InNo+annielo822+4.6.11

= Roots of the Cold War = April 6, 2011

**The Awesome Part**  This is a diagram showing the events that worsened the relationship between USSR, US, and Britain. These include the invasion of France and the Manhattan Project.

 This is a photograph of the Big Three at the Tehran Conference. The Big Three were Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill.

 This is a photograph of the planes used during the Berlin Airlift. The Soviets cut off all the roads, rail, and water across the city, halting shipment of vital supplies that kept West Berlin alive. The US and Britain started a massive airlift to send supplies to West Berlin. 


 * Notes **

 1. The Bolsheviks  - 1917, two revolutions in Russia  - March: coalition of anti-tsarist groups overthrew Nicholas II and established a provisional gov’t, led by Lvov and Kerensky  - November: Kerensky gov’t overthrown by Lenin’s Communist party, seized power in name of soviets (worker’s councils)  - Lenin’s followers known as Bolsheviks  - US gov’t didn’t care for Bolsheviks  - March 1918, US troops were arriving in France to join Allies in WWI  - Bolsheviks signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Central Powers, took Russia out of the war  - Ideological divide between American capitalism and Russian communism caused suspicion and distrust  - Bolsheviks wanted to replace capitalism with communist state  - March 1919, established Comintern to work by all means, including armed forces, to overthrow the international bourgeoisie <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Civil war broke out in Russia <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US sent troops to support anti-Bolshevik Whites against Bolshevik Reds <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Red won, and established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US gov’t supported Russian famine relief during early 1920s, American businessmen established commercial relations with Soviet gov’t <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US didn’t recognize Soviet Union formally until 1933

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 2. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression pact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Under NEP, Soviet state controlled all nation’s large economic enterprises- factories, railroads, mines, etc. <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Only small businesses operated privately <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin’s Five-Year Plan: adopted in 1928 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 1929-1933 Soviet state had even greater economic control <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - First Five-Year Plan forcibly collectivized peasantry and compelled rapid development of heavy industry <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin said Soviet Union was “fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries” <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Franklin Roosevelt realized US policy of non-recognition didn’t make sense <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Wasn’t restraining Soviet Communism, but making it difficult for US to get their cooperation regarding international issues <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR invited Soviet foreign minister to Washington <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nov. 17: agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - WWII approached <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Distrust of Britain and France greater than dislike of Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Feared if war came, Britain and France would assume defensive positions and make Russia face German alone <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 1939: began hinting Germany he will consider negotiating agreement to provide Soviet neutrality in war <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Germany and Soviet secretly negotiated the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nazi-Soviet pact delayed tactics for both sides <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin’s Five-Year Plan was making progress, USSR wasn’t ready for war until 1942 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hitler wanted to avoid fighting east until victorious in west <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Intended to wait for fall of Britain before invading USSR <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British held out longer than expected, so invaded USSR June 1941

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 3. A Marriage of Convenience <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - March 1941, FDR persuaded Congress to pass Lend-Lease Act, authorized release of military aid to countries fighting Germany and Japan <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Purpose was to keep Britain and China afloat until FDR brought isolationist America around <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets entered war in June 1941 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR welcomed them as allies, send them Lend-Lease aid too <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After US entered war, tried to make US-Soviet relations better <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Propaganda showed Russians as reliable, hardworking <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - However, neither side could set aside US’s long-standing animosity toward Bolshevism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - May 1942: Stalin sent Foreign minister to Washington to urge FDR to take action and relieve German pressure on Soviet front <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - President promised invasion of German-occupied France <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British Prime Minister disagreed <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Believed US troops mobilizing, only way to lose was invade France prematurely <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Went along with plan at first to not contradict with important ally, but eventually objected <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Roosevelt accepted Churchill’s plan of late 1942 invasion of North Africa <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - This upset Stalin <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Churchill feared Stalin would doubt them, he went to Moscow in August 1942 to negotiate

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 4. The Big Three at Tehran <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Jan. 1943, Stalin disappointed again, invasion of France postponed <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Gave them more time to finish off Germans in Tunisia <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British economic interests in Mediterranean was a factor, influenced subsequent decision to invade Sicily <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin became more suspicious of Churchill when he pursued self-interest at expense of Russian lives <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nov. 1943, first face to face meeting of the Big Three in Tehran <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - To FDR, this meant awaited opportunity to test personal charm against gruff Soviet leader <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Discussed highly sensitive issues at Tehran <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Included status of defeated Germany, postwar borders of Poland, focus of conference was new cross-Channel invasion plan code-named Overlord <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR committed the US to a launch date of May 1, 1944 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR came away frustrated, not getting any personal connection from Stalin <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviet leader was pleased <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Learned FDR understood whoever occupied a territory imposes his own social system

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 5. Yalta <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Feb. 1945, Big Three met again at Yalta on the Black Sea <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Four issues: creation of organization to succeed the disbanded League of Nations, future of Eastern Europe, status of Germany, Soviet entry in Pacific war <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR was dying, physical condition made it difficult to resist Stalin’s demands <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New United Nations <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin wanted: <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Veto power for permanent members for Security Council and separate General Assembly seats for Belorussia and Ukraine <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Poland: wanted recognition for Communist gov’t he set up in Lublin over the gov’t-in-exile that operated in London <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Defeated Germany: wants ten billion dollars worth of industrial equipment as war reparations <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Exchange for secret commitment, declare war on Japan within 2-3 months of Germany’s surrender <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Wanted to annex Kurile Islands and take back territory lost to Japan in Russo-Japanese War <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Conceded to most of the demands <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin held the best cards <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets were in a commanding military position, Stalin intended to transform advantage into lasting political gains <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Troops already occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Advance units within sixty-five miles of Berlin <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - American and British officials filled texts of various Yalta agreements with abundance of empty words

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 6. The Division of Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Once American and British forces crossed Rhine (Mar. 1945), supreme Allied commander (Eisenhower) pursued three main goals <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Capturing Ruhr Valley, Germany’s industrial heartland <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Preventing Nazi withdrawal to Bavarian Alps <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Avoiding unintentional clash with Soviet troops heading west <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Sent a cable to Stalin on March 28, informing him of Allies’ plans and requesting information of Red Army’s plans <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Angered Churchill because political subtext clear: Eisenhower ceding Berlin to Soviets <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British had scant leverage, Eisenhower had other concerns, end war ASAP and with as few casualties <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 16, Soviets began main assault on German capital <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 26, final phase of battle, savage street fighting with SS units roamed the city, kill any soldiers that abandoned their post <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 30, Hitler committed suicide <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - May 2, Berlin surrendered <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Donitz, German head of state, offered a separate peace with Allies so German army could continue fighting Soviets, with Anglo-American support <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hitler dead, Donitz reasoned that an anticommunist alliance made sense <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New president, Truman, refused <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Insisted Germany surrender simultaneously on all fronts <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - May 7 Germany surrendered <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Germany divided into four occupational zones, boundaries previously determined by joint commission <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Initial plan at Tehran was three zones <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - At Yalta, Soviets agreed to a French zone from British and American parts <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - American units pushed past boundaries <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Pulled back when Soviets allowed Allies into Berlin

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 7. The Manhattan Project <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR died April 12, 1945 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman didn’t know what he was doing in New Mexico, was shocked when he knew <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Manhattan Project: US effort to develop an atomic bomb <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman wasn’t briefed until April 25, Secretary of War told him <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - He said most terrible weapon known in human history, and modern civilization might be destroyed <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Idea originated in August 1939 letter a Hungarian Szilard persuaded his friend Albert Einstein to write, informing President Roosevelt of troubling developments in nuclear physics <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - German War Office report stated first country that makes this explosive will have an unsurpassable advantage over others <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US atomic effort first major step Dec. 1942 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Italian Fermi created first controlled nuclear chain reaction <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Other scientists worked on refining uranium and plutonium into nuclear fields <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Most famous site was Los Alamos, New Mexico <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Design and testing of bombs took place

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 8. Knowledge of the Bomb <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 25, briefing on bomb <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British knew about Manhattan Project, but Soviets not informed yet <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Summer 1944, Bohr urged them to tell Stalin, Soviet cooperation would be essential to development <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - If they listened to Bohr, situation of nuclear arms race would be better <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kept Stalin in the dark, damage Stalin’s trust <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Interim Committee established May 1945, advise president on atomic policy <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Talked about the “demonstration” that dropping the bomb would make, Soviets and Japan important audiences <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hiroshima and Nagasaki targeted for atomic attack, spared from other bombing to make a bigger impact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Higher cause of world peace required an initial cautionary slaughter <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Oppenheimer suggested exchanging information with Soviets <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Byrnes and others wanted to operate from position of demonstrated strength, flaunting bomb best way to ensure usefulness

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9. Potsdam <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - July 1945, Truman went to Berlin suburb of Potsdam to meet with Churchill and Stalin <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Two topics preoccupied Truman: invasion of Japan, cost many lives; Manhattan Project, save many lives <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin was forthcoming <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Reaffirmed promise to enter Pacific war, August 15 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman happy by firm date <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Crucial intervening event: July 18, first atomic test more successful than anticipated <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US could end war quickly without Soviet involvement <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman didn’t tell Stalin about the bomb until a week later and did so informally <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Casually mentioned they had a new weapon of unusual destructive force <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Showed little interest, said hope they make good use of it against Japan <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin already knew about the bomb, had Soviet spies within the Manhattan Project <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Secret Soviet atomic program was already under way <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Anglo-American secrecy worsened Soviet mistrust <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Welcoming Soviet entry yet preventing it at the same time, confirmed to Stalin that Moscow was the next target

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 10. Containment <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets rearranged map of Eastern Europe <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Poland allowed to remain independent, USSR annexed Baltic states <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania became Soviet satellites <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - March 1946, Churchill said an iron curtain has descended across the continent <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Feb. 22, George F. Kennan, the charge d’affaires at US embassy in Moscow, sent Byrnes a cable on the same topic <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan became Russian expert <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 1946 returned to Washington, published reasoning in a landmark July 1947 //Foreign Affairs// article signed only as X <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Postwar USSR had 2 goals <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Establish a security corridor around homeland <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Reflected traditional Russian imperialism, war is inevitable <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Exporting Communism to other countries <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Marxist-Leninist evangelism mattered less to Russians than secure borders, could be contained <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Recovering Eastern Europe wouldn’t work, but political expansion should be effective <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Four regions of vital interest to US: Western Europe, the Western Hemisphere, Japan, and Middle East <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Each unlikely target of USSR <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - If US kept applying enough counter pressure, no need to militarize the Cold War

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 11. The Truman Doctrine <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman realized little could be done to liberate territory under Soviet control <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - German defeated, Britain and France decline <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets were the dominant military power in Europe <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Many non-aligned countries are feeling the pressure, Greece & Turkey <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British gov’t informed US they couldn’t help either countries <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman concluded only US aid could keep them out of the Soviet sphere <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Domino theory: if Greece and Turkey fell, then other countries would follow- Iran, India, etc. <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Republicans who controlled Congress agreed to 400 million dollars to help Greece and Turkey <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - March 12, Truman made a speech <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman Doctrine: commitment of the US to aid, economically and/or militarily to any nation threatened by communism

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 12. Disarray in Postwar Europe <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Jan. 1947, US, British, French, Soviet foreign ministers gathered in Moscow to discuss future of Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - At Yalta and Potsdam, agreed Germany would be reunified under a central, freely elected gov’t <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Reunified Germany might pose as a future threat <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Disputes arose about <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o War reparations <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Level of industry permitted in reunited Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o If industries of Ruhr should be placed under international control <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o How centralized the new German gov’t should be <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - No agreement was reached <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US secretary of state convinced Soviets wanted deadlock because political stalemate worsened economic disarray in occupied Germany and Western Europe <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nearly 6 years of Allied bombing turned most of large cities into rubble, destroying much of Europe’s economic infrastructure <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Businesses and factories that survived lacked many industrial supplies needed to be productive <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Unemployment was severe, people with jobs demoralized by constant shortages <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Food was scarce, millions on verge of starvation <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Effect of economic turmoil on political situation in Europe was obvious <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British withdrawal from Greece and Turkey was direct result <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - France and Italy, shortages were acute <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Communist movements gaining electoral ground <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Germany, US occupation warned widespread poverty was undermining governmental authority

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 13. The Marshall Plan <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - June 5, 1947 Secretary of State Marshall outlined foreign policy problems that US faced in Europe <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Europe’s requirements greater than present ability to pay, needs additional help <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Wanted European nations to devise a joint recovery plan based on self-help, resource sharing, German reintegration, US fund <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Goal: promote European economic recovery and thus halt the political destabilization that economic hardship was causing <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Offer taken up by British and French, issued joint communiqué, invited 22 nations, representatives from occupied Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 16 of the nations joined <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin opposed plan <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Vision of an integrated European market, free movement of goods = free movement of people <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Western leaders saw antagonism as effort to block postwar stabilization <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Added to growing international tension <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - European plan presented in September <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Became basis of European Recovery Program (ERP) proposed to Congress December 1947 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Price: 17 billion dollars <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Opponents of bill argued US economy couldn’t afford it <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Those in favor said plan would create new export markets for US goods <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - If not passed soon, might not be any European democracies left <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviet-backed coup d’etat ousted opposition <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Passed in April <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Next four years, US gov’t spent $13.3 billion, 5-10% of annual budget, on ERP aid <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Marshall Plan most expensive foreign policy initiative in US history <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Signaled America’s embrace of new role as global leader

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 14. The Berlin Airlift <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviet preference for disintegrated, unstable German was clear <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Americans & British moved to shore up their sectors <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Jan 1947, merged occupation zones, created a single political unit called Bizonia <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - March 1948, French added sector, creating Trizonia, later become West Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Mid-June, US & British authorities took significant step to create independent state of western Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Introduced new currency: the Deutsche mark <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Seems mundane, currency reform crucial to economic recovery of western Germany <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nazi Reichsmark, only currency in circulation, was worthless <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Prior to June 1948, nearly all transactions in postwar Germany took place on black market using barter system <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New currency, shopkeepers began accepting cash, merchandise returned to shelves <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New currency appeared in West Berlin June 23 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Next day, Soviets cut off all road, rail, water across the city <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Halted shipment of food, fuel, and vital supplies that kept West Berlin alive <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Western Allies protested, occupation rights asserted right of access <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets disagreed <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US and Britain left with only one choice – massive airlift, began June 26 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Needed minimum of 45 hundred tons of supplies per day for 2.5 million people <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 16-17 1949, 400 aircrafts made nearly 1400 flights, one per minute, delivered 13,000 tons of cargo <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - May 12, Soviets lifted blockade <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - West Berlin became international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without direct conflict

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 15. NATO and the Warsaw Pact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan’s theory of containment, militarization of the Cold War was unwise and unnecessary <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets weren’t likely to deploy armed forces beyond Eastern European security corridor <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Economic and political counter pressure enough to meet all forms of expansionism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - If US took part in creation of military alliances, provoke Soviets to do the same <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - European allies understood reasoning, but still nervous <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After WWII, quickly demobilized, but Soviets remained a massive army and extensive military infrastructure <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Britain, France, Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) signed March 1948 Treaty of Brussels <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Provided mutual defense <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Alliance had no hope without help of US <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Blockade of Berlin, three months later, underlined this point <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Negotiations began with Washington about a formal, permanent military alliance between US and European allies <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - North Atlantic Treaty signed April 1949, established North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Founded to act as bulwark against Soviet expansionism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US and 5 Treaty of Brussels, founding members of NATO including Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Last 3 nations proposed by US, initially rejected by other European members, too geographically, politically, culturally disparate <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Same reasoning applied to Greece and Turkey <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Addition of West Germany was difficult <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - NATO couldn’t fiend enough conventional forces to resist Soviet invasion without German manpower <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Idea of military alliance with chief belligerent of WWII was distasteful to some countries <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - All knew Soviets would react negatively <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - West Germany’s formal admission to NATO on May 9, 1995 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 5 days later, Soviets responded with Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - USSR, client states in Eastern Europe (East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania)

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 16. The Hiss Case <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - August 3, 1948, //Time// magazine senior editor Chambers called to testify before House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Told he had once been part of secret Communist cell in Washington <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Another member of cell was Alger Hiss, former State Department official <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Had accompanied FDR to Yalta and presided over creation of UN <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - August 5, Hiss denied everything <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - First though Chambers was lying, but freshman Republican Nixon questioned him privately and decided he was telling the truth <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hearing held August 25, hearing was televised live <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Intense questioning caused Hiss to lose his cool, story began to unravel <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Case would’ve gone away if he didn’t try to save face by suing Chambers for slander <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - To defend himself, Chambers had State Department docs from 1937 and 1938 written in Hiss’s hand, typed on personal typewriter <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Proof that Hiss committed espionage <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Dec 15, charged with perjury <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hiss served 44 months <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Importance was psychological impact <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 1941-1945, Americans been told repeatedly Russians were friends <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Now being told this wasn’t so <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - People felt anxious, Hiss case prominent focus of anxiety <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Secret role about Communists might be playing in nation’s public life <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - If an important man like Hiss had been a Soviet spy, what did that imply about what had been done and who could be trusted?

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 17. McCarthyism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nixon became famous during Hiss case <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 1950, secured Senate nomination after only 3 years in the House <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Opponent was Douglas, Democratic congresswoman Nixon dubbed the Pink Lady to call attention to her “softness” on Communism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - According to Nixon, condition which entire Truman administration suffered <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nixon’s most effective tactics: distribution of “pink sheets” comparing Douglas’ liberal voting record with published platform of American Communist party <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - When elected Senate, Nixon joined Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by McCarthy, marked a name as aggressive anticommunist <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Night of Feb.9 1950, McCarthy delivered Lincoln Day speech to Republican Women’s Club of Wheeling <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Wanted to rouse the lackluster crowd <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Held up a sheet of paper, said he has a list of 205 names made known to Secretary of State as being members of the Communist party but are still working and shaping policy in the State Department <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Launched a wave of anticommunist hysteria, dominated domestic politics for next decade <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Later named for McCarthy, characterized by frequent use of misrepresentation and innuendo which he specialized <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Didn’t matter McCarthy never produced list of names <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Didn’t matter during four years of investigation he never documented a case of disloyalty <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Fear of Communist infiltration that Hiss case aroused, with August 1949 explosion of Soviet atomic bomb and victory of Mao’s Communists in China, McCarthy had a wide and compliant audience <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Began a destructive crusade that manipulated domestic fears for political gain

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 18. NSC-68 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Congress passed National Security Act of 1947, reorganized gov’ts military and foreign policy establishments <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New law streamlined armed forces by consolidating the War and Navy Departments into a single Department of Defense <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as successor to wartime Office of Strategic Services and the National Security Council (NSC) <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Focus for national security planning within executive branch <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Statutory members of NSC included president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, director of central intelligence, other sub-cabinet officials <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Jan 1950, Truman requested NSC conduct comprehensive review of US national security strategy including recent developments such as Soviet bomb and Communism in China <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 58 page memorandum designated NSC-68 delivered April 7 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Authored by State Department’s policy planning staff under direction of Nitze (replaced Kennan) <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Highly influential document laid out in detail the national security strategy that US followed and US foreign policy for next 20 years <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nitze’s group began with two premises <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Defeat of Germany & Japan and decline of Britain & France left US and USSR as only two world powers <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o USSR was “animated by a new fanatic faith, antithetical to our own”, sought to impose absolute authority over rest of the world <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - NSC-68 concluded only way to meet the Soviet threat was massive military buildup <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Called for military instead of political response to Soviet threat <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Others led by Kennan disagreed <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Not even Soviet bomb shaken Kennan’s conviction that threat was primarily political <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Criticized Nitze’s assertion that Soviets were bent on world domination through use of force <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Buildup Nitze was advocating would produce destabilizing arms race instead of security <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan winning argument until June 25 <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Communist North Korea invaded US-backed South Korea <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Lead to more Republican charges that Truman soft on Communism <span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Next 3 years, Truman adminitration tripled defense spending as percentage of gross domestic product, increasing from 5% in 1950 to 14% in 1953

**Summary**

<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> When USSR entered WWII, the US welcomed them as allies, helping them against Germany, and tried to improve the US-Soviet relations. However, several events worsened the relationship between USSR, US, and Britain, such as postponing the invasion of German-occupied France, and keeping Stalin in the dark about the Manhattan Project. After the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely, and USSR began to gain control of Europe as they were the dominant military power Europe while the US dealt with this by the Marshall Plan to help Europe's economic recovery. McCarthyism was an anticommunist hysteria that dominated domestic politics for next decade due to the Hiss case, and began a destructive crusade that manipulated domestic fears for political gain. The NSC conducted the NSC-68, which laid out in detail the national security strategy that US followed and the US foreign policy for the next 20 years.

**Questions**


 * 1) If the US and Britain had informed the Soviets about the Manhattan Project from the start, how would the situation be different?
 * 2) Why did the Soviets distrust Britain and France more than they disliked Germany?
 * 3) Why was the Hiss case important?
 * 4) Why did the Soviets cut off shipment of vital supplies to Western Berlin when the new currency was introduced?
 * 5) Why was Stalin pleased after the Tehran Conference that Roosevelt understood the idea of whoever occupied a territory imposes his own social system ?