InNo+mengxinw2013+04.07.11


 * AWESOME PART**

This is a propaganda showing Uncle Joe, Stalin, about how loving he is. This poster makes him look really caring and won’t harm little kids, which is quite ironic.

This is a political cartoon about the NATO, who was a great threat to USSR.


 * __Own-Made Awesomeness__**

· Treaty of Brest-Litovsk · Ideological differences · Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact · Delayed opening of a second front in Europe · Soviet capturing German capital · Secrecy of the atomic bomb · Stalin’s fear that the bomb was meant for Moscow next · USSR annexation of Baltic states · Aid to Greece and Turkey · Truman Doctrine · Europe Recovery Program/Marshall Plan · Trizonia · New currency, Deutsche mark · NATO · Warsaw Pact · Hiss case and Soviet spies · McCarthyism · NSC-68 – massive military buildup
 * Events that added to the distrust between USSR and USA:**


 * NOTES **

__The Bolsheviks__ · 2 revolutions took place in Russia o coalition of antitsarist groups overthrew the repressive regime of Nicholas II; established provisional government led by Prince Lvov, then socialist **Kerensky** o Kerensky government overthrown by **Lenin**’s Communist party, which seized power in name of the soviets · Lenin’s followers = **Bolsheviks** · US didn’t care from the start · Became totalitarian after Lenin died and Stalin took power · In 1918, US troops were arriving in France to join Allied side in WWI, Bolsheviks signed T**reaty of Brest-Litovsk** with Central Powers, taking Russia out of war · American capitalism and Russian communism encouraged suspicion and distrust; Bolsheviks wanted to replace capitalism with international communist state · Established the Comintern – Communist International; goal was to overthrow bourgeoisie by any means possible · When civil war broke out in Russia, US joined other Western nations sending troops to support anti-Bolsheviks; forces did poorly, withdrawn in 1920 · Established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after victory in war · US didn’t recognize USSR formally until 1933

__Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact__ · Under new economic policy, Soviet state controlled all of nation’s large economic enterprises, only small businesses were permitted to operate privately · Under Stalin’s **Five-Year Plans**, Soviet state moved toward greater economic control o First Five-Year Plan forcibly collectivized peasantry and compelled rapid development of heavy industry · Stalin said USSR was 50 or 100 years behind advanced countries, they must make good distance in 10 years or they will crush them · After becoming president, Roosevelt realized US policy of non-recognition no longer made sense · Wasn’t restraining Soviet Communism while making it difficult for US to obtain USSR cooperation with international issues including Germany and Japan · FDR invited Soviet foreign minister, Litvinov to Washington and two nations agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations · As WWII approached, Stalin considered his options o Disliked for Germans was great o Distrust for British and French was even greater o Feared that if war came, Britain and France would assume defensive positions and let his nation face German onslaught on its own · Hinted to the Germans that he might consider negotiating an agreement to provide for Soviet neutrality in war · under the cover of trade talks, two sides secretly negotiated **Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact**, stunned the world when announced · Germany invaded Poland 9 days later · N-S pact = delaying tactic for both sides o Stalin’s Five-Year Plans making headway, but not ready for war o Hitler wanted to avoid fighting in the east until Germany was victorious in the west · Hitler intended to wait until fall of Britain before invading USSR, held out longer than expected, so invaded USSR hoping a swift victory would demoralize British into surrendering

__Marriage of Convenience__ · Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass **Lend-Lease Act**, authorized release of military aid to countries fighting Germany and Japan · Underlying purpose was to keep Britain and China afloat until FDR could bring isolationist America around · When Soviets entered war, Roosevelt welcomed them as allies and sent them Lend-Lease aid · After Pearl Harbor and US entry into war, efforts made to improve US-Soviet relations; propaganda campaigns portrayed Russians as reliable hardworking peasants watched over by Uncle Joe (Stalin) · Neither Americans nor Russians could set aside US’s long standing animosity toward Bolshevism and marriage of convenience remained uneasy at best · Continuing point of contention was opening second front in Europe · Stalin sent Foreign Minister, Molotov to Washington to urge Roosevelt to take some action to relieve German pressure · President promised an invasion of German-occupied France before end of year · Churchill disagreed; believing with US troops mobilizing, only way to lose war was to invade France prematurely · First went along with Roosevelt’s invasion plan, but reservations were so deep, made the difficult trip to Washington to voice his objections personally · Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to accept Churchill’s own plan for invasion of North Africa · Change in strategy deeply upset Stalin, whose Red Army kept loosing against Hitler · Churchill traveled to Moscow to placate; little he could say to reassure Stalin · Stalin observed that all they were doing was pay their way by bombing Germany; both knew wouldn’t do much to restrain the Nazi offensive on the eastern front

__Big Three at Tehran__ · Stalin disappointed more when Roosevelt and Churchill postponed once more invasion of France · British and Americans concluded that because this would give them more time to finish off Germans in Tunisia · British economic interested in Mediterranean also a factor, influenced subsequent decision to invade Sicily · First face-to-face meeting of the **Big Three** took place in Tehran · To FDR, Tehran Conference represented an eagerly awaited opportunity to test his formidable personal charm against Stalin · Roosevelt never met Stalin before, briefed by ambassador who described Stalin as most inscrutable and contradictory character ever known; better informed than Roosevelt, more realistic than Churchill, most effective of war leaders, however, a murderous tyrant · Issues discussed included status of defeated Germany and postwar borders of Poland; focus = new cross-Channel invasion plan code-named Overlord · Roosevelt decided launch date of May 1, 1944 · Stalin was pleased, learned that Roosevelt already understands his ideas

__Yalta__ · Big Three met for second and final time at Yalta on the Black Sea · 4 issues dominated conference o Creation of an organization to succeed League of Nations o Future of Eastern Europe, especially Poland o Status of Germany o Soviet entry into the Pacific war · Stalin knew both his own mind and his strength, however Roosevelt was dying and his physical condition made it difficult for him to resist Stalin’s demands · Stalin wanted veto power for permanent members of the **Security Council** in the UN, and separate GA seats for Belorussia (White Russia) and Ukraine · Wanted recognition for the Communist government he set up in Lublin over the government-in-exile that had been operating in London · Wanted 10 billion dollars worth of industrial equipment from Germany · In exchange for secret commitment to declare war on Japan after Germany’s surrender, wanted leave to annex Kurile Islands while taking back all territory lost to Japan during **Russo-Japanese War** · FDR and Churchill conceded nearly all of these demands · Soviets in commanding military position, Stalin intended to transform this advantage into lasting political gains · Soviet troops occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Red Army within 65 miles of Berlin; British and Americans had yet to cross the Rhine · American and British officials filled texts of the various **Yalta agreements** with an abundance of empty words

__Division of Germany__ · Once American and British crossed the Rhine, supreme Allied commander, **Eisenhower**, pursued 3 main goals o Capturing Ruhr Valley, Germany’s industrial heartland o Preventing Nazi withdrawal to the Bavarian Alps o Avoiding an unintentional clash with Soviet troops heading west · Eisenhower sent cable to Stalin informing him of the plans and requesting similar info concerning **Red Army** · Cable angered Churchil because its political subtext was clear; Eisenhower was ceding Berlin to the Soviets · Soviets began their main assault on German capital; final phase of battle included savage street fighting, SSunits roaming city and summarily executing any soldiers found to have abandoned their posts · Hitler killed himself in his bunker on April 30th · Berlin surrendered, and Hitler’s successor, Donitz, offered to conclude a separate peace with the western Allies so that German army could continue fighting Soviets, presumably with Anglo-American support · Harry Truman refused his offer, insisting Germans surrender simultaneously on all fronts · Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones along boundaries previously determined · During closing weeks of the war, some American units pushed a few hundred miles beyond the boundaries, but pulled back at the same time Soviets allowed western Allies into Berlin although it lies entirely within the Soviet zone

__The Manhattan Project__ · Truman shocked by what FDR had been up to in New Mexico · Considered too low-level as a senator to know about **Manhattan Project**, code name given to develop an atomic bomb · Wasn’t fully briefed until Secretary of War, Stimson told him that they would probably complete the most terrible weapon ever known within 4 months · Stimson predicted that the world might be completely destroyed · Idea first originated by a letter that Albert Einstein wrote to FDR about troubling developments in nuclear physics · Supervised by Major General Groves of Army Corps of Engineers with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer · Most famous project site was Los Alamos, New Mexico, where design and testing of the bombs took place on the grounds of a private school for boys Oppenheimer visited during the 1920s · Manhattan Project closely held secret that Vice President, Truman, wasn’t informed until FDR’s death

__Knowledge of the Bombs__ · Truman learned British knew all about **Manhattan Project**, but Soviets not informed · Physicist Niels Bohr urged Churchill and Roosevelt to tell Stalin what was going on because Soviet cooperation is essential to the development of postwar atomic controls · If they took Bohr’s advice, nuclear arms race might have been avoided; kept Stalin in the dark · **Hiroshima** and **Nagasaki** intentionally spared other bombing so the immense destructive power of new weapons could be demonstrated · Top US officials influenced language of the surrender terms offered Japan so perhaps the Japanese would continue fighting, justifying the use of bombs · Group had much wider goals than merely to defeat Japan · Oppenheimer suggested if they told Soviets about the bomb before it’s used, their moral position would be higher; however idea dismissed · Responded that flaunting the bomb would be best way to ensure its usefulness as an incentive to postwar cooperation

__Potsdam__ · Truman traveled to Berlin suburbs of Potsdam to meet with Churchill and Stalin · **Agenda**: o German occupation o Planning for invasion of Japan, anticipated to cost hundreds of thousands of American lives o Manhattan Project, which could save those lives by obviating need for an invasion · Stalin was forthcoming, reaffirmed promise to enter **Pacific war**, received peace overtures from Japanese · Truman received cable informing him the first atomic test had been successful, meaning now, the US could end the Pacific war quickly and without Soviet involvement · Truman didn’t tell Stalin about the bomb until a week later, and did so informally · Stalin already knew about the bomb from **Soviet spies** within the Manhattan Project, and secret Soviet atomic program was already under way · Truman and Churchill confirmed Stalin’s deepest fear, the bomb was meant for Moscow next

__Containment__ · After Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed, Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely · Soviets rearranged map of Eastern Europe, annexing Baltic states and southern countries · **Kennan** in US embassy in Moscow sent 53000 word cable to Byrnes on the topic · Outlined the strategy of containment that soon became the basis of postwar US foreign policy · Published his reasoning after returning to Washington · To Kennan, postwar USSR had 2 goals: o Establishing a security corridor around its homeland o Exporting Communism to other countries · Discussed 4 regions of vital interest to the US  o Western Europe o Western hemisphere o Japan o Middle East · Unlikely target for Soviet invasion, predicted USSR would almost certainly limit its efforts to political subversion · Kennan pointed out as long as US kept applying sufficient counter pressure, there would be no need to militarize the **Cold War**

__Truman Doctrine__ · Truman realized there was little he could do to liberate territory already under Soviet control · Soviet = dominant military power in Europe with defeat of Germany and decline of Britain and France · Nonaligned nations on borders of new Soviet empire feeling pressure · Only substantial American aid could keep Greece and Turkey out of Soviet sphere · Dean Acheson met with congressional leadership, articulated the domino theory, claiming if Greece and Turkey allowed to fall, other countries would follow them, like a line of **falling dominoes** · Impressed by the theory, Republicans who controlled Congress agreed to appropriate four hundred million dollars in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey on condition that president personally explain the severity of the crisis in a nationally broadcast speech · Speech known as the **Truman Doctrine**: commitment of US to aid, economically and militarily, any nation threatened by Communism

__Disarray in Postwar Europe__ · Before **Truman Doctrine** speech, US, British, French, Soviet foreign ministers gathered in Moscow to discuss future of Germany · Agreed that Germany would be **reunified** under a central, **freely elected** government, but French remained nervous of possible future threat; Soviets were also proving quarrelsome · Disputes arose over: o War reparations o Level of industry that should be permitted in reunited Germany o How centralized the new German government should be  · No agreement reached, new secretary of state, **Marshall**, left Moscow convinced the Soviets wanted a deadlock because political stalemate only aggravated the growing economic disarray in occupied Germany and Western Europe more generally · Nearly 6 years of pervasive Allied bombing turned most large cities into seas of rubble while destroying much of Europe’s economic infrastructure · Businesses and factories that survived lacked many of the industrial supplies needed to be productive · Unemployment severe, and people with jobs were demoralized by the constant shortages · Food was scarce that millions were on verge of starvation · Effect of this having on the political situation in Europe could be seen by everyone · Communist movements were gaining electoral ground in France and Italy · US occupation authorities warned that widespread poverty was undermining governmental authority in Germany · Upon return from Moscow, Marshall decided that something more would have to be done if US was indeed to contain USSR within its current borders · Began by instructing Kennan to investigate economic situation in Europe and determine what assistance US might be able to provide

__The Marshall Plan__ · In speech delivered by Secretary of State **Marshall** stated that Europe’s requirements are so much greater than her present ability to pay, and the US is funding their recovery plan · British and French issued a joint **communiqué** inviting 22 nations and representatives from Germany to conference in Paris that would work on a cooperative plan · 16 invites took part, except USSR and 5 of its client states · Stalin opposed plan o Had vision of an integrated European market where free movement of goods and services and free movement of people o Western leaders saw this as an effort to block postwar stabilization · Basis of **European Recovery Program** proposed to Congress; bill was 17 billion dollars · Opponents argued US economy couldn’t afford it, while those in favor pointed out the plan would create new export markets for US goods · Soviet backed a coup in the democratic Czechoslovakia, opposition to the bill disappeared · US spent between 5%-10% of annual budget on ERP aid, making it the most expensive foreign policy initiative in US history

__Berlin Airlift__ · Soviet preference for disintegrated Germany became clear, US and British moved to shore up their sectors · Merged occupation zones, creating single political unit known as **Bizonia**; French agreed to add their sector, creating **Trizonia**, a territory later known as West Germany · Us and British introduced new currency, **Deutsche mark** in western Germany; crucial to economic recovery because Nazi Reichsmark was worthless, everything took place on black market by bartering · New currency appeared in West Berlin, Soviets cut off all road, rail and water access to the city the next day · Allies protested, saying occupation rights included the right of access but Soviets disagreed · Americans and British started a massive airlift, and French later joined the airlift · At first, task seemed hopeless, but Truman sent over 100 large cargo planes · On Easter, 400 Allied aircraft made almost 1400 flights, and soon Soviets lifted their blockade · Western Berlin not initial battlefield of WWII but international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without direct conflict

__Nato and Warsaw Pact__ · According to **Kennan**, militarization of Cold War was unwise and unnecessary · Soviets unlikely to deploy armed forces beyond Eastern European security corridor; economic and political counter pressure should be enough · If US took part in creation of military alliance, would provoke Soviet Union to do same · America’s European allies understood this, but nervous · Quickly demobilized after WWII but Soviet Union still retained massive army and extensive military infrastructure · Britain, France, and Benelux seeked safety in numbers and signed **Treaty of Brussels** which provided for mutual defense; no hope against Soviet without help of US  · Blockade of Berlin underlined this point, negotiations began with Washington concerning military alliance between US and European allies; resulted in **Atlantic Treaty** · Atlantic Treaty established **North Atlantic Treaty Organization** (NATO); including US, 5 Treaty of Brussels states, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal · NATO couldn’t field enough conventional forces to resist Soviet invasion without German manpower; idea of military alliance with Germany was distasteful to some countries and knew Soviets would react negatively · Soviets responded by creation of rival military alliance, **Warsaw Treaty** Organization/ Warsaw Pact, composed of USSR, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

__Hiss Case__ · Just over a month into Berlin airlift, Time magazine senior editor, Whittaker Chambers called to testify before **House Un-American Activities Committee** · Told congressmen that he had once been part of secret Communist cell in Washington, DC. · Said another member of cell had been **Alger Hiss**, former State Department official who accompanied FDR to Yalta and presided over creation of United Nations · Hiss denied everything, and on the surface, Chambers seemed to be lying, so committee backed off Hiss · Freshman Republican **Nixon** questioned Chambers privately and decided he was telling the truth · Public’s interest piqued, hearing was televised live · Under intense questioning, especially from Nixon, Hiss lost his cool and his story began to unravel · Case against him would likely have gone away had he not tried to save face by suing Chambers for slander · Chambers produced State Department documents from 1937-1938 written in Hiss’s hand and typed on his personal typewriter; proof that Hiss had committed espionage · Hiss served 44 months in jail; whether guilty or not, issue still debated · Importance was its psychological impact; Americans told repeatedly Russians were their friends, but now being told this wasn’t so

__McCarthyism__ · Nixon became so famous during **Hiss case**, secured Senate nomination after just 3 years in House · Opponent was Helen Douglas, Democratic congresswoman whom Nixon dubbed the Pink Lady in order to call attention to her alleged softness on Communism · Once elected, Nixon joined Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by Sen. Joseph **McCarthy** · McCarthy held up a sheet of paper and declared that on it is a list of names that are members of the Communist party · This launched a wave of anticommunist hysteria that dominated domestic politics for the next decade · McCarthy couldn’t keep his accusations straight but didn’t matter · Fears of Communist infiltration Hiss case aroused combined with explosion of Soviet atomic bomb and victory of Mao’s Communists in China

__NSC-68__ · Congress passed National Security Act of 1947 which reorganized government’s military and foreign policy establishments o War and Navy Departments consolidated into single **Department of Defense** o Created the **Central Intelligence Agency** (CIA) as successor of wartime Office of Strategic Services and National Security Council as a focus for national security planning within the executive branch o Statutory members of NSC included president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, director of central intelligence, several sub-cabinet officials · Truman requested NSC conduct comprehensive review of US national security strategy in light of such recent developments as Soviet bomb and Communist takeover China · Resulted in 58 page memorandum designated **NSC-68**, highly influential document laid out in detail the national security strategy that US would follow for next 20 years · Began with two premises o Defeat of Germany and Japan and decline of Britain and France left US and USSR as only 2 world powers o USSR wanted to take over the world · NSC-68 concluded the only way to meet new Soviet threat was massive military buildup; others, led by Kennan, disagreed, saying buildup was advocating · Kennan appeared winning until Communist North Korea invaded US-backed South Korea, leading to more Republican charges that Truman was soft on Communism · Truman administration tripled defense spending as a percentage of gross domestic product

**Summary:** There were many roots of the Cold War, but most of them were due to the ideological differences between USSR and USA. Communism and capitalism created distrust between the countries, therefore, leading to the formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact, Hiss case, the secrecy of the atomic bomb, and McCarthyism. According to Kennan’s theory of containment, militarization of Cold War was unnecessary, resulting in the Berlin Airlift, and the NSC-68. US teamed up with Western Europe while USSR teamed up with Eastern Europe.

**Questions:** 1. What was the Manhattan Project? 2. Who were the Big Three? 3. What is the theory of containment? 4. What was Soviet’s reaction to NATO? 5. What significance is played by the Hiss case?