InNo+hyejijun94+09.8.10

AWESOME STUFF:
*A flow chart about the 'Reign of Terror'

*Reign of Terror led to violence and mass executions of enemies of the revolution. The picture above shows the public execution of the guillotining. Guillotine is a machine that France often used for mass executions.

(from textbook) *The storming of the Tuileries on 10 August 1792

NOTES:
__**Revolution in France pg 38-48**__


 * War:**
 * War began on 20 April 1792, France declared war on Austria
 * Austrians better organized and equipped, easily beat off the French attack
 * Rumors flew that there was an 'Austrian Committee' in the Tuileries Palace, passing secrets to the Austrians
 * The assembly ordered soldiers to watch out all foreigners, priests refused to take an oath of loyalty were expelled
 * 11 July, "The Fatherland is in Danger" was declared, appealed to all citizens to volunteer for the army
 * Louis disagreed with the measure against priests
 * His opponents angered by attacking the Tuileries
 * Louis' enemy commander, the Duke of Brunswick, issued a statement known as the Brunswick Manifesto
 * The Brunswick Manifesto put Louis' and his family in danger
 * People wanted to get rid of the monarchy and set up a new kind of assembly with power


 * The storming of the Tuileries:**
 * 10 August 1792, armed men and women marched to the Tuileries to dethrone Louis XVI
 * Aided by the National Guards (in blue uniforms), they broke into the palace
 * Swiss Guards (in red uniforms) protecting the king retreated without power but attackers caught them
 * Slaughtered 600 Swiss Guards


 * The overthrow of the monarchy:**
 * Louis and his family were suspended from office and imprisoned
 * New assembly called the Convention was set up
 * 21 September 1792, people dethrone Louis and declare that France was now a Republic
 * Two months later, Louis was sentenced to death, beheaded in public on 21 January 1793


 * The //sans culottes//:**
 * People overthrew the king were called sans culottes
 * They were the working people of France
 * Sans culottes disliked nobles (refused to used words related to nobles)
 * Instead of calling each other monsieur (my lord) or madame (my lady) they called each other as 'citizen' or 'comrade'
 * Sans culottes were Republicans (hated monarchy, thought power should belong to ordinary people)
 * Sans culottes believed that everyone should have equal rights (right to vote)
 * Sans culottes claimed the right to carry weapons and to use them against their opponents
 * September 1792, they broke into the prisons of Paris and murdered 1,400 prisoners whom they suspected of supporting the Austrians
 * Their violence horrified foreigners


 * The war spreads:**
 * Louis' fellow monarchs joined forces with Austria and Prussia in their war against France
 * Their aim was to destroy the French Republic
 * They declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain
 * France was at war with most of Europe
 * Austrian forces beat them in a series of battle, French commander (General Dumouriez) went over to the Austrian side


 * Inflation and shortages:**
 * High price of food was a major problem in France
 * Prices rose because the government was printing huge amounts of paper money called assignats to pay for the war
 * More bank notes printed, less they were worth
 * February 1793, a bank note was worth only half the amount printed on it
 * Bread was also scarce (farmers did not wanted to sell their grain for bank notes that were losing their value)
 * Sans culottes began stealing food from shops and stores


 * Rebellion:**
 * In the Vendee in western France, many people joined in an armed rebellion against the government
 * The war led to a conflict between two groups of politicians in the Convention: the Girondins (holds the most important posts in the government, and the Jacobins (supported by the sans culottes)
 * Jacobins blamed the Girondins for France's defeats on the battlefield and for inflation
 * 2 June, sans culottes expelled the leading Girondins by breaking into the Convention
 * Summer 1793, sixty out of eighty-three departments had joined the rebellion against the government


 * The Law of Suspects:**
 * The Convention set up as emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety (twelve members had the power to do anything to save France)
 * They used this power to run France very strictly
 * The Committee's rule was so harsh that is was known as the 'Reign of Terror'
 * Terror began with a 'Law of Suspects' in September 1793
 * Citizens in every town had to draw up lists of people they suspected of opposing the government
 * Over a quarter of a million suspects were arrested and prisoned
 * Many were sent to Paris for trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal (special court set up to deal with political offenses)
 * Half the sentences were death sentences


 * The guillotine:**
 * Death sentences were carried out by beheading prisoners with a machine called the guillotine
 * Guillotine was meant to be quicker and less painful than the methods used before the Revolution
 * Marie Antoinette was one of the first to die in October 1793 for treason


 * Terror in the provinces:**
 * Committee of Public Safety planned to crush the revolts in the countryside
 * Representatives of the Convention were sent to the provinces with instructions to do anything to restore order
 * In the Vendee (where the biggest revolt was taking place), Jean-Baptiste Carrier was the Representative on Mission
 * To speed up the executions, he had the executed people to be drowned in boat-loads
 * In Lyons, 2,000 rebels were executed (killed them with cannon fire)


 * Terror in the armies:**
 * August 1793, Convention ordered a 'Mass Levy' of the French people
 * Every citizen had to take an active part in the war effort
 * Unmarried men had to join the armies, married men had to make weapons for them
 * Women had to make tents and serve in hospitals
 * Children had to make bandages and gunpowder
 * The Mass Levy increased the French armies


 * Economic Terror:**
 * Committee tried to stop the rise in food prices with a Law of the Maximum
 * Prices of forty goods (corn, flour, firewood and oil) must stay fixed until further notice
 * Death penalty if breaking the Maximum


 * Terror and the Church:**
 * Terror led to the disappearance of the Christian religion
 * Christianity claimed as 'superstition', sans culottes closed down churches and sacked priests
 * A 'Cult of Reason', based on revolutionary ideas such as Liberty, took place of Christianity
 * Convention introduced a new calendar
 * Years were no longer counted from the birth of Christ but from September 1792 (when the Republic was founded)
 * Each year divided into twelve thirty-day months
 * Months divided into three ten-day weeks
 * No Sunday


 * The coup of Thermidor:**
 * Many deputies dislike the Committee because they thought it was too powerful
 * Some disliked because they feared the guillotine
 * Others disliked because there were no need for the Terror since the revolts are all over
 * Sans culottes were unhappy because of the Maximum law
 * 27 July 1794-9 Thermidor, Year Two in the new calendar, the Convention decided to get rid of the Committee's leading member, Robespierre, along with his supporters
 * Many of them were arrested and guillotined
 * The Committee then had less power and Maximum was abolished
 * This led to the end of the Terror


 * Results of the Terror:**
 * This saved France from collapse
 * Mid 1794, enemies were drove out and occupied the Austrian Netherlands
 * The Representatives on Mission had crushed all the revolts in the Provinces
 * Prices were still rising but avoided a famine
 * Rights and freedoms had been limited
 * The Committee had became a dictatorship

People in France wanted to get rid of the monarchy and set up a new kind of assembly. This was achieved after the storming of the Tuileries, Louis and his family were imprisoned and a new assembly called the Convention was set up. The king was later sentenced to death for treason and France was then declared as a Republic. Even after France became a Republic, they faced many problems. Louis' fellow monarchs were outraged and they joined forces with Austria and Prussia in their war against France. The war was only part of the difficulties that faced the government. The major problem was rising price of food. The government was printing huge amounts of paper money to use it for the war and this caused the bank notes to be less in value. Another problem was the rebellion against the government. There were two groups of politicians in the Convention, the Girondins and the Jacobins. Girondins were blamed for defeats on the battlefield and for the rising of the prices. When the leading Girondins were expelled by the sans culottes, revolts that supported the Girondins occurred. After facing all these problems, the Convention decided to be harsh and strict. They set up an emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety. The rules were so harsh that is was known as the 'Reign of Terror'. People who were suspected to be against the government were arrested and put in prison. The death sentences were carried out by using the machine called the guillotine. Also, the Representatives of the Convention were sent to provinces to restore order. And their main job was to execute people that were revolting in the provinces. The Convention also ordered a 'Mass Levy' that every citizen had to take a part in the war effort. The terror also led to the disappearance of the Christian religion. The result of the terror was successful for the Committee of Public Safety but this led to dictatorship.
 * Summary:**

1. How did the common people thought of sans culottes during that age? 2. How did people react about the newly made calendar?
 * Questions:**