Maximum law, while prices were still rising. - On 27 July 1794-9 Thermidor, Convention decided to get rid of the Committee's leading member, Robespierre, along with his supporters. - Twenty one were arrested and guillotined the following day. - Further ninety six were exectued the day after. - With him dead, te Convention reduced the power of the Committee, freed hundreds of suspects, bolished the Maximum and got rid of the Revolutioary Tribunal. - The Terror came to an end.
 * The Coup of Thermidor**
 * -** By the summer of 1794 the Committee was very unpopular.

Why did the French General go to Austria? Did Austrians accept them?
 * Questions**

The French people finally overthrew the monarchy. In fact, they had to face few more problems after that. The people who overthrew the king called themselves sans culottes. They did things that were disgusting in order to get their rights back. Then the war spreads, rebellion happens, then the guillotine is invented, killing millions of people. People are then filled with terror. Economic terror, terror of death, and church.
 * Summary**