Notes+P67-79+amypx2013+9.13.2010

= Revolution in France (7) =



 Napoleon Conquers
 * Britain, Russia, and Austria formed another Coalition in 1805 against France
 * Napoleon's army won the war in the battles in Central Europe
 * In 1805 he smashed the Austrian army at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * In 1806 he defeated the Prussians in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt
 * In 1807 he defeated Russians in the in the battles of Eylau and Friedland
 * 1807 Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * 1809 illyrian provinces and the Papal states
 * 1810 added Holland and Northeast Germany to the empire
 * made changes to the countries that shared a border with France
 * occupied much of Spain
 * forced rulers of small German states to join land
 * reduced number of German states from 300 to thirty
 * in 1806 brought German rulers into the Confederation of the Rhine; himself as their head
 * formed barrier from Napoleon and his enemies- Austrians and Prussians
 * provided money and soldier

 Rule of Bonapartes
 * shared land among his family
 * brother kings of Holland, Westphalia, and Spain
 * step-son viceroy of Italy
 * brother-in-law king of Naples
 * Sister ruled smaller Italian states
 * family made changes to the states they ruled
 * reformed out of date laws
 * got rid of feudal rights
 * took away land from the Church
 * modernized way of governing

 Costs of Rule
 * Great losses from war
 * Grand Duchy of Berg provided 5000 men out of 50,000 people in 1806
 * Westphalia provided 600,000 men out of 2 million people
 * half a million of young Germans, Italians, and Poles were in Napoleon's armies
 * Napoleon paid for the wars by taxing people
 * half of the costs between 1804 and 1814 were paid by foreigners under Napoleon's rule
 * Peasant families living near the route of a marching army had to provide all their crops, animals, and shelter

 Resistance and Rebellion
 * Many European hated rule if Napoleon, especially the Spanish under Joseph Bonaparte
 * In 1808 Spain started a war of independence
 * French responded with forceful attacks

 Napoleon and Britain
 * Defeating Britain became Napoleon's priority
 * between 1803 and 1805 he gathered "Army of England" along the Channel coast to invade Britain
 * in order for invasion to happen, Napoleon needed four days of control of the Channel
 * Napoleon tricked the British (ships under Admiral Nelson) to chase them into distant water (by Admiral Villenueve)
 * The trick succeeded, but Napoleon postponed the invasion in August 1805
 * Austrians were marching toward France
 * Napoleon ordered the Army of England to stop the Austrians
 * resulted in the battle of Ulm on 20 October
 * Despite of the victory, Napoleon gave up on invading Britain
 * Nelson's fleet trapped Villenueve's fleet off the coast of Spain
 * in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 Oct 1805, only 9 out of 39 French ships escaped
 * French navy therefore had no chance of controlling the Channel

 The Continental System
 * In 1806- the Berlin Decree-forbidding states under his control to stop trading with Britain
 * This blockade of trading known as the Continental System led to immediate fall in the number of goods imported into and out of Britain
 * Portugal refused to join the Continental System since much of Britain's trade was with Portugal
 * French forces invaded Portugal's capital Lisbon in 1807
 * Their marching across Spain angered the Spanish and led to the war of independence
 * Britain sent forces to help Spain in the rebellion
 * Peninsular War for 5 years
 * For Napoleon it became a "Spanish uleer" because it used lots of money and soldiers
 * In 1808 Russia left the system because it was damaging their trade
 * It opened up its ports to Britain
 * Napoleon decided to invade Russia

The Russian Campaign
 * Grand Army of 655,000 men
 * Invasion in the summer of 1812
 * After defeating them in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered Moscow in Sept 1812
 * However two months later his army had to retreat
 * Only 50,000 people were alive when they got back to Europe
 * The Grand Army has been wiped out
 * Reasons for this result:
 * Russians stopped them from finding food
 * created transport problems for the French army (lack of horses)
 * food and medicine ran short
 * French were unprepared for Russia's winter
 * People suffered and died from hunger and the cold
 * [[image:french_in_russia_picture_7-1.png]]

Fall of Napoleon
 * Tsar of Russia organized a new Coalition against Napoleon
 * Russia, Sweden, Britain, and Prussia joined as allies in 1813
 * Drove French out of Central Europe
 * Seeing France on the run, German and Austrian states joined the Coalition
 * By 1814 French was driven right back to France
 * Napoleon forced to surrender in April 1814
 * Napoleon gave up his thrown and the Allies set up a new government
 * Louis XVI's brother as its head
 * crowned as Louis the Eighteenth (XVIII)

Elba
 * Allies allowed Napoleon keep his title as Emperor
 * They exiled him to island Elba off the coast of Italy
 * Napoleon ran the island as a little country for a year
 * tiny army and navy
 * opened mines
 * helped improve land
 * He heard after a year Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular
 * He returned to France in March 1815
 * Louis fled while crowds cheered for Napoleon's return
 * They supported him to Paris where he set up his empire again

 The "Hundred Days"
 * Second empire lasted 95 days
 * Leaders of Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia put six armies to crush him
 * Napoleon marched 122,000 men to meet them in Belgium
 * Defeated Prussian armies on 16 June and attacked British army at Waterloo on 18 June
 * The British, reinforced by Prussians, defeated France
 * Napoleon fled back to Paris
 * The Assembly wanted peace
 * Without support from the political leaders Napoleon could not continue war
 * he abdicated his throne on 22 June
 * 2 weeks later he gave himself into the captain of a British warship
 * avoided the Prussians who wanted to execute him
 * Napoleon hoped that the British would allow him protection and let him live in Britain
 * He was not
 * He was transferred to the island of St. Helena where he could never escape, in the South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France
 * He spent the rest of his life in captivity and died in 1821

Summary: After Napoleon became the Emperor, he conquered almost all of Europe and governed with his family. However, there were many resistance against Napoleon. Not only so, Napoleon failed to invade Britain. After issuing the continental system, he also had to lead the Russian Campaign which wasn't very successful for him. In 1814, Napoleon was forced to abdicate his throne and live on an island called Elba, however, he returned to France in 1815 to reclaim his empire. His second rule did not last; in June 1815 he was defeated from British and Prussian attacks and abdicated his throne again. He was captured by the British and lived in captivity until his death in 1821.

Question: Why did people in France still welcome Napoleon back to his empire?