InNo+EunYoungpx2013 April

 #1. The Bolsheviks    2 revolutions  -In march, antitsarist group overthrew the repressive regime of Nicholas II and established a provisional government led by Prince George Lvov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky.  -In Nov, Kerensky government was overthrown by Vladimir Lenin’s communist party  -At the 1903 congress of the Russian social democratic labor party, Lenin’s follower was called Bolsheviks  -US government did not care about Bolsheviks because they were not totalitarian  -In March 1918, just as US troops were arriving in France to join the Allied side in World War I, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers.  -American capitalism and Russian communism divide into two and it encouraged suspicion and distrust.  - In March 1919, Bolsheviks established the Comintern.  -When civil broke out in Russia, US joined several other Western nations in sending troops to support the anti-Bolshevik whites in their fight against the Bolshevik Reds.  -After finishing off the White Army in 1921, the reds established the Union of soviet socialist republics in late 1922.  -US didn’t recognize the Soviet Union formally until 1933

 #2. The Nazi-soviet nonaggression pact  -Under the new economic policy, the Soviet state controlled all of the nation’s large economic enterprises <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -only small businesses were permitted to operate privately. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -later, under Stalin’s 5 year plans, the soviet state moved toward even greater economic control <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The 5 year plan, for example, forcibly collectivized the peasantry and compelled the rapid development of new heavy industry. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -In March 1933, Franklin Roosevelt realized that the US policy if non recognition no longer made sense <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -It was making difficult for the US to obtain Soviet cooperation with regard to a number of increasingly ominous international issues, such as rise of militarism in Germany and Japan. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -FDR invite Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov to Washington, and on Nov 17 the two nations agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -As WWII approached, Stalin considered his options. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Stalin feared that if was came, Britain and France would assume defensive positions and let his nation face the German onslaught on its own. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -He began hinting to the Germans in April 1939 that he might consider negotiation an agreement to provide for soviet neutrality in the event of war. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -9days later Germany invaded Poland <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Nazi-Soviet pact was a delaying tactic for both sides, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -USSR wasn’t ready for war and wouldn’t be until 1942 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Adolf Hitler wanted to avoid fighting in the east until Germany was victorious in the west. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -When Britain held out longer than expected, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 anyway.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> #3. A marriage of convenience <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -In March 1941, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Leas Act, which authorized the release of military aid to continue fighting Germany and Japan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Purpose of Lend-Lease was to keep Britain and china afloat until FDR could bring isolationist America around <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -In June, when the soviets entered the war, Roosevelt welcomed them as allies and sent them Lend-Lease aid as well <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -After Pearl Harbor, Japan joined the war <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Propaganda campaigns portrayed Russians as reliable, hardworking peasants watched over by their benevolent uncle States’ long-sending animosity toward Bolshevism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -A continuing point of contention was the opening of a second front in Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -In may 1942, Stalin sent Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M.Molotov to Washington to urge Roosevelt to take some action to relieve German pressure on the Soviet front. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The president responded by promising Molotove an invasion of German-occupied France before the end of the year. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -British prime minister Winston Churchil disagreed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -He believed that with US troops mobilizing, the only way to lose the war was to invade France prematurely <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -At first, he went along with Roosevelt’s invasion plan, not wanting to contradict an important ally, but the prime minister’s reservations were so deep that he finally made the difficult trip to Washington in June. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -After a great deal of back and forthing, Churchill finally persuaded Roosevelt to accept Churchill’s own plan for a late 1942 invasion of North Africa. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Fearing that Stalin might now doubt his Western Partners sufficiently to negotiate a separate peace <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Both men Knew that his bombing wouldn’t do much to restrain the Nazi on the eastern front.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> #4. The big three at Tehran <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Stalin was forced to accept disappointment yet again in Jan 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill postponed once more the invasion of France <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Meeting in Casablanca after two months of successful North African operations, the British and Americans reached this conclusion because it gave them more time to finish off the Germans in Tunisia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -British economic interests in the Mediterranean were also a factor, influenced the subsequent decision to invade sicily <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The first face to face meeting of the Big Three took place in Nov. 1943 in Tehran <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - To FDR, the Tehran Conference represented a n eagerly awaited opportunity to test his formidable personal charm against the gruff Soviet leader <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Although Roosevelt had never met Stalin before, he was brefed by ambassador to Mosow W. Averell Harriman <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The highly sensitive issues discussed at Tehran included the status of a defeated Germany and the postwar borders of Poland, but the focus of the 4 day conference was the new cross-Channel invasion plan code-named Overlord <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - May 1, 1944- just a little prodding from Stalin, Roosevelt committed the US to a launch date, Churchill had no choice but to agree <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Nevertheless, Roosevelt came away from Tehran frustrated <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Soviet leader, however, was pleased

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#5. Yalta <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Stalin knew both his own mind and his strength, however Roosevelt was dying and his physical condition made it difficult for him to resist Stalin’s demands <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Stalin wanted veto power for permanent members of the Security Council in the UN, and separate GA seats for Belorussia (White Russia) and Ukraine <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Wanted recognition for the Communist government he set up in Lublin over the government-in-exile that had been operating in London <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Wanted 10 billion dollars worth of industrial equipment from Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- In exchange for secret commitment to declare war on Japan after Germany’s surrender, wanted leave to annex Kurile Islands while taking back all territory lost to Japan during Russo-Japanese War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- FDR and Churchill conceded nearly all of these demands <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviets in commanding military position, Stalin intended to transform this advantage into lasting political gains <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviet troops occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Red Army within 65 miles of Berlin; British and Americans had yet to cross the Rhine

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#6. The division of Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Eisenhower sent cable to Stalin informing him of the plans and requesting similar info concerning Red Army <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Cable angered Churchil because its political subtext was clear; Eisenhower was ceding Berlin to the Soviets <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Soviets began their main assault on German capital; final phase of battle included savage street fighting, SSunits roaming city and summarily executing any soldiers found to have abandoned their posts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Hitler killed himself in his bunker on April 30th <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Berlin surrendered, and Hitler’s successor, Donitz, offered to conclude a separate peace with the western Allies so that German army could continue fighting Soviets, presumably with Anglo-American support <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Harry Truman refused his offer, insisting Germans surrender simultaneously on all fronts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones along boundaries previously determined <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During closing weeks of the war, some American units pushed a few hundred miles beyond the boundaries, but pulled back at the same time Soviets allowed western Allies into Berlin although it lies entirely within the Soviet zone

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#7. The Manhattan Project <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Considering too low-level as a senator to know about **Manhattan Project**, code name given to develop an atomic bomb <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Wasn’t fully briefed until Secretary of War, Stimson told him that they would probably complete the most terrible weapon ever known within 4 months <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Stimson predicted that the world might be completely destroyed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Idea first originated by a letter that Albert Einstein wrote to FDR about troubling developments in nuclear physics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Supervised by Major General Groves of Army Corps of Engineers with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Most famous project site was Los Alamos, New Mexico, where design and testing of the bombs took place on the grounds of a private school for boys Oppenheimer visited during the 1920s <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Manhattan Project closely held secret that Vice President, Truman, wasn’t informed until FDR’s death

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#8. Knowledge of the Bombs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman learned British knew all about Manhattan Project, but Soviets not informed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Physicist Niels Bohr urged Churchill and Roosevelt to tell Stalin what was going on because Soviet cooperation is essential to the development of postwar atomic controls <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-If they took Bohr’s advice, nuclear arms race might have been avoided; kept Stalin in the dark <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-**Hiroshima** and **Nagasaki** intentionally spared other bombing so the immense destructive power of new weapons could be demonstrated <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Top US officials influenced language of the surrender terms offered Japan so perhaps the Japanese would continue fighting, justifying the use of bombs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Group had much wider goals than merely to defeat Japan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Oppenheimer suggested if they told Soviets about the bomb before it’s used, their moral position would be higher; however idea dismissed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Responded that flaunting the bomb would be best way to ensure its usefulness as an incentive to postwar cooperation

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#9. Potsdam <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman traveled to Berlin suburbs of Potsdam to meet with Churchill and Stalin <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Stalin was forthcoming, reaffirmed promise to enter Pacific war, received peace overtures from Japanese <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman received cable informing him the first atomic test had been successful, meaning now, the US could end the Pacific war quickly and without Soviet involvement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman didn’t tell Stalin about the bomb until a week later, and did so informally <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Stalin already knew about the bomb from Soviet spies within the Manhattan Project, and secret Soviet atomic program was already under way <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman and Churchill confirmed Stalin’s deepest fear, the bomb was meant for Moscow next

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#10. Containment <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-After Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed, Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviets rearranged map of Eastern Europe, annexing Baltic states and southern countries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Kennan in US embassy in Moscow sent 53000 word cable to Byrnes on the topic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Outlined the strategy of containment that soon became the basis of postwar US foreign policy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Published his reasoning after returning to Washington <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> To Kennan, postwar USSR had 2 goals: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.Establishing a security corridor around its homeland <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.Exporting Communism to other countries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Discussed 4 regions of vital interest to the US <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->Western Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->Western hemisphere <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->Japan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->Middle East <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Unlikely target for Soviet invasion, predicted USSR would almost certainly limit its efforts to political subversion <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Kennan pointed out as long as US kept applying sufficient counter pressure, there would be no need to militarize the Cold War

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#11. Truman Doctrine <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman realized there was little he could do to liberate territory already under Soviet control <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviet = dominant military power in Europe with defeat of Germany and decline of Britain and France <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Nonaligned nations on borders of new Soviet empire feeling pressure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Only substantial American aid could keep Greece and Turkey out of Soviet sphere <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Dean Acheson met with congressional leadership, articulated the domino theory, claiming if Greece and Turkey allowed to fall, other countries would follow them, like a line of falling dominoes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Impressed by the theory, Republicans who controlled Congress agreed to appropriate four hundred million dollars in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey on condition that president personally explain the severity of the crisis in a nationally broadcast speech <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Truman Doctrine**: commitment of US to aid, economically and militarily, any nation threatened by Communism (speech)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#12. Disarray in Postwar Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Agreed that Germany would be reunified under a central, freely elected government, but French remained nervous of possible future threat; Soviets were also proving quarrelsome <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Disputes arose over: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->War reparations <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->Level of industry that should be permitted in reunited Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">->How centralized the new German government should be <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-No agreement reached, new secretary of state, Marshall, left Moscow convinced the Soviets wanted a deadlock because political stalemate only aggravated the growing economic disarray in occupied Germany and Western Europe more generally <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Nearly 6 years of pervasive Allied bombing turned most large cities into seas of rubble while destroying much of Europe’s economic infrastructure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Businesses and factories that survived lacked many of the industrial supplies needed to be productive <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Unemployment severe, and people with jobs were demoralized by the constant shortages <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Food was scarce that millions were on verge of starvation <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Effect of this having on the political situation in Europe could be seen by everyone <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Communist movements were gaining electoral ground in France and Italy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-US occupation authorities warned that widespread poverty was undermining governmental authority in Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Upon return from Moscow, Marshall decided that something more would have to be done if US was indeed to contain USSR within its current borders <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Began by instructing Kennan to investigate economic situation in Europe and determine what assistance US might be able to provide

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#13. The Marshall Plan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-In speech delivered by Secretary of State Marshall stated that Europe’s requirements are so much greater than her present ability to pay, and the US is funding their recovery plan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-British and French issued a joint communiqué inviting 22 nations and representatives from Germany to conference in Paris that would work on a cooperative plan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-16 invites took part, except USSR and 5 of its client states <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Stalin opposed plan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Basis of European Recovery Program proposed to Congress; bill was 17 billion dollars <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Opponents argued US economy couldn’t afford it, while those in favor pointed out the plan would create new export markets for US goods <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviet backed a coup in the democratic Czechoslovakia, opposition to the bill disappeared <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-US spent between 5%-10% of annual budget on ERP aid, making it the most expensive foreign policy initiative in US history

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#14. Berlin Airlift <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviet preference for disintegrated Germany became clear, US and British moved to shore up their sectors <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Merged occupation zones, creating single political unit known as Bizonia; French agreed to add their sector, creating Trizonia, a territory later known as West Germany <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Us and British introduced new currency, Deutsche mark in western Germany; crucial to economic recovery because Nazi Reichsmark was worthless, everything took place on black market by bartering <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-New currency appeared in West Berlin, Soviets cut off all road, rail and water access to the city the next day <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Allies protested, saying occupation rights included the right of access but Soviets disagreed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Americans and British started a massive airlift, and French later joined the airlift <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-At first, task seemed hopeless, but Truman sent over 100 large cargo planes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-On Easter, 400 Allied aircraft made almost 1400 flights, and soon Soviets lifted their blockade <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Western Berlin not initial battlefield of WWII but international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without direct conflict

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#15. Nato and Warsaw Pact <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-According to Kennan, militarization of Cold War was unwise and unnecessary <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviets unlikely to deploy armed forces beyond Eastern European security corridor; economic and political counter pressure should be enough <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-If US took part in creation of military alliance, would provoke Soviet Union to do same <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-America’s European allies understood this, but nervous <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Quickly demobilized after WWII but Soviet Union still retained massive army and extensive military infrastructure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Britain, France, and Benelux seeked safety in numbers and signed Treaty of Brussels which provided for mutual defense; no hope against Soviet without help of US <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Blockade of Berlin underlined this point, negotiations began with Washington concerning military alliance between US and European allies; resulted in Atlantic Treaty <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Atlantic Treaty established North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); including US, 5 Treaty of Brussels states, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-NATO couldn’t field enough conventional forces to resist Soviet invasion without German manpower; idea of military alliance with Germany was distasteful to some countries and knew Soviets would react negatively <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Soviets responded by creation of rival military alliance, Warsaw Treaty Organization/ Warsaw Pact, composed of USSR, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#16. Hiss Case <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Just over a month into Berlin airlift, Time magazine senior editor, Whittaker Chambers called to testify before House Un-American Activities Committee <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Told congressmen that he had once been part of secret Communist cell in Washington, DC. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Said another member of cell had been Alger Hiss, former State Department official who accompanied FDR to Yalta and presided over creation of United Nations <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Hiss denied everything, and on the surface, Chambers seemed to be lying, so committee backed off Hiss <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Freshman Republican Nixon questioned Chambers privately and decided he was telling the truth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Public’s interest piqued, hearing was televised live <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Under intense questioning, especially from Nixon, Hiss lost his cool and his story began to unravel <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Case against him would likely have gone away had he not tried to save face by suing Chambers for slander <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Chambers produced State Department documents from 1937-1938 written in Hiss’s hand and typed on his personal typewriter; proof that Hiss had committed espionage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Hiss served 44 months in jail; whether guilty or not, issue still debated <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Importance was its psychological impact; Americans told repeatedly Russians were their friends, but now being told this wasn’t so

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#17. McCarthyism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Nixon became so famous during Hiss case, secured Senate nomination after just 3 years in House <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Opponent was Helen Douglas, Democratic congresswoman whom Nixon dubbed the Pink Lady in order to call attention to her alleged softness on Communism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Once elected, Nixon joined Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by Sen. Joseph McCarthy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-McCarthy held up a sheet of paper and declared that on it is a list of names that are members of the Communist party <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-This launched a wave of anticommunist hysteria that dominated domestic politics for the next decade <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-McCarthy couldn’t keep his accusations straight but didn’t matter <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Fears of Communist infiltration Hiss case aroused combined with explosion of Soviet atomic bomb and victory of Mao’s Communists in China

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#18. NSC-68 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Congress passed National Security Act of 1947 which reorganized government’s military and foreign policy establishments <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-War and Navy Departments consolidated into single Department of Defense <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as successor of wartime Office of Strategic Services and National Security Council as a focus for national security planning within the executive branch <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Statutory members of NSC included president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, director of central intelligence, several sub-cabinet officials <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Truman requested NSC conduct comprehensive review of US national security strategy in light of such recent developments as Soviet bomb and Communist takeover China <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-NSC-68 concluded the only way to meet new Soviet threat was massive military buildup; others, led by Kennan, disagreed, saying buildup was advocating <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** NSC-68: ** The result was a fifty-eight page memorandum <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Kennan appea r ed to be w i nn in g the a r gument until Jun e 25, when Communist North Kore a invaded US - ba c k ed South Kore a, l eading to mor e Republican charges that Truman was soft on Comm uni s m. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -the Truman adm ini stration tripled defen se spending as a p e rcentage of gross domestic product,

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> IISC - fiS, w hich called for a military // mtiJer //// thall //// a. //// political response to //// the //// SOIJiet //// threat, //// determined US //// foreign //// policy //// for //// the next //// tw //// enty years ////. // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Summary:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Questions:** 1. what was the reason why Russia and Germany needed time? 2. Who were the Big Three? 3. What is domino theory? 4. what is NATO? 5. What is the NSC-68? Awesome: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">