InNo+eunyoungpx2013+Oct.12.2010

= Russia Revolution Part 1  =

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-Even though Russia is big, there are many useless lands because high mountains at the border block the warm air. -Arctic circle=tundra -only warm regions(**south-west part**) have soils that can be used for farming -only 5% of lands in Russia was used in 1900 -Cold weather of Russia affected the farming -Most of the year, land and river was frozen -Great rivers of siberia->Ob, Yenisey, and the Lena -Because ice-breakers were not strong enough to break the ice, rivers stayed frozen throughout the winter ->A new railway was built for trading -Russia was ruled by a **Tsar**(emperor) Nicholas II. -Less than half of Russians lived in Nicholas II. ->there were Ukrainians, Poles, Jew, Finns and others. -People who were not Russians had their own language and customs -Most of population was in 5% of land which had good soil for farming
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-Nicholas II was an **autocrat**(a monarch who does not have to share power) -He could do whatever he wants to do. -Nicholas couldn't govern 125 million Russians, so he employed thousands of civil servants -Civil servants were organized into fourteen rinks ->Top of '**Table of Ranks**" =minsters- they were in charge of government department ->Bottom of Ranks-> minor officials(ex. Post office clerks and customs inspectors) -Emperor’s(Tsar) civil service collected taxes from people -Emperor did not allow people to ask question about his authority -Emperor had a secret police force(**Okrana** or **protective section**) -They kept a close watch on newspapers and books -When riots broke out, Cossacks were the one who rescue the Tsar -**Cossacks** -> fierce mounted soldiers armed with sabres who specialized in breaking up mods by butch -Russian **Orthodox church** taught people that the head of church was a government minister -Nicholas II= ‘Tsar and Autocrat of all the Russias’ (official title) -Nicholas’s wife, Alexandra (German) was confident and strong willed -Nicholas and his wife had 4 girls and 1 boy -They were not happy after they heard that their son, Alexis had haemophilia -Alexandra made sure that no one know about her son’s disease
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 * Sabres** = heavy sword with a curved blade that was used in the past by soldiers on horseback
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-In1900, country people who were farming were peasant -Until 1861, peasants became **Serfs**(Slaves of their landlords with no rights) -In 1861, Nicholas II’s grandfather freed the peasants from Serfdom, so they could own land to farm. -But the land was not given to individuals; it was given to village commune or **mir** ( village commune, they shared their stuff) and they had to pay money for the land in yearly installment (redemption payments) over the next **49 years** -After paying money for 49 years, that land became personal property -As population grew, the plots of land became smaller -Between 1861~1900, the peasants found it harder to support their families and they still had to pay redemption payments -Because of this almost half of new-born children died before they becomes 5. -By work in the nearest town or city, peasants tried to improve their lives -At there they worked in factories or mines In 1900k **St Peterburg** was the largest city in Russian, so many people came to search for work -The condition of the working place was awful -Russian nobles were rich -Emperor Nicholas was head of the nobility and he had 8 different palaces and 15,000 servants -When they moved to other palace, they needed 20 railway carriages for their luggage -Nobles owned around 25% of all the land -By 1900, The **capitalist** (people who made money from banking, industry and trade) also became rich - The minster of Finance, **Sergei Witte** helped Capitalists to made profits by: ->gave them government contracts (about building railway) ->gave them loans to build new factories ->cut taxes -Hatred of the capitalists grew
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-In March 1881, bomb exploded under the Tsar Alexander II’s carriage -he did not get hurt, but one man came to him and threw snowball at him, then it exploded and killed him in front of Alexander(son) and Nicholas(grandson) -People called this ‘People’s will’ -Alexander III and Nicholas II used Okhrana to arrest critics and opponents (they were exiled in Siberia) -They could not get rid of all the opponents
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-**Social Revolutionary party**, **SRs**,one of the revolutionary group who wanted all the lands in Russia to be given to the mirs -To achieve their goal, they had ‘ fighting organization’, they were organize terrorist campaigns -Between 1900~1905 they killed 3 government ministers and dozens of other government officials -SRs gained support from peasants
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-There was another group in 1900 -The **social Democratic party**, followed the idea of **Karl Marx**, a German writer he wrote a book '**Communist Manifesto'**, which was socialism.
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 * Socialism**: Marx’s term for the sharing of wealth
 * Communism**: people work according to their abilities and paid according to their needs

-In1903, they split into two groups ->**Bolsheviks**: believed that revolution must be organized with a small group of skilled revolutionaries and they should make all the decisions ->**Mensheviks**: believed party should be a mass party with many working class members and it should be run democratically. (Elect the leaders) -**Vladimir Ilyick Lenin**, a leader of the Bolsheviks said that Mensheviks way is wasting time -**Julius Martov**, a leader of Mensheviks, said that revolution will fail without support from working class -Lenin failed gain support from people -From 1903 3 important groups were Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries

-Many law-abiding Russians who owned property were liberals -They supported Tsar but wanted emperor to share power -They wanted Democratic system -Alexander II had made plants for Russian parliament before he died and his son did this
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**** In 1904 Russia had a war with Japan, for control of Korean and Manchuria in the Far East -Nicholas thought that a quick victory will make him popular -Army suffered from terrible defeat, co Nicholas sent the Russian Baltic fleet to Manchuria -But when fleet arrived in Japan, except 3 ships, all the ships were destroyed. (3 ships were in the **battle of Tsushima**) -The war weakened his position and made working condition worse **** -In 22 January, 1905, 200,00 workers and their families marched toward Tsar’s winter palace -they wanted to ask for better working and living condition, end of war, shorter working time and reforms. -It was led by **Father Gapon**. (a priest who sympathized with poor workers) -When they reached the center of St Petersburg, soldiers tried to stop them. At this time around 500 people were killed thousands of them got hurt -when people heard this new, there were riots and hundreds of government officials were murdered **** -In June 1905, the crew of the **battleship Potemkin** threw their officers over board and took control -There were lots of riots and many of the non-Russian peoples of the Empire such as Georgians and poled wanted independence from Russia -In sep 1905, a strike began -In many towns, the strikers set up councils called **Soviets**(council that Strikers set up) -Striking workers were obey soviets -In Oct 1905, Nicholas issued ‘**October Manifesto**’, it said that Russia could have a **duma**(an elected parliament) and allowed basic rights -But the revolutionary parties did not believe him, and it was true -In 1906, Tsar crushed all other areas of revolution -**Black Hundreds** organized massacres and many people who joined died -By March 1906, the revolution was over -election of Duma was heldin March 1906 -Nicholas issued ‘**Fundamental Laws**’. It said ‘To the Emperor of all the Russia belong supreme autocratic power’

Ch.6: The aftermath of the 1905 revolution
-Nicholas made it clear that he will not allow Duma any real power -In 1906, he appointed **Peter Stolypin** as a new prime minister for no more revolution -In 1907, new Duma was elected. Nicholas broke up the 2nd Duma after 3 months -3rd Duma was elected and he was lasted a full 5 years because Nicholas changed the voting laws(to make sure no revolutionaries were elected)
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-He was harsh to terrorists -In1906, 1008 terrorists were arrested and in the same year 21,000 people were exiled to siberia -Stolypin helped peasants to become the owners of their own land -Since 1861, redemption payments was abolished -He wished that peasants who got their own land to become rich and live peacefully in countryside -Conditions in Russia improved -In 1911, one of Stolypin's police agents who was investigating terrorist group was a terrorist himself so he shot Stolypin and he died. -When Stolypin was Prime minster, Nicholas and his wife involved with Siberian peasant who claimed that he was a **Starets**(a holy man) -His name was **Gregory Efimovitch**. After he prayed in front of Alexis, he was fully recovered, so Gregory became one of the most trusted members of court -People in Siberia gave Gregory the nickname '**Rasputin=** the disreputable one' ->he drank heavily ->He had affairs with local women -After Stolypin died, in 1911, Raputin's influence over the loyal family increase. He start to give advice to Alexndra. -Hatred of him increased and newspapers were full of gossip about him.
 * <The stolypin reforms>**
 * <Rasputin>**

** Summary: **
This chapter talks about How Russia was governed, peasant’s life and revolution in Russia. Even in Russia, Peasants were living difficult life and it caused them to rebel against Tsar. Also, it showed how Tsar solved problems and how his decisions affected peasant’s life. And it mention about Nicholas II's son Axis's disease and what happened because of this.

Questions:
1. How did Tsar Alexander II died? 2. Why did people march to Tsar’s winter palace? 3. who is Sergei Witte? And how is he related to Capitalists? 4. what were the 3 important groups in Russia? 5. What did each 3 important groups believed? 6. What caused 1905 revolution to happen? 7. what happened because of Alexis's disease?

<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">AWESOMENESS:
(This is a picture of Tsar Nicholas II. After I finished read about him, I wanted to see a real picture of Nicholas II)

(This is a table shows 3 most important revolutionary groups in this chapter. This groups are revolutionaries groups that affect Russia.)
 * 3 Important groups in Russia in This chapters || Who were they? ||
 * **Bolsheviks** || Believed that revolution must be organized with a small group og skilled revolutionaries and they should make all the decisions. ||
 * **Mensheviks** || Believed party should be a mass party with many working class members and thought that it should be run democratically . ||
 * **Social Revolutionary party** || Wanted all the lands in Russia to be given to the mirs. ||