-InNo+Ho+Soo's+Notes+(Part+1)+01.10.11

=**Awesomeness!**= This is a picture during the Great depression in the United States. Millions of people did not have a job. People are searching for new jobs. People seem very devastated. This is a portrait of Adolf Hitler. Hitler, 1. He aimed to tear up the Treaty of Versailles 2. He intended to unite all German-speaking people in one country (**Greater Germany**). 3. Lebensraum; The way to get problems like overcrowded people, they had to take over east Germany.

This is a chart I made to illustrate how harsh it was during the Great Depression. Millions of people lost their job and they were very frustrated. Soon, the Great Depression in America rapidly affected Europe. This then led to serious problems.


 * The ‘New Era’: Hopes For Peace In 1929 **

- World’s famous Statesmen held a conference in the Swiss town of Locarno to settle few problems after the Great War. - Germany and France still had a bad relationship. - The group of agreements was known as the Locarno Treaties. - Germany and France agreed not to fight anymore. - Britain and Italy agreed to make sure the terms were not broken. - France promised to support Poland and Czech if Germany tried to fight.
 * Locarno and the ‘New Era’**

- In 1929 many countries signed the peace treaty. - **Kellog-Briand Pact**- It was an agreement thought up by the Foreign Ministers of the United States and France, Kellogg and Briand, not to use war as a way of settling disputes. - 1929, The **USSR** signed an **Eastern Pact** with six of its neighboring states agreeing not to use war to settle disputes among themselves. - Long- standing quarrels in 1929 also settled.
 * Friendship between nations**

- Its aims were to keep peace between nations and to make the world a better place for all people. - **Collective security-** The members of the League of Nations helping the country that is getting attacked. - In reality, there were three peace-keeping actions. - **1.** Deal with a dispute by legal means, in the League’s Permanent Court of International Justice. - **2.** Impose economic **sanctions** on an attacker; this meant that all other League members would refuse to trade with the attacker, thus threatening it with economic ruin if it did not stop the attack. - **3.** Impose military sanctions against the attacker. - **Disarmament Commission**- tried to persuade member nations to reduce their weapon stock and to rely instead on collective security for their defense.
 * League of Nations**

- There were few problems such as not every nation belonged to the League (USA). - **USA** government followed a ‘**policy of isolation**’ did not want to get involved in foreign affairs. - **USSR-** did not join because believed that this league was made from **capitalists’** countries that opposed **communism**. - Germany had no enthusiasm for the club and viewed it as a club that has beaten them. - There was no proof that the League can solve major disputes.
 * The Limitations of the League**


 * The Great Depression **

- **1929 to 1933 (USA)** breakdown in the world economy. - It rapidly affected many other countries. - Millions lost their job. - **Protectionism-** Raising the customs duties on foreign goods coming into their countries. - Its aim was to boost the demand for goods made in their own countries by keeping out foreign goods. - Soon this harmed international relationship. - Millions of people lost their jobs and most of the factories were out of work. - This led Germany and Japan to the collapse of democratic governments. - This way, anti-democratic governments came to power.
 * The Great Depression**

- As a result of the Great war, Britain and France between ruled over one third of the world. - Some countries like Italy envied, they wanted more colonies. - Japan and Germany thought gaining more colonies can avoid them from preventing further great depression. - Britain and France also faced problems. The native people demanded the right to govern themselves. - This often led to violent clashes.
 * The problem of empires **
 * - ** The Great depression also led to some other problems, the division of the world into powers which owned large empires and those which did not.

=**Japan, Manchuria and the League, 1931-33**= - Viscount Cecil, a intelligent chief British thought the world was entering a new era of peace. - In fact, one week after he made his speech, Japanese invaded Manchuria.

- Japan highly desired for Manchuria - Manchuria: wealth of forestry, minerals and agricultural products is also unrivaled elsewhere in the world, large land. - By 1931 the Japanese controlled most of Manchuria's economy. - Japan kept a large army in Kwantung in South Manchuria. - Japanese army officers thought about conquering foreign land as a way out of the Depression.
 * The attraction of Manchuria**

- 18 Sep 1931, Japanese soldiers lew up a section of the South Manchuria Railway at Shenyang. - Chinese then asked the League of Nations for help. - In fact, Japan invaded Manchuria at last.
 * Japan invades Manchuria**

- In 1931-32, no member of the League wanted to use sanctions against Japan. - 1. The Great Depression had already damaged trade between nations and nobody wanted to damaged trade between nations by refusing to trade with Japan. - The league then tried to persuade. - In October 1932, a British minster went to Manchuria to solve problems. - The report stated that the region should continue to be a semi-independent country instead of returning to Chinese rule. - Japan then **resigned** from the League and went on to occupy the Chinese Province of Jehol. - It was vital for military defense for Manchuria. - World peace started to collapse.
 * The League and Manchuria**

=The Revival of Germany, 1933-35=

- The Nazis refused to believe that the German army had been beaten during the Great War. - German citizens were angry when in July 1919 the Allies forced Germany to sign the **Treaty of Versailles**. - Germans believed that this treaty was very unfair - In 1933 when **Hitler** became Chancellor in 1933 he had three basic aims in his foreign policy. 1. He aimed to tear up the Treaty of Versailles 2. He intended to unite all German-speaking people in one country (**Greater Germany**). 3. **Lebensraum**; The way to get problems like overcrowded people, they had to take over east Germany. - He wanted to conquer all Europe
 * Hitler's foreign policy aims**

- When Hitler first was in power, the armed power was weak. - He then increased the army. - It trebled in size to 300,000 men - A new Air Ministry was to build 1000 aircraft and secretly train pilots in civilian flying clubs. - In 1933, Hitler withdrew from League of Nations and Geneva Disarmament Conference. - At last the army increased to 550,000 men.
 * Re-armament**

- When Hitler first had power, Germany was suffering from the Great Depression. - British didn't want to fight Germany since they were having the same problem. - France defended themselves with the **Maginot Line**, a series of heavily armed concrete forts built along the length of the French border with Germany. - Italy was the only country that came close to taking actions against Hitler. - Prime Ministers of France, Britain, and Italy met at Stresa in Italy to form what they called the **Stresa Front.**
 * Reaction to German re-armament**
 * -** They issued a protest against Hitler's rearmament plans, but took no action.

1. Why did Hitler hold the power among many other competetors? 2. How did the Great Depression happen? 3. How did the Great Depression impact not only America but Europe? 4. Why did Japan and Germany abide the law? (League of Nation) 5. What were the three plans that Hitler wanted?
 * Questions**

Summary After the League of Nation was formed, many countries thought that peace would take over the world soon. In fact, this was not true. Japan first attacked Manchuria and took over. Many countries including the League of Nations couldn't do anything because of the Great Depression. Countries didn't want to spend money to their military. Soon, the Germans then gained military and Chose Hitler as their Chancellor. The then proposed his three plans, 1. He aimed to tear up the Treaty of Versailles 2. He intended to unite all German-speaking people in one country (**Greater Germany**). 3. Lebensraum; The way to get problems like overcrowded people, they had to take over east Germany. He then soon gained a lot of military and now is ready to take over Europe.