InNo+andylin1212+03.01.11

[[image:macarthur.gif caption="This is a picture of General MacArthur, general of South-West Pacific Force"]]
"General MacArthur – Sunday 30 January - Newstalk.ie." // Newstalk - Ireland's National Independent Talk Radio Broadcaster //. 05 Mar. 2011. Web. 05 Mar. 2011. . ==

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Chapter 8: 1942: Year of Uncertainty
**The War in Europe** Britain and Germany could only make war by bombing each other 1942, Chief Marshal Arthur Harris devised to change precision bombing to ' **area bombing** ' From 1942 onwards Bombing is the only thing Britain can do on German occupied land **The War in Africa** 1942 began badly for British Rommel's army used up all supplies on the way to El Alamein **Battle of El Alamein** lasted until 4 November, Montgomery overwhelmed Rommel, took 30,000 prisoners 4 days after, **Operation Torch** began German reacted quickly 1942 ended, Germans strengthen their defense in North Africa **The War in the Soviet Union** 1942 both Germany and Soviet wanted to attack each other Following victory, Germany moved forward to the Caucasian area, but **Stalingrad** is in there way Hitler sent half the german forces to capture it, failed Next three months, battle of Stalingrad **The War in the Far East** May 1942, Japanese grip on pacific region seems unbreakable Americans divide the Pacific to 3 areas Central Area-- Admiral Nimitz General MacArthur- South West area tried to drive Jap out of New Guinea
 * 1940-42, both bombed each other's factories, ports, railways...
 * most missed-failed their aim
 * factories soon rebuilt, railway and ports repaired
 * flatten everything in a targeted area
 * destroy their will to fight
 * British dropped bombs on densely populated areas in Germany
 * May 1942, 1000 aircrafts attacked german city of cologne
 * 2.5km squared of cologne was on fire
 * e.g. **Dieppe Raid**, tried to seize french port, failed, 4384 men died
 * Axis forces led by General Rommel drove Britain army out of Libya
 * Malta, Britain's key Mediterranean base was bombed and starved by U-boats attacks
 * Eighth Army led by new general montgomery took charge of and invaded French North Africa
 * attack army from behind- Operation Torch
 * invade French colonies of Morocco and Algeria
 * French forces fought but Admiral Darlan ordered a cease-fire and negotiated with the Allies
 * stopped Allies from attacking Rommel's
 * went in to unoccupied part of French- end of Vichy government
 * Operation Torch failed-- Allies lack experience
 * Red Army struck first, all three attacks failed
 * only way is direct assault
 * center of the city red army protested
 * November, the whole city was blasted stone and twisted metal
 * Germans still could not take it
 * Red army on the urge of first major victory
 * May 1942 **Battle of the Coral Sea**
 * June 1942, **Battle of Midway**
 * 296 Jap aircraft shot down
 * US only 1 carrier got sunk
 * capture back all pacific islands and attack Japan
 * Japan brought in reinforcements
 * Battle of Guadacalcanal raged for next six months
 * huge battle in Buna
 * 8500 allies died, 7000 japs US won

Chapter 9: The Turning Points of 1943
Pres Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met at Casablanca in Morocco to think what Allies they should do next **Casablanca Conference** **Stalingrad** while conference going on, Germans fighting in Stalingrad Hitler strict orders, fight till last men German commander in Stalingrad, von Paulus, told Hitler it is impossible to keep on fighting Turning point in war, first time German army was beaten **Allied victory in North Africa** Rommel regrouped and when Torch started, Allies had to fight hard Allies controlled North Africa and the Mediterranean Cant open second front in Europe July 1943, invaded Sicily and ready to attack Italy mainland Allies and Badoglio signed a cease-fire **Bomber Offensive** British bombers continue to bomb German cities killed 50,000 people and set a million people fleeing Germans also bombed British ports and cities in 1943, but dropped 1/10 of the total bombs US and Britain dropped **Turning Point at Kursk** In 1943 Summer, rest of German army in Russia planning another attack on Red Army Soviets knew from the spies that attack would be at Kursk **Battle of Kursk** - 5 July Germany lost so much in this battle and could not put up against Russians Soviets drove them slowly and steadily back to the frontier
 * Stalin invited, did not go because heavy fighting in Russia
 * aim was to force German, Italy and Japan into unconditional surrender
 * didn't agree to open 2nd front in Europe
 * continue with Operation Torch
 * later on invade Europe via Sicily and Italy
 * surrendered with 24 generals and 91000 soldiers
 * May, Allies forced Rommel to surrender and took 130,000 German and Italy prisoners
 * led to downfall of Mussolini
 * On 25 July Mussolini was forced to resign and was replaced by General Badoglio
 * time Allies invade Italy, German army showed up and stop them skillfully
 * Germans halted them at the Germans' **Gustav Line,** 100 km away from capital
 * created fire storms, super heated wind of hurricane, bowled cars over
 * prepared themselves with heavy artillery
 * Soviets didn't let them move 30km
 * 12 July, 850 soviet tanks attacked and destroyed 300 German tanks
 * Hitler called off the assault

Chapter 10: Total War
**Displaced People** The war forced many to flee and leave their homes millions left their home In germany-occupied Europe, over 5 million people were taken to do forced labor in Germany In USSR, 400,000 people of German descent were sent to live in Siberia so they cannot help the german army **Concentration Camps** Millions were forced to leave their homes and live in concentration camps **The Final Solution** most prisoners in the concentration camps were Jews Hitler and the German Nazis started to persecute Jews as soon as they took power in 1933 After German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3 million Polish Hews cam under Nazi rule 1942, they started the **final solution** of the Jewish question in Europe Between 1942-45, more than 5 million people from all parts of Europe were murdered in extermination camps in Poland Special Action Squards of soldiers toured the areas of the USSR occupied by Germany and killed a million Soviet Jews **Partisans and Resistance** all occupied countries, civilians formed armed bands to resist the invaders Partisans and Resistance both fought Guerilla war with Axis **Total war in unoccupied lands** Civilians in unoccupied countries escaped many of the horror of total war, though not all In US, Lands beyond the war, peoples lives changed by economic demands of war 1943, Canada, America, British achieved full employment of their labour forces
 * the condition they lived in was worst than death
 * germans forced them to live under **ghettos**
 * Warsaw was the worst and half-a-million Jews were walled in
 * this meant to kill all the jews
 * Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union is known as Partisans
 * France and the Low countries as the **Resistance**
 * German fought Partisans with great cruelty
 * Germans often take out villages that they suspect of Partisan activity
 * employed people left to fight war, unemployed people got jobs
 * Great Depression vanished as Allied industry expanded to provide goods and weapons for war

Chapter 11: Germany In Retreat, 1944
**Retreat in Italy** Jan 1944 Allies attacked the Gustav Line May 1944, they finally went through, but it is still not victory It was a failure but tied down the German troops needed to defend another allied invasion- Operation Overlord **Second front in France** Operation Overlord Jun-Dec 2.1 Allied soldiers poured into northern France Invasion of southern france in August, **Operation Anvil** driven all Germans out of France **The Air War Continues** Hitler refused to admit defeat, German army ordered not to retreat or surrender Allies also increased their bombing on Germany Allies won control of the air **Battle of the Bulge** Allied armies in France tried to attack Germany by crossing River Rhine with parachute forces **The War in the Soviet Union** 1944 also showed germany retreat from Soviet Union Main soviets attack is in june to coincide with the Allies attack August to End of War 1944 ended with the soviets poised to strike German itself
 * only way through was blocked by **Monte Cassino**
 * Allies bombed the place into rubble, but German defenders still in the way
 * Another allied force landed at **Anzio** and attack the Gustav Line
 * German reinforcements came and stopped them from arriving
 * Germans backed up to second defense zone, the gothic zone
 * allies tried to run it through but bad weather and resistance kept it from happening
 * kept back till April 1945
 * june 1944
 * aimed to transfer soldiers from Britain to France forming a second front
 * difficult and ambitious operation
 * took place on June 6 1944, code name **D-Day**
 * 176000 soldiers, 600 warships, 2500 bombers and 7000 fighter planes
 * landed on five beaches in Normandy
 * after fierce battles they broke through into inland
 * new bombing offense launched **V-1**, pilotless planes with a lot of explosives
 * sept, London struck by V-2s, killed 900 civilians and injured 3500
 * able to hit targets so far out of reach due to the new long-range fighters
 * 1077 RAF bombers were shot down by German night fighters
 * bombing German oil industry so planes run out of fuel
 * bombing railways so harder for them to defend
 * as a result, general Eisenhower ordered slower advance towards the Rhine
 * this gave German a chance to strike back
 * driven allies back to the bulged shaped area of Belgium
 * 6 week **Battle of Bulge**, Allies halted the German drove them back to starting point
 * deeply weakened the German
 * Red army drove the Germans out of Ukraine and the Crimea, back into Romania
 * overwhelmed the Germans and took 20000 prisoners
 * Soviets drove into Balkan
 * Romania and Bulgaria deserted Germany and joined Allies
 * Soviets liberated Belgrade in Oct.

Chapter 12: Japan in Retreat, 1943-44
**'Victory disease'** took five moths for them to take one sixth of the world under their control before long, the Japanese themselves are saying that they have the victory disease 1942, Japs lost two major battles in sea, threatening position in Pacific **'Island Hopping'** Allies took advantage of the victory disease In India, Allies created **South East Asia Command** under Lord Mountbatten **Economics at War** Allied war against Japan was a cruel battle between the 2 Japan in 1930s lack food and raw materials, even though gained rubber and oil, cant produce weapons as fast as US US also used submarines in wolf-pack formation to sink Japanese ships Capture Marianas Islands in 1944 November onwards, US bombing destroyed factories in Japan and Japan product of war went slower **No Surrender** Japan made up for economic disadvantage by fighting with great bravery and huge numbers of ships and aircrafts into the war Only a few were taken as prisoners Closing steps of **Battle of the Leyte Gulf** End of 1944, Japanese retreat
 * taken too much for their own good
 * 3 areas of command
 * driving Japs one island by one island back to the Philippines and Japan
 * aim, drive Japanese out of Britain's Empire, back into Burma
 * guns, bombs, tanks US out-produced Japan
 * they sunk 6 million tons of 7 million tons of shipping
 * sunk ship 10x faster than rebuilding new ones
 * US in bombing distance of Japan
 * on land, fought with extreme bravery
 * Tarawa Atoll, only 17 of the 4700 Japanese survived at the end of the US attack
 * all the battles they fought with dignity and bravery
 * Japs thought surrendering was dishonorable
 * only ones that are captured are the ones that are too badly wounded to commit hara-kiri (suicide)
 * some went to hiding in remote areas
 * largest naval battle in history
 * Japs started to use kamikaze aircraft- fighter plans with high explosives and one-way fuels
 * made suicide attacks because they believe that would earn them a spot in heaven
 * the more they retreat, the stronger they fight
 * Allies far from winning
 * this thought changed their strategy for future fighting

Chapter 13: Defeat of the Axis, 1945
1945, Germany and Japan on retreat **Victory in Europe** Germany had to fight super hard in 1945 Allies squeeze Germany from 3 sides, and keep on bombing German cities **Operation Thunderclap** aimed to end German will of fighting By April, Allies destroyed all the major cities in Germany April 16, Soviets crossed the Oder and advanced to capital, Berlin Germany soldiers breaking down **The Defeat of Japan** Americans keep on island hoping and British keep on attacking from Burma US capture airfields on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, new bombing campaign homelessness-> HUNGER people went to the countryside searching for food Absebteeism Japan in 1945 decided to fight till the end Home Army Americans calculated kept on invading would result in losses like those at **Luzon**, **Iwo Jima** 6 August 1945 Emperor Hirohito suggested to surrender Majority agreed surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo Sept 1945
 * May, time for Germany ran out, Allies celebrate 'Victory in Europe'
 * East, war dragged on for nine months, huge amount of casualties
 * Japs surrender in September
 * 1) Soviet advance 50 km
 * 2) Allied forces crossing Rhine
 * 3) Allies broke through gum in Italy
 * killed at least 35,000 people and burned the city
 * no able-bodied survivors were left to bury the dead
 * killed many but did not crack Germans will to fight
 * no destroy Germans economy
 * not won the war
 * Hitler isolated under city committed suicide on April 30
 * next day, German military leaders negotiating peace with Allies
 * surrender without conditions on 7 May
 * closer they get, harder Japs fight
 * many Japs died, attack on Iwo jima 200/22000 defenders survived
 * from Mar. to Sept. 1945, 275km2 Jap cities were destroyed by bombs
 * 1/4 houses destroyed, 1/4 population were made homeless
 * 4 out of 5 missing from work cuz of air raids
 * reduced output of Japans industry
 * steel 7.8 million -> 1 million
 * Oil stocks, 43 million barrels-> 1 barrel
 * 4800 kamikaze aircraft and 600 kamikaze boat
 * American dropped an Atomic bomb on **Hirojima**
 * killing 71,379 citizens and injured 68000 more
 * 4 days later, second atomic bomb dropped in **Nagasaki** and killed 40000 more
 * some generals refused and committed hara-kiri

Summary
1942 was the year of uncertainty, there was war in everywhere and no one could determine which side would win. But the Casablanca Conference, Allied victory in North Africa, bomber offensive served as turning points in 1943, and Allies are on their path to victory. After the total war, Germany retreated in 1944, and Japan did too from 1943-44. The allies officially defeated the Axis in 1945.

Question
1. What was the Operation Torch? 2. Why did the Casablanca Conference and Bomber offensive serve as turning point? Which one is more important? 3. Why were people displaced after the total war? 4. What was V-1 and V-2? Which was created first? 5. What happened that destroyed two cities, killed thousands of people in Japan and ended Japan's will to fight?