InNo+seank2013+09.11.10

=Revolution in France= toc Chapter 3: The Rise of Napoleon pages 52-65 (50-63 on scanned)

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Funny picture of Napoleon

I. Napoleon the soldier

 * 1) Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica in 1976. He was second of eight children. Napoleon was born French when his parents were Italian.
 * 2) When he was 9 he was sent to military school
 * 3) And when he was 16, he was a leading lieutenant in the French Army.
 * 4) Four years later, the revolution began.
 * 5) As the army grew in size when the revolution grew, Napoleon was quickly promoted.
 * 6) He was general by age 24
 * 7) His career ended when Robespierre was overthrown. He was arrested among others that had relationship with Robespierre brothers.
 * 8) However the authorities couldn't find any evidence against him and sent him back to his army post.

II. Napoleon's Italian Campaign

 * 1) When the directors took power in 1795 they continued the revolutionary war against the coalition.
 * 2) The coalition were countries that were ruled by monarchy that didn't like France
 * 3) Some of these countries were Britain, Austria, Prussia
 * 4) But by that time, the French army was very large and they quickly conquered Holland and Belgium
 * 5) Their next targets were the states of Northern Italy.
 * 6) This gave Napoleon another promotion. In 1796, he was made commander of the Army of Italy with orders to attack Austrian forces in North Italy.
 * 7) Over the next eighteenth months, Napoleon and his army had a series of victories.
 * 8) By October 1797, all of Northern Italy was in French control. By then, Napoleon was France's most famous general.

III. Napoleon in Egypt

 * 1) Following his outstanding success in Italy, he was put commander over the 'army of the east'.
 * 2) He was ordered to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East.
 * 3) He invaded Egypt, halfway on the trade route to India.
 * 4) Napoleon quickly defeated the Egyptians at the **Battle of the pyramids** in July 1798, but he never got to India.
 * 5) A week after the battle, the British Royal Navy sunk their ships that brought them to Egypt.
 * 6) Napoleon and his army was marooned on this island for a year.
 * 7) Back in Europe, unknown to Napoleon, France was faring badly.
 * 8) France's enemy was creating a second coalition and driven them out of Italy and central Europe.
 * 9) Napoleon learned of these defeats in the Summer of 1799.
 * 10) He also learned that rebels had over-run large parts of Europe.
 * 11) The country was nearly bankrupt.
 * 12) The directors were facing strong opposition by the Councils.
 * 13) Although he had no orders to do so, he quickly returned to France to save it from defeat.

IV. Napoleon seizes power

 * 1) Meanwhile, one of the directors wanted to get rid of the other directors, close down the councils, and make a new, stronger government.
 * 2) To do that, he needed Napoleon's military back up.
 * 3) Napoleon agreed with this plot along with another director and Lucien, Napoleons brother.
 * 4) November 9th 1799
 * 5) They made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked the Council to take action. The Council did as they were asked and made Napoleon the commander of all troops in Paris.
 * 6) Then they left for a safer meeting in nearby Saint-Cloud
 * 7) Soldiers then forced the other 3 directors to resign.
 * 8) The next day, Napoleon went to the Councils to ask them to change the government. By then, they knew that the rebel thing was made up.
 * 9) When Napoleon appeared in front of him, everyone shouted at him, pushed him around, and tried to call him an outlaw.
 * 10) If his life was really in danger, we did not know. But council's own records show they tried to kill him.
 * 11) Guards came in and protected him, while scaring them off.

V. The Consulate

 * 1) First council makes all the decisions
 * 2) The other two council to advise him
 * 3) Napoleon was the head of the first council
 * 4) To share the work of the government, they created four new councils
 * 5) The most powerful was the **Council of State** and it helped to write new laws and discuss Napoleon's ideas
 * 6) A senate, a tribunate, and a legislative body also shared the making of laws and the appointment of officials.
 * 7) In the provinces, officials called prefects to be the laws in effect
 * 8) France's nine million people voted for this.
 * 9) 3 million voted for Napoleon and 1,500 against.
 * 10) Although the other 6 million didn't bother to vote, Napoleon said it meant everyone supported him.

VI. Victory in war

 * 1) His first task after making the Consulate was to defend France from the armies of the second coalition.
 * 2) He planned to do so by attacking the Austrians in Northern Italy.
 * 3) Hoping to have a surprise attack from behind, he took them on route of the Alps.
 * 4) It took much longer than he expected and when he got there, Austrian Armies were ready for them.
 * 5) However, near the point of defeat for france, back up troops came and pushed the Austrians to retreat.
 * 6) Later that year, the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany
 * 7) This brought the second coalition to an end.
 * 8) A peace treaty was signed at luneville and it left France in control of Belgium and north Italy.

VII. The making of a legend[[image:pictur_eof_napoleon_blah_blah_blah.png align="right"]]

 * 1) Napoleon's victories made him more famous than ever.
 * 2) One of the most famous paintings of Napoleon is the picture on the right.

VIII. The Concordat and the Catholic Church

 * 1) Now that France was at peace, Napoleon could now deal with other urgent problems.
 * 2) During the reign of terror, churches had been closed down and France was 'de-christianized'
 * 3) Millions of catholics hated this and in Western France, many became rebels, trying to overthrow the government.
 * 4) Napoleon had to drop this religious conflict so he took down the 10 day week and gave people Sunday's off.
 * 5) Most important of all, he signed an agreement with the pope called the **Concordat**.
 * 6) In this, Napoleon allowed catholics to worship freely again.
 * 7) In return, the Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to him.
 * 8) This religious conflict was therefore ended.
 * 9) This was another triumph for Napoleon because it game him support of the millions of people who hated the 10 years of revolution.

IX. Reforms

 * 1) In 1802, Napoleon made peace in France and ended the religious conflict.
 * 2) He was made **Consul-for-life.**
 * 3) Voters were asked of what they thought of this.
 * 4) 3 1/2 million voted in favor and 8 thousand against.
 * 5) Now that he had the power for the rest of his life, he tried to make reforms.
 * 6) In 1802, he began a reform that changed country schools.
 * 7) The main change was the creation of a new kind of secondary school called lycee.
 * 8) On leaving school, they had to take an exam for university called Baccalaureate
 * 9) He also made a reform of the french law into seven books called codes
 * 10) These codes simplified the complex laws that existed for centuries.
 * 11) It also incorporated revolutionary demands like individual rights

X. Napoleon becomes Emperor

 * 1) In 1804, he increased his power when he made himself Emperor.
 * 2) Again, voters showed their support with a massive vote of approval
 * 3) France thus became an empire after 12 years of being a republic.
 * 4) Napoleon brought back some things that were abolished during the revolution like being crowned in a coronation ceremony
 * 5) Next, he brought back noble titles for members of his family.
 * 6) Later in 1808, he created an Imperial nobility consisted of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights.
 * 7) Nobles had to be very rich to pass their titles to their children.
 * 8) French republic had been replaced by an empire, catholic church had been restored, people could become nobles again
 * 9) The revolution was finally over.

Summary
Throughout this chapter, Napoleon had a series of successes and became the emperor of France. He was able to unify all of France again and once again have peace, while still conquering other countries. With the coalitions down, Napoleon and France was finally free of invaders and enemies. Everyone was now happy, and the French revolution was over.

Question(s)
How come France became what it sought not to become after the Revolution? From Monarchy to Empire...