InNo+youbinpx2013+11.30.10

InNo for The World Re-Made · Four and a half years of savage warfare o Area larger than Wales totally ruined o Good farm land -> useless mud by millions of high-explosive shells o Farm animals disappeared o 23,000 of factories destroyed o 5,600 km of railway line and 48,000 km of roads were wrecked o 1,400,000 French soldiers killed o 2,500,000 wounded · Great War started in Belgium when the German armies swept through o Countries occupied by Germany for 4 years § Germans stripped machinery from factories § Took crops § Rationed food § Melted church bells § Shot rebels o Flanders- not occupied § Ruined by fighting and the old city of Ypres lay in rubble · Over 50,000 Belgian soldiers dead
 * Notes:**
 * Part One: Making Peace**
 * Chapter 1: Great Suffering**
 * France**
 * Belgium**

· 750,000 dead · 1,500,000 wounded · deeply in debt o nine billion pounds on war o borrowed over one billion pound – from Americans
 * Britain**

· joined war in 1915 – Allies promised to give them Austrian land after the war · 1918  o done more than enough to ear their reward § 600,000 soldiers dead § north-east Italy devastated · only Allied country to surrender (1917) o mass hunger o 1,700,000 soldiers dead · revolutions broke out o communist government withdrew armies from the war · pay heavy price for srrender o Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (German) § Took away all Russia’s western provinces § 1/3 Russians under German rule · suffered least o didn’t suffered until late 1917 · 116,000 soldiers dead · little fighting on land o country not devastated · two million soldiers death o country exhausted · revolution · British Navy blockaded Germany’s ports to stop supplies getting in  o German army could not renew the war o Ppl who suffered were civilians · With no food ships o Millions of Germans faced starvation · Austria-Hungary o Lost 1,200,000 men · Turkey o 325,000 men · Bulgaria o 100,000 men · mid-1918 o epidemic of Spanish influenza o greatest killer § more than 25 million ppl all over world died · end of 1918 o leaders of victorious nations make treaties with defeated countries to ensure a lasting peace
 * Italy**
 * Russia**
 * The United States**
 * Germany**
 * The suffering of war**

· January 1919 (Paris) o Biggest peace conference § Hundreds of politicians from 32 nations gathered in Paris § Big Three – their ideas and expectations different · David Lloyd George (P.M. of Britain) o Agrees with Wilson § Defeated nations were treated too harshly · Might cause other wars in the future o British public wanted George to be tougher § Newspapers- anti-German · Georges Clemenceau (P.M. of France) o Aims very straightforward 1. Germany pay for the demage done to France in war (200,000,000,000 gold francs) 2. Germany is so weak that she can’t attack France again a. Taking away much of her land, industry, armed forces · Woodrow Wilson (President of USA) o Make future wars impossible by creating a fair peace § Fourteen Points · No more secret agreements between countries o Countries dealt openly · Reduce their armed forces and weapons · Ppl under foreign empires (Czechs, Poles) must be allowed o to form their own nations o choose own governments o “**National self-determination**” · League of Nations o Organization for keeping peace in the world o Wilson – only one with detailed ideas o Politicians spent first two months of the Conference setting up the League of Nations o National self-determination § Italian living under Austrian rule § Poles living in Russian, Austrian and German territory § Czechs and Yugoslavs o Free-for-all for all nations but Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey o ‘Are we making a good peace? Are we? Are we?’ – British official
 * Chapter 2: Great Expectations**
 * The Paris Peace Conference**
 * Making the Peace**

o 28 June 1919 o politicians left Paris and went to Versailles (train) o signed the first of treaties § dealt with Germany § 400 separate clauses · **Covenant of the League of Nations** o 26 causes describing how a League of Nations should work · Germany had to give land to neighboring countries o Five lands given to neighbors o Country split into two o Danzig, Saar, and Memel governed by a league but later, they get to vote on whether they wanted to be part of Germany o Coalmines in the Saar Valley given to French · Overseas colonies taken away o Put under the rule of the League of Nations · lands taken from Russia in 1918 was taken back o some returned to Russia o some used to create new nations – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland · armed forces reduced o 100,000 army men o no more than 6 battleships · western part of Germany–**demilitarized zone** (DMZ) o no German soldiers or weapons allowed o included all land west of the River Rhines o an are 50 km wide on the east bank o Allies were to keep an army of occupations on the west bank for 15 years · Germany was forbidden to unite w/ Austria to make a single German-speaking state · **War guilt clause** o Accept the blame for starting the war · Pay reparations – cost of repairing war damages o To the Allies, mainly to France o Germans had not been consulted o Uproar in Germany § Treaty was far harsher § Government resigned § Captains of the German fleet kept by the British in Scapa Flow sank their ships in protest § Treaty was a ‘Diktat’ – a dictated peace o Nothing to do  § Allies threatened to invade if they would not sign o Signing in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles
 * Chapter 3: Germany Re-made the Treat of Versailles**

o Treaty-makers had to deal with her defeated partners – Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey o Ppl of Austria-Hungary had rebelled against their Emperor, trying to gain their independence o Three had already set up states and appointed their own leaders § The Czechs, the Hungarians and the Serbs o Two treaties signed at Saint Germain and Trianon o Made Austria and Hungary into separate and independent states § Pay reparations § Reduce armaments § Give up land to neighbors · Land given to the new state of Czechoslovakia · Serbia took land to become Yugoslavia · Other Austrian lands given to Italy and to Poland · Large part of Hungary handed over to Romania o **Treaty of Neuilly** o Give away land to neighbor o Pay reparations o Reduce armed forces o Did not attend the Peace Conference o But treaties still did much § German took away vast amounts of land in Russia · Treaty of Versailles gave much of this conquered land back to Russia but not all § Provinces on the Baltic Sea – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent states · Peacemakers gave southern Russia to Romania · Russia’s Polish provinces not returned o Before 1919 o No Poland o Gained independence by taking land from their conquerors – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia o Land taken from Germany was important o The ‘Polish Corridor’ gave her free access to the ports on the Baltic Sea o **Treaty of S****évres** o very harsh § Took away nearly all Turkey’s land in Europe § Put the Turkish Straits under League of Nations control § Arab lands in the Middle East were made into mandates – lands which were controlled by the French and British until the peoples of those lands were ready to rule themselves · League made sure that France and Britain governed these mandates properly § Arabia- given independence straight away o Armies from Britain, France, Italy, and Greece were to occupy the remaining Turkey – the barren and mountainous area known as Asia Minor
 * Chapter 4: Europe Re-shaped: The Other Paris Peace Treaties**
 * Austria-Hungary**
 * Bulgaria**
 * Russia**
 * Poland**
 * The Turkish Empire**

o The covenant of the League of Nations o If any member of the League quarreled w/ another member, § In the League’s Assembly in Geneva · Talk about their differences · Each member country had one vote o If this didn’t work out and member was attacked, § **Collective security** · All other members would go to its help · Help is arranged by the Council of the League o By cutting off all links with the attacker § Trade and financial links o **Commissions** – much of work was done o **Disarmament Commission** o Worked to persuade member countries to reduce the size of their armed forces o Cut down their stocks of weapons o **Mandates Commission** o Kept an eye on the German and Turkish colonies – put under temporary rule of Britain and France by Peace Treaties o Task of making the world a better one o Special committees were set up to look into the big problems of the world and to suggest cures § **Health Organization** · Improving the world’s health o Trying to wipe out leprosy § **International Labor Organization** · Aimed to improve the conditions where ppl worked § Others had the job of improving women’s rights § Stopping drug smuggling § Helping refugees § **Permanent Court of Justice** · Based in Holland · Try legal disputes btw countries o **Secretariat** in Geneva o Handle paper work, communications, and publicity o First chairman – Englishman, Sir Eric Drummond o Looked most impressive on paper o Right from the start of its life – weak o Two big problems o USA refused to join § Not interested in getting involved w/ the problems of other countries § Communist Russia and defeated Germany didn’t join · They were not allowed o League did not have an army to back up its decisions § It could talk about quarrels btw countries § Cut off trade w/ attackers § No force to make countries stop fighting
 * Chapter 5: The League of Nations**
 * The organization of the League of Nations**
 * Problems for the League of Nations**

After the Great War, most of defeated countries had to sign a harsh treaty. They had to pay for reparations of war and give up armed forces. Especially, they had to give up part of their lands to their neighboring countries which is later set up as a independent states. This was done to make sure that they have no more power to arise again.
 * Summary:**


 * Questions:**
 * 1) What was the role of League of Nations?
 * 2) Who do you think signed the harshest treaty? why?
 * 3) What was the purpose of those treaties?
 * 4) What did the League of Nations do to improve world?
 * 5) Who were the Big Three? What was their contributions?


 * Awesomeness:**