-+Ho+Soo's+Notes+(France+chapter+3)+Notebook+09.12.10

=﻿Awesome Part=

Famous painting of Napoleon



=NOTES=

-From 1795 to 1799 they were governed by five men called the Directors, backed by two new assemblies called Councils. - Did not govern France well - Prices shot up, money lost all its value and many people starved.

Napoleon the soldier
- Napoleon was born in the island of Corsica in 1769. (second of the eight children) - Napoleon was born French while his parents were Italian. - He spent most of his school years in military schools, leaving at sixteen as a lieutenant in the French army. - As the army grew in size during the Revolutionary war, napoleon gained rapid promotion. - He was a general by the age of twenty-four. - He was a close friend of Robespierre's brother Augustin. - When Robespierre was overthrown, he was arrested along with everyone else close to the Robespierre brothers. - The authorities could find no evidence to use against him and had to allow him to return to his army post.
 * (Napoleon's background)**

- When the Directors took power in 1795 they continued the Revolutionary war against the Coalition. - The French armies conquered Holland and Belgium. - They now wanted northern Italy, which gave Napoleon his next promotion. - In 1796 he was made commander of the Army of Italy, with orders to attack Austrian forces in n. Italy. - Over the next eighteen months, he led his army to many victories. - By October 1797, all of the n. Italy was under French control. - Napoleon became France's most famous general.
 * Napoleon's Italian campaign**

- The Directors put Napoleon in command of an 'Army of the East' - His orders were to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East. - He began by invading Egypt, half way on the trade route to India. - He defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798, but he never got to India. - The ship which had brought his army to Egypt were sunk by the British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay, stranding them in Egypt. - They could not advance to India nor could they return to France. - Napoleon and his army were marooned in the Middle East for a whole year. - Back in France, the French armies were faring badly. - France's enemies had formed a Second Coalition and had driven them out of Italy and central Europe. - In the summer of 1799, he learned about these defeats. - He also knew that large parts of western France was nearly bankrupt, and that the Directors were facing strong opposition in the Councils. - He came back to France, and his intention was to save the country from defeat.
 * Napoleon in Egypt**

- One director wanted to reform the France government, to succeed, he needed military backing. - He asked Napoleon to provide it. - Napoleon agreed and joined the plot. - Napoleon's brother Lucien, who was President of one of the Councils, was also involved. - On 9 November 1799, they took action. - They made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked the councils to take emergency action. The Councils did as they were asked and made Napoleon commander of all the troops in the Paris district. - Soldiers then forced the other three directors to resign. - Napoleon then founded out that it was a lie, he tried to block it. - Some say that people tried to kill him. - The soldiers waiting outside the hall believed that Napoleon's life was in danger. - They entered the hall to save him.
 * Napoleon seizes power**

- France was to be governed by three Consuls, with only the First Counsul having the power to make decisions. - Other two were to advise him - Napoleon became the head of the government. - Four new Councils were created. - Most powerful, the Council of State (helped to write new laws and discussed Napoleon's decisions) - A Senate, a Tribunate and a Legislative Body also shared in the making of laws and the appointment of officials. - In the provinces, offices called Prefects put the laws into effect. - France's 9 million voters got vote if they liked the government or not. - 3 million voted in favour and only 1,500 against.
 * Napoleon the ruler**
 * (The Consulate)**

- Napoleon's most urgent task as First Consul was to defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition. - He planned to do so with an attack on Austrian forces in north Italy. - He tried to attack them from the side without them knowing. - He took his army through Switzerland and across the Alps. - It almost failed, the journey through the Alps was very exhausting. - When they attacked, the Austrians already knew. - Fortunately, backup came to rescue France, so then The Battle of Marengo ended in victory for the French. - The defeated Austrians abandoned north Italy. - Later that year, another French army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany. - This brought the war of the Second Coalition to an end. - A peace treaty, sined at Luneville in 1801, left France in control of Belgium, of German lands on the river Rhine, and of north Italy.
 * Victory in war**

- He was potrayed as a hero. - The painting of him shows him with his army crossing the Great Saint-Bernard pass across the Alps, on his wy to fight the Austrians in north Italy. - David painted realistically. - In fact, the painting is not real.
 * The making of a legend**

- Now that France was at peace, Napoleon could deal with some urgent problems. - During the Terror, churches had been closed and France was 'de-christianised' - In western France, many became rebels, trying to overthrow the government. - Napoleon had to end this conflict, and so he allowed peopleto take Sundays off. - He told leaders that he would deal with their religious complaints. - In 1801 he signed an agreement wit the Pope called the Concordat. - Napoleon agreed to allow Catholics to worship freely again. - In return, the Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agred tat all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon. - As result, priests were able to come out of hiding and churches re-opened. - Napoleon then gained more supports.
 * The Concordat and the Catholic Church**

- By 1802, Napoleon had made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflict at home. - A grateful Senate made him 'Consul-for-Life' - Napoleon started to reform the way France was run. - In 1802, he began a reform of the country's scools. - The main change was the creation of a new kind of secondary school, the lycee. - Living under strict military discipline, pupils at these high schools studied a curriculum drawn up by the government. - On leaving, they took an exaination called the Baccalaureate for entrance to university. - His greatest achievement was a reform of the French law into seven boks called codes. - In 1804 with a Code of Civil Law called the Code Napoleon. - Codes of criminal and commercial law were added over the next five years. - They also made into law some of the things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789 - Individual rights, freedom of belief, and equality before the law were all included in the codes.
 * Reforms**

- In 1804 Napoleon incresed his power still futher by making himself Emperor. - Again, voters showed their support with a massive vote of approval. - France thus became an empire after twelve years of being a republic. - He insisted on being crowned in a coronation ceremony like that of the old French kings. - He brought back noble titles for members of his family. - His brother Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire. - In 1808, he created an Imperial Nobility consisting of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights. - Nobles had to be ver rich if they wanted to pass ther titles on to their children. - By 1804, the French Republic had been replaced to an Empire, the Catholic Church had been restored, and people could become nobles once again. - The Revolution was over.
 * Napoleon becomes Emperor**

- How did Napoleon leave India if he was trapped?
 * Question**

- This chapter was basically all about Napoleon. Starting from his early age, he had a strong ability and potential of becoming a great soldier (General). Soon, he becomes the France best and most notable generals in the history. Napoleon conquered many other countries, he saved France from the Austrians. People then started to obey him, and he made a new government. He now wanted an Empire. He reforms most of the laws. By 1804 the French Republic had been replaced to an Empire, the Catholic Church had been restored, and people could become nobles once again. The Revolution was over.
 * Summary**