InNo+The+World+Re-Made+Notes+Nicholas+Lim+12.04.10

= media type="custom" key="7756367" This voki explains how President Woodrow Wilson wanted fair peace. Using the fourteen points, he tried to make future wars impossible. = = = Great Suffering = = = = France = = = = Belgium =
 * Each nation suffered serious losses and those who won expected to gain a lot from the Central Powers.
 * Worst fighting took place there, ruining good farm land.
 * Farm animals killed by soldiers for food.
 * Two million people forced out of homes.
 * 3/4 million homes, 23,000 factories, 5,600 of railway lines and 48,000 kilometers of roads all destoryed.
 * 1,400,000 French soldiers killed, 2,500,000 others founded.
 * Occupied by Germany for four years
 * Stripped of machinery, crops and rationed food.
 * Church bells were melted to make guns.
 * Rebels were shot by Germans
 * Flanders and old city of Ypres were ruined, along with 50,000 soldiers killed.

= Britain =
 * Suffered less because no part of the country was occupied.
 * 750,000 British soldiers dead, 1,500,000 wounded with many crippled.
 * Deeply in debt, spent over 9 billion pounds on the war.
 * 1 billion pounds borrowed, mostly from Americans.

= Italy = = = = The United States = = = = Germany =
 * Joined the war in 1915 when promised Austrian land after fighting ended.
 * They did more than enough to earn the reward.
 * 600,000 soldiers dead and north-east Italy destroyed.
 * Suffered the least among all the countries.
 * Lost 116,000 men.
 * Little fighting took place on their land
 * 2 million soldiers killed
 * Country exhausted and revolution was in Germany.
 * British Navy had a blockade, millions of Germans faced starvation.

= The suffering of war = = = = Great Expectations = = The Paris Peace Conference =
 * Spanish influenza killed 25 million people
 * Central powers lost large amounts of men.
 * Biggest peace conference help in history with politicians from 32 countries sent in.
 * All had own ideas and expectations, but "Big Three" (PM of Britain David Lloyd George, George Clemenceau PM of France and President of United States Woodrow Wilson) dominated talks.
 * All had different ideas and expectations too.
 * Clemenceau had straight forward and harsh aims.
 * Pay 200,000,000,000 gold francs
 * Be made so weak they could never attack again
 * Stripping industry, land and armed forces away.
 * Woodrow Wilson wanted future wars to be impossible with fair peace.
 * He stated his ideas in a speech called the fourteen points.
 * Disagreed with Clemenceau that Germany should pay for the damage because they were not the only country who started the war.
 * David Lloyd George
 * Agreed with Wilson's many points
 * British wanted Lloyd to be tough, putting pressure on him.
 * Difficult for him to follow his own beliefs.

= Making the peace =
 * Woodrow Wilson easily got his way because he had detailed points.
 * Turned to problem of national self-determination.
 * Soon, Peace Conference became a free for all where victors competed to carve up land from the defeated.
 * Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey and Russia was not allowed to take part.
 * Politicians wondered if they were doing the right things..

= Germany Re-Made The Treaty of Versailles =
 * The Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany, was 200 pages long with more than 400 separate sections(clauses).
 * Summary of the Treaty
 * League of Nations was set up, described how it worked and this was called Covenant of the League of Nations.
 * Germany had to give land to neighboring countries, Danzig, Saar and Memel were governed by League of Nations, Saar was given to France.
 * All of Germany's overseas colonies were taken away and put under the League of Nations.
 * All land Germany took from Russia was taken back, some used to create new nations. (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland)
 * Germany's army weakened greatly, only 100,000 soldiers and no more than six battleships allowed.
 * Western part of Germany made into demilitarized zone (DMZ) where no German soldiers or weapons were allowed. Allies kept an army occupation on the west bank there for 15 years.
 * Germany and Austria were not allowed to unite together into a German-speaking state.
 * Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war, stated in Clause 231, known as the war guilt clause.
 * Germany had to pay reparations, money to repair war damage, paid to allies, mainly to France, exact amount decided by a special committee.
 * Germans were not consulted of this, when forced to sign, there was an uproar.
 * Government resigned, Captains of German fleets sank their ships, complained that this treaty was "Diktat" a dictated peace.
 * Threatened by invasion from Allies if they did not sign.
 * Assembled in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles where they were forced to sign.

= Europe Re-Shaped: The Other Paris Peace Treaties = = Austria-Hungary =
 * Had to deal with other defeated central powers.
 * Two treaties signed at Saint Germain and Trianon
 * Made Austria and Hungary separate, both had to pay reparations, reduce army and give up land.
 * The treaty-makers had a difficult task because people of Austria-Hungary rebelled and were split into three states, Czechoslovakia, Serbia and Hungary.
 * Could only further suggest minor changes.

= Bulgaria =
 * Dealt similarly as the others, Treaty of Neuilly made then reduce arm forces, give land away and pay reparations.

= Russia = = = = Poland =
 * Not part of defeated powers, did not attend the Peace Conference.
 * Treaties did not really change the country, land that was taken by Germany was mostly given back.
 * Provinces on the Baltic Sea, Finaland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all formed separate states.
 * Part of Southern Russia was given to Romania, and Russia's Polish provinces were not returned.
 * Before 1919, no such country, gained independence by taking land from Germany, Austria, Hungary and Russia.
 * Gained free access to the pots on the Baltic Sea.

= The Turkish Empire =
 * The Treaty of Sevres took almost all of Turkey's land.
 * Turkish Straits controlled by League of Nations.
 * Arab lands in the Middle East made into mandates, land that was controlled by the French and British until they were ready to rule themselves.
 * Arabia was the only Empire to be given immediate independence.
 * Allies occupied whatever was left known as Asia Minor.

= The League of Nations =
 * Peace Conference set up the League of Nations, all five Paris Peace Treaties contained the organization of the League of Nations.

= The Organization of the League of Nations = = Problems for the League of Nations =
 * The Covenant of the League of Nations described how peace was to be kept.
 * If any member in the League quarreled, they would talk it out rather than go to war.
 * Talks take place in the League's Assembly in Geneva, a world parliament that met once a year.
 * If this does not work and member was attacked, other members would help, known as collective security.
 * Help is arranged by council (smaller quicker government body), they would cut off all links from the attacker, especially trade and financial links.
 * Work in the League done through commissions.
 * Disarmament Commission persuaded countries to reduce army and weapons
 * Mandate Commission kept an eye on German and Turkish colonies that were put under temporary rules.
 * They also aimed to improve the entire world.
 * Setup Health Organization to improve world health (wipe out leprosy)
 * International Labor Organization improved people's working conditions.
 * Permanent Court of Justice was a world law court in Holland to solve international disputes.
 * Paperwork, communications and publicity handled by Secretariat in Geneva, first chairman of this body of civil servants was Sir Eic Drummond.
 * Weak at the start, America refused to join even though it was the President who came up with the idea.
 * Russia and Germany did not join because they were not allowed.
 * The League did not have a military, it could only talk, cut off trade but could not stop fighting.
 * Many people were still very enthusiastic about the League of Nations even with so many problems.

= Summary: = Germany and its allies were defeated and forced to sign a series of treaties. Ideas on how to deal with them were mainly by the Big Three, leaders of Britain, America and France. America got their way in the fourteen points and a League of Nations was setup. They started off with problems but had a good structure which led to many people being excited about it.