Revolution+and+Terror,+1784-1794+(pg.+39-49)

=__Revolution and Terror, 1784-1794 __=

Part II (pg. 39-49)
 This... is an even more awesome timeline (than the last one I made) concerning the material we covered. I colored the bubbles so the sequence of events is easier to follow: 

Click [|here] to watch a video
// The French Revolution: The Reign of Terror //. // HowStuffWorks.com //. Discovery. Web. 7 Sept. 2010. . of the Reign of Terror on HowStuffWorks.com.

War

 * Began on 20 April 1792, F declared war on A
 * F immediately attacked but were beaten because A was better organized, equipped, and led
 * F blamed a band of traitors –> “Austrian Committee” in Tuileries Palace.
 * MAY: Pr joins A
 * All P soldiers put to frontier to watch for foreigners, expelled priests who didn’t take oath of loyalty
 * 11 july: declared “The Fatherland is in Danger”, appealed for volunteers in army
 * King disagreed to expelling priests, 20,000 shouted abuse at him in Tuileries on 20 June
 * July: Brunswick Manifesto: (Duke of Brunswick) threatened Paris ppl if Louis was harmed --> NA ordered weapons distributed to people, who wanted to rid monarchy and set up a new kind of assembly in which the PEOPLE had power

Storming of the Tuileries

 * 10 August 1792: 20,000 ppl broke into Tuileries to dethrone Louis XVI. After slaughtering 600 Swiss Guards, they ransacked the palace

Overthrow of the Monarchy

 * Attack on Tuileries --> END OF MONARCHY!!! Louis + family imprisoned
 * CONVENTION: new law-making body
 * First act: 21 Sep 1792 ---> dethroned Louis, decalred France = REPUBLIC!!!
 * Louis trialed for high treason, guilty, beheaded (21 Jan 1793)

The sans enlottes
o Hated nobles, different dressing, different ways to address people o Republicans --> hated monarchy, believe power should belong to ordinary people o EQUAL RIGHTS!!! (ex. Voting) used “tu” instead of “vous” to show nobody was superior o Claimed right to carry weapons, use against opponents § Sep 1792: broke into prisons of P, murdered 1400 prisoners they thought supported A  o Foreigners feared them
 * SANS ENLOTTES: ppl who overthrew Louis (working body)

War Spreads
o Made revolutionaries more warlike, heated up  § DECLARED WAR ON BRITAIN, HOLLAND, SPAIN · A beat F in series of battles in Netherlands, F commander abandoned F to A
 * Louis’s execution shocked millions, including monarchs, joined forces with A + Pr (1793). AIM= destroy French Republic

Inflation and Shortages

 * High price of food --> cause: gov printed lots of paper money (assignats), more they printed, less it was worth, by Feb 1793 value of a bank note was half of what it once wa
 * bread = scarce --> cause: farmers didn’t want to sell their grain for banknotes that were worth less. People began raiding food stores

Rebellion

 * gov ordered 300,000 men to joined army, caused ARMED REBELLION of thousands of peasants in Vendee (wFrance)
 * EFFECT: conflict between Girondins (important posts)+ Jacobins (supported by sans culottes) of Convention. Jacobins blamed Girondins for losing battles + rising of food price
 * RESULT: June 2: sans culottes broke into Convention, expelled leading Girondins
 * AFTER: REVOLTING!!!! From provinces which supported Girondins… SUMMER 1793: 60/83 departments joined rebellion against gov.

= REIGN OF TERROR = o 12 members, had power to do ANYTHING to save F  o strict running, imposed harsh punishments on opponents --> REIGN OF TERROR
 * COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY : emergency group set up by Convention

Law of Suspects

 * Sep 1793: ppl had to draw up lists of people they suspected opposed the gov…. could be ANYONE
 * Quarter of a million suspects arrested + imprisoned, could be trialed by Revolutionary Tribunal (court set up for political offences)
 * Half of sentences passed = death sentences

The guillotine

 * Death sentences carried out by guillotine --> meant to be quicker, less painful
 * 17,000 suspects executed this way… Marie Antoinette executed in Oct 1793 for treason.

Terror in provinces
o Vendee: boatloads of rebels (2,000+ ppl) drowned (guillotine too slow) esp. River Loire (nov. 1793-Jan 1794) o Lyons: people were blasted into open graves with cannon fire (December 1793)
 * Committee of Public Safety tried to crush revolts in countryside

Terror in armies
o Aug 1793: Convention ordered “Mass Levy” --> every citizen active in war effort § Unmarried men --> fight § Married men --> make weapons § Women --> build tents, become nurses § Children --> make bandages + gunpowder · RESULT : INCREASED FRENCH ARMIES TO 800,000 MEN, sharp discipline

Economic Terror
o States prices of forty goods + wages must stay fixed, non-followers --> death.
 * Sep 1793: LAW OF MAXIMUM (attempt of Committee to stop increase of food prices)

Terror and the Church
o years counted from Sept 1792.. founding of Republic – Year One o year divided into 12 months, divided into three 10-day weeks, abolished Sunday
 * Terror --> Christianity disappeared
 * Sans culottes closed down/robbed churches, sacked priests (believed Christianity = superstition only)
 * Cult of Reason (revolutionary ideas) took place of religion
 * Convention introduced new calendar

Results of the Terror
o mid-1794 F drove enemies out of F, occupied Austrian Netherlands o crushed al revolts in provinces o avoided famine, even though prices still going ^ o 35,000-40,000 ppl executed/died while imprisoned o rights +freedoms limited o prices ^ o became a dictatorship
 * == Committee of Public Safety successful: ==
 * LOSSES:

Coup of Thermidor
o Committee = too powerful o Out of fear of the guillotine o No need for Terror, F winning war o Sans culottes’ wages held down Therefore… -END OF THE TERROR- !!! : D
 * Summer 1794: Committee = unpopular because:
 * 27 July 1794-9 Thermidor (Yr 2 in new calendar), decided to get rid of Committee’s leading member + supporters (21 ppl), executed next day, additional 96 executed day after
 * power of Committee reduced
 * hundreds of suspects freed
 * Maximum abolished
 * Revolutionary Tribunal ridded

SUMMARY:
On April 20th, 1792 France declared war on Austria. Soon after, Prussia joined Austria and the Paris government called for volunteers in the Army. The Paris government also decided to expel priests who did not take the oath of loyalty to the French nation and law, something the King objected to. When the people got angry, the Brunswick Manifesto was issued, threatening Paris citizens if Louis was harmed.

This infuriated the people even further, and on August 10 20,000 people stormed the Palace of Tuileries and ransacked the place, resulting in the end of monarchy and the creation of the Convention as the new law-making body. France was declared a Republic in September, and after imprisoning the King, he was found guilty for high treason and was beheaded on January 21, 1793.

Enraged by Louis’s death, European monarchs join Austria and Prussia to defeat the French, causing the French revolutionaries to declare war on Britain, Holland, and Spain, the nearest countries. However, this produced bad results as French armies were quickly defeated and the French commander decided to abandon his country. Even worse, food prices were rising, inflation on currency was expanding, and bread was becoming scarce.

The Convention established a Committee of Public Safety, who began the Reign of Terror, imposing harsh punishments on people who disobeyed their strict laws. People drew up lists of other people they suspected opposing the government, and millions were imprisoned, trialed, and mostly suffered the fate of execution by the guillotine. In the countryside were rebellions rose, hordes of people were massacred using drowning and cannon-firing techniques.

The Reign of Terror also extended to the Church. The sans culottes, people who opposed Louis XVI, closed down and robbed churches, sacking priests. This caused Christianity to disappear, and allowed the Cult of Reason, revolutionary ideals, to take its place.

In August of 1793, the Convention ordered a “Mass Levy”, meaning that everyone had to participate in the war effort. This strengthened the discipline in the armies and increased their numbers to 800,000 men. Also, the Convention issued a “Law of Maximum”, stating prices of 40 different types of foods and wages must stay fixed, and introduced a new calendar, where Year One, 1792, represented the year when the French Revolution started.

By mid-1794, the revolution had been relatively successful. All revolts had been crushed, and France had driven its enemies away and occupied the Austrian Netherlands. However, by this time 35,000-40,000 French had died and the Committee started to lose popularity, mostly for its great power.

From July 27th, 1794-9, the Coup of Thermidor executed the Committee’s leader and 96 supporters with it. Afterwards, they freed hundreds of suspects, and abolished the Maximum and Revolutionary Tribunal. The Terror had ended.

Questions
What happened to the French commander who abandoned France for Austria in the beginning of the war?

The French Armies increased to 800,000 men after the “Mass Levy” issued by the Convention. How many soldiers did the enemy European armies have?

Was there no one to regulate what the Committee of Public Safety did?