InNo+JerryL+4.19.2011

American and USSR **Occasion** World War II broke out, FDR sends aid to European Countries to prevent them from falling, US enters World War II. FDR tried to improve USSR-US relationships to fight with Germany together. **Audience** This Marriage of Connivence was mainly a propaganda to American citizens to improve USSR-US relations **Purpose** The purpose of this Marriage was so that USSR would become an ally to fight Germany and Japan together. However, in history, this Marriage did not work out as well as planned, since the Western allies were still unwilling to open a second front to help USSR against Germany. **Speaker** The speaker here is just the person who wrote the textbook. **Tone** Since it is a history textbook, the tone is pretty much monotone.
 * A Marriage of Convenience **
 * Subject **

My typed Awesomeness, showing the importance of the "Marriage of Convenience", as we could observe that the USSR-US relationship was still quite uneasy even during "Marriage".

This cartoon shows how Uncle Sam (America) and the Russian bear (USSR) are on a seesaw which is balanced on the world. It indicates the fact that the US and USSR are the only two major powers left and how much influence they have on the world, it appears to be merely some thing they are fighting over for. This is a more straightforward portrait of the Cold War than the first one, however, the historical context behind this cartoon is slightly beyond the time period in our notes. It shows JFK and Khrushchev wrestling each other, referring to the satellite wars in Vietnam, Korea, and Afghanistan. At the same time, they are very close to pressing the button that will blow up each other. It shows how close they were to actually use nuclear weapons

** I. The Bolsheviks ** Two revolutions during 1917: March: anti-tsarist overthrew Nicholas II November: Kerensky gov overthrown by Vladimir Lenin Lenin's group: Bolsheviks (Bolshe --> "more") but actually not majority of socialists US relations with Bolsheviks were not good. · Treaty of Brest-Litovsk · US capitalism vs Russian communism  o Bolshevik Comintern (communist movement) · Russian civil war: US aid to Whites Although US gov helped Russian famine + commercial relations during New Economic Policy (NEP 1921-29), didn't recognize USSR formally until 1933

** II. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ** Under NEP, gov controlled all large econ enterprises (factories, mines, railroads) Under Stalin's Five-Year Plans starting from 1929, Soviet gained more econ control: · Forcibly collectivized peasantry · Forced rapid development of heavy industry “Make up 50-100 years distance between advanced countries in ten years” Meanwhile, Roosevelt (FDR) · Realized US nonrecognition of Communism didn’t restrain it   · US needed Soviet help on international issues. · (US+USSR) formal diplomatic relations established on Nov 17 Stalin was worried that Britain and France would leave him to go head to head with Germany · Secretly negotiated Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact · Germany invade Poland However, Pact just used to delay: · USSR not ready for war until 1942 · Hitler wanted to avoid being sandwiched from west and east Hitler aimed to attack USSR after fall of Britain, but Britain held strong, so Hitler wanted a quick victory in USSR to force Britain to surrender.

** III. A Marriage of Convenience ** Lend-Lease Act to the allies (March 1941) including Soviets (June 1941): to keep major powers afloat until FDR could bring America into war. US enter war after Pearl Harbor: · Efforts made to improve US-Soviet relations (Propaganda campaigns) · HOWEVER, didn’t work so well. (“Uneasy at best”) Point of CONTENTION: · Stalin urged US to open second front in Europe (May 1942)  o FDR promised invasion of France before end of 1942 · BUT Churchill disagreed, believed in failure if US invaded France too early.  o Persuaded FDR to invade North Africa in late 1942 · Upset Stalin (Red Army was bearing huge loss)  o Churchill went to Moscow to calm Stalin (August 1942)  § All he could say was “bomb Germany”  § Not effective, rather useless

** IV. The Big Three At Tehran ** Stalin forced to accept another postpone of France invasion (January 1943): · British and Americans wanted to finish Germans in Tunisia first · British econ interest in Mediterranean Stalin more suspicious seeing Churchill’s self-interest over Russian lives Big Three’s first meeting in Tehran (Nov 1943). · FDR wanted to test his “personal charm” against Stalin.  o Came back frustrated because he couldn’t connect with Stalin · FDR committed to launching operation Overlord on May 1, 1944

** V. Yalta ** Big Three’s second and last meeting at Yalta (Feb 1945) · To create a new LoN · Future of Poland and Eastern Europe · The status of Germany · Soviet entry into Pacific war. FDR was dying and couldn’t resist Stalin’s demands: · Numerous political gains by using nations such as Ukraine, Belorussia and Poland which were under USSR influence · Large amount of industrial gain as war reparations · Gain territory for secretly agreeing to war with Japan Stalin had a negotiating advantage · The four year war placed USSR in commanding position in military terms · Red Army was a lot closer to Berlin than British and US and had occupied most of Eastern Europe Stalin knew how to use this advantage to trade for much long lasting political gains American and British officials filled the text of meaningless words to save face.

** VI. The Division of Germany ** After British and US crossed Rhine (March 1945), Eisenhower’s three main goals: · Capture Ruhr Valley (German industrial heartland) · Prevent Nazis to withdraw to the Bavarian Alps · Avoiding clash with USSR troops E sent cable to Stalin informing him about their plans and requested his Cable angered Churchill --> E was ceding Berlin to USSR However British was not in the position to argue + E wanted to end war ASAP and also aim for Ruhr USSR main assault on Berlin (April 16) Final phase of battle: street-fighting, killing everyone not on post April 30, Hitler committed suicide May 2, Berlin surrender · Karl Donitz (Hitler’s successor) offer separate peace with west so they could continue war with Soviets · Aim for anti-communist alliance · Truman refused Donitz’s offer, insisted on fully surrendering May 7: final surrender · Germany divided into 4  o France, British, US, USSR · Berlin jointly occupied

** VII. The Manhattan Project ** Before FDR’s death, Truman not informed about Manhattan Project (developing atomic bomb) Not fully briefed until April 25: “The most terrible weapon ever known in human history” “Modern civilization might be completely destroyed” August 1939 FDR informed about German research and experiments on Neutron bombardment. US started Manhattan project: · Dec 1942, first controlled nuclear chain reaction · Reining uranium and plutonium into nuclear fuels · Los Alamos, New Mexico, most famous Manhattan project site  o Design and testing of bombs took place

** VIII. Knowledge Of The Bomb ** British knew, USSR didn’t If they told Stalin, would have been a lot easier to win his trust USSR issue continuously discussed by Interim Committee (established may 1945, scientists + officials) · Wanted to demonstrate bomb power on Japan: Hiroshima + Nagasaki  o Spared on purpose during other bombings · Phrased language on surrender terms to make Japanese willing to fight  o Justifying bombing · Much wider goals than just defeat of Japan  o Use destruction of bombing as a warning to prevent future wars  o Believed that bombing demonstrated power and could help postwar cooperation

** IX. Potsdam ** Truman, Churchill, Stalin meet at Potsdam, discuss · German occupation · Invasion of Japan · Manhattan project First day · Stalin reassure promise to enter Pacific war (August 15) · Truman elated by this Second day · Truman change of attitude  o Believed atomic bombs could finish Japan before USSR help Told Stalin only a week later, and only informally · Already knew through soviet spies · Secretly starting USSR atomic program Because of the actions of Potsdam meeting, Stalin was confirmed that the next atomic bomb is going to be for Moscow

** X. Containment ** After Hiroshima and Nagasaki · Soviet-American cooperation completely broke down  o Soviets rearranged Eastern Europe, “iron curtain” · Kennan (US embassy in Moscow) Long Telegram: strategy of containment  o Basis of postwar US foreign policy <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o “Long-term, patient but firm and vigilant” · Postwar USSR 2 goals: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Secure borderlines <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Traditional imperialism, can’t stop <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Carry out Communism into other nations <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Communism, not as important, easier to control · US aim: counter USSR Communism through pro-Western reigns

** XI. The Truman Doctrine ** · US only major power apart from USSR after war <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Give aid to any nations threatened by Communism · Aid to Greece + Turkey <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Prevent Acheson’s theory of domino effect (one fall, all fall one by one)

** XII. Disarray in Postwar Europe ** Two months before Truman Doctrine, US + British + French + Soviet ministers gathered in Moscow · Future of Germany: reunified freely elected gov <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Objections from French and USSR · Disputes at conference: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o War reparations + German economic and military freedom <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o No agreement · Soviet wanted deadlock: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Slow down Western Europe econ recovery <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Cause bad living conditions for Communist revolutions to occur in nations

** XIII. The Marshall Plan ** Secretary of State Marshall speech at Harvard: · Joint recovery plan to solve econ problems in Europe <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Self-help <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Resource sharing <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Reunify Germany · Approved by British and French, held meeting in Paris, twenty-two nation reps from occupied Germany <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Stalin opposed: effort to block postwar stablilization · European plan --> basis of European Recovery Program (ERP) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o 17 Billion dollars <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Opposition: think US can’t afford · Soviet-based gov overthrew Czechoslovakia democratic gov, opposition disappeared

** XIV. The Berlin Airlift ** British, US, French merge German sectors à West Germany · Change currency <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Money started to be used again, no more black market USSR blocked all resource to West Berlin · Western Allies airlift supplies to Berlin <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o US help made such a mission possible (one flight per min) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Soviets gave up after a month

** XV. Nato and The Warsaw Pact ** Theory of containment (Kennan): no use of military, only economic and political counter pressure. However, USSR military strength worried the European allies · Treaty of Brussels to unite against USSR · Still needed US help à NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Most con-Communist nations <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o West Germany was hard to accept for some nations · USSR responded with Warsaw Treaty Organization <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Unite Soviet power nations

** XVI. The Hiss Case ** Time Magazine editor testified to be involved in Communist action, claimed that Hiss (former important State Department official) also involved. <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · After deny for a while, proved Hiss guilty <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Caused civil-uneasiness about Soviet spies

** XVII. McCarthyism ** Nixon (famous after Hiss case) used Communism to take away his opponents, joined Permanent Investigations Subcommittee · McCarthy was chairman, aggressive anti-communist One day McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communist spies to catch attention · This + Chinese Communism and USSR atomic bomb caused anticommunist hysteria for the next decade

** XVIII. NSC-68 ** Partially due to Soviet threat, US reform in military and foreign policy · War + Navy Departments = Department of Defense · Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) established to succeed National Security Council (NSC) for national security (all the people with power) Truman requested a new national security strategy from NSC due to recent Communist threat [NSC-68], two problems: · After the war, only US and USSR left as major powers · Communism as a new faith contradicting to Democracy · CONCLUSION: Military buildup to meet threat Objection (Kennan): buildup leads to arms race Until Korean War, start to buildup

**QUESTIONS** List and describe three causes of the Cold War and its significancy. Describe the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression pact and explain its effects on the Cold War. Why could Roosevelt not decline Stalin's demands after war? What is NSC? What is McCarthyism and why was it so important in relationship with the Cold War? **SUMMARY** This section of a textbook explores the various causes and effects of the Cold War that mainly relate America, starting from the Communist ideas of the new Russian government established by the Bolsheviks, all the way to Communist hysteria in US due to McCarthyism. Through these notes, we can observe how World War II gradually developed into the Cold War and see how the US-USSR relationship changed step by step.