InNo+shynricpx2013+1.13.11

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__ Awesome Stuff __

This is a line graph I created, showing us Germany's dangerous drastic increase of arms. A secret German army cannot be kept in the dark, their purpose in the future has yet arrived (WW II).

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This is a video I found that shows the positive, and negative sides of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was the very first organization ever created to establish world peace. There was bound to be flaws. But even the tiniest flaw can be fatal in the future. The League of Nations had no army of its own to really "enforce peace", leaving Germany free to re-arm herself and create destruction and mayhem in Europe.



The above picture is the Maginot Line. A line of heavy defensible concrete forts the French built to defend themselves against future attacks from the Germans. Not all of France was really protected, there were some weak fortifications as shown as above.

=__ Notes __=


 * Chapter 1: The “New Era”: Hopes for Peace in 1929 **

Locarno and the “New Era”:
 * European statesmen met in Swiss town Locarno for a conference, hoping to establish world peace.
 * They discussed on problems that had not been dealt with at the end of World War I.
 * Worst problem was that Germany and France were still enemies in their own eyes.
 * Venomous hostility grew in 1923 when the Belgian and French army occupied Germany’s Ruhr Valley.
 * **Locarno Treaty**: a group of agreements agreed in the Locarno Conference.
 * 1) France, Germany, Belgium has to respect each other’s borders.
 * 2) Germany would never attack France, while France and Belgium will never use force against Germany.
 * Italy and Britain agrees to referee the rival countries, making sure no terms were broken.
 * 3) France promised to support Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany ever quarreled with them.
 * 4) All countries signed agreed that they would never go to war if a dispute took place between them.

Friendship between nations:
 * 1929, the “new era” had really begun.
 * Only a border dispute between Paraguay and Bolivia disturbed the serene world, however, that was quickly taken care of.
 * **Kellogg-Briand Pact**: an agreement thought by the Foreign Ministers of the United States and France, Kellogg and Briand, not to use war as a way of settling disputes.
 * July 1929, 65 countries had signed the promising pact.
 * **Eastern Pact**: USSR, Greece, Yugoslavia, Chile, Peru, Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, all settled long-standing disputes in signing 1 document.

League of Nations:
 * 1929 was not only the signing of pace pacts, but also the 10th anniversary of the League of Nations.
 * League of Nations was originally created to:
 * 1) Keep peace between nations
 * 2) Make the world a better place for all people
 * They promised not to go to war with any member of the league, and if there were such an attack, the other members would join forces to defend the country under siege (**collective security**).
 * Three peacekeeping actions the League could take to keep peace:
 * 1) Use League’s Permanent Court of International Justice to deal with disputes by legal means.
 * 2) Impose economic **sanctions** (all other League members will cut off all trade with the attacker)
 * 3) Impose military sanctions (forming a League army from League members).
 * **Disarmament Commission**: reduce weapon stocks and rely on collective security for defense.
 * 1932 Geneva = world’s first disarmament conference

Limitations of the League:
 * League of Nations powers are very limited:
 * 1) USA and USSR (both superpowers) are not in the League.
 * 2) Members lacked enthusiasm for the League
 * 3) There was no proof that the League could settle foreign disputes by using sanctions.
 * In Britain, 40,000 people joined the League of Nations Union (aims were to promote the League’s works).


 * Chapter 2: The Great Depression **

Great Depression:
 * 1929-1933, share prices on Wall Street stock exchange in NY fell dramatically.
 * Thousands of American companies became bankrupt.
 * Originating from USA, the GD quickly had a worldwide ripple effect.
 * **Protectionism** (raise customs duties on international goods): aim to boost demand for goods made in their own countries by keeping out the foreign goods.
 * Germany: 6 million out of 64 million people had no jobs.
 * Japan: Half the factories were idle while peasants starved when prices for food were raised.
 * Eastern Europe: millions of peasants were poverty as price of wheat fell to a slump.
 * Due to the Great Depression, Germany and Japan’s democratic governments collapsed.
 * They acted aggressively towards other countries in an attempt to improve their own country’s situation.

The Problem of Empires:
 * World divided into large empires.
 * Britain and France currently owns over one third of the world.
 * Other smaller countries envied the French and Brits and wanted to enlarge their own.
 * Italy: long wanted more colonies in Africa
 * Japan: had received small German islands and wanted more land nearer to home.
 * Germany: angered by the loss of their entire empire.
 * Britain and France faced many problems- natives demanded for independence, which leads to violent clashes.
 * Britain and France had to keep large military forces in the colonies, which was expansive and cannot live up fully to the world peace disarmament program.


 * Chapter 3: Japan, Manchuria and the League (1931-1933) **


 * Viscount Cecil, Chief British representative of the League thought the world was entering a new era of peace…
 * But…Japan decided to invade Manchuria

Attraction of Manchuria:
 * 1931, Japan controlled most of Manchuria's economy
 * Unrest caused by the Depression spread to the army
 * Army officers talked about conquering foreign land
 * Had an army already in placed

Japan Invades Manchuria:
 * 18 September 1931
 * Japanese soldiers blew up a section of the railway at Shenyang ad blames the Chinese
 * China seeks League’s help
 * League orders Japan to withdraw their troops
 * Manchuguo (a new colony of Japan)

The League and Manchuria:
 * Commission of Enquiry, was sent to Manchuria to investigate the crisis


 * Chapter 4: The Revival of Germany 1933-35 **


 * January 1933: Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in

Hitler's Foreign Policy Aims:
 * strong views about Germany's place in the world and refused to believe that the German army had been beaten
 * Hitler's 3 Basic aims in his foreign policy
 * aimed to tear up the **Treaty of Versailles**
 * unite all Germans
 * give Germans "lebensraum"
 * **levensaraum**/living space (Germany was overcrowded, therefore planned to gain new lands...
 * ...new land in the east (USSR and Poland)

Re-armament:
 * Hitler needed large armed forces to achieve his aims
 * Treaty limited German army to 100,000 men
 * abolished air forces, submarines and only 6 warships
 * 1933 Hitler announced a secret plan to increase the armed forces
 * 300,000 men
 * built 1000 aircraft and secretly train pilots
 * next 2 year, Germany had re-armed in secret
 * Luftwaffle created, had 2500 aircraft
 * 300,000 men
 * compulsory military service for all men (550,000 soldiers)

Reactions to German Re-armament:
 * When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, Germany was crippled by the Depression
 * British had their own problems- did not want to be deeply involved with European affairs
 * French were unwilling to halt the re-armament by force, and instead, put their efforts into defending France with the **Maginot Line**
 * fought along the borders of Germany and France
 * when Nazis in Austria tried to overthrow the Austrian government and killing the Chancellor, people thought Hitler would unite Austria with Germany
 * Mussolini places forces on the border of Austria and Italy
 * Hitler abandoned the any plans he might have had to take over Austria
 * Hitler's announcement of compulsory military service alarmed the other European countries, no military actions were made however
 * France, Britain and Italy met at Stresa in Italy to form **Stresa Front**, blocking future German advances

=__ Summary: __= After World War I ended, the belief of a world at peace was a fault. After the Great War, there came the Great Depression, which was basically left everyone poor, bitter, and the survival of the fittest has yet again been initiated. Countries were losing relationships with one another while the League of Nations was being pushed around by Japan and its greedy "military hot heads". The world at peace will soon take the roads to war.

=__ Questions: __= 1. Was "world peace" truly established? Explain. 2. State the pros and cons for the League of Nations. Why were they effective, or ineffective. 3. How did the Great Depression trigger violence worldwide? 4. What party was Hitler belong to and why were they popular in Germany at that time? 5. List and explain the three sanctions of the League of Nations. Have they been proven to work?

=__ Citation: __= Video: [] "Strategic Studies." World Magnified. Tuesday. 30 Nov. 2010