InNo+seank2013+09.13.10

=Revolution in France= toc Chapter 4: Napoleon and Europe pages 67-79 (65-77 on scanned)

A video on Napoleon and the third coalition: [] //(can't seem to get the embedded code, sorry)//

I. Napoleon conquers Europe

 * 1) Napoleon defeated the Coalition armies in a series of battles in central Europe
 * 2) With those three major enemies beaten, there was nothing to stop Napoleon to enlarge his empire.
 * 3) In 1807, he made the Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces.
 * 4) In 1809, he took the Illyrian Provinces and the Papal states.
 * 5) In 1810, he continued to enlarge France by adding Holland and north-est Germany to his empire.
 * 6) As well as enlarging his empire, he made changes to the countries that shared borders.
 * 7) In 1808, he forced many German states to join together, so the 300 German states became 30.
 * 8) In 1806, he brought the leading German rulers together in a union called the **Confederation of the Rhine**, with himself as their leader
 * 9) This union helped Napoleon form a barrier between France and its enemies. (Austria and Prussia)
 * 10) The states in also provided him with money and soldiers for his army.

II. The rule of the Bonapartes

 * 1) France was now too big for only Napoleon to rule it.
 * 2) He thus gave power to his family, letting them each take care of one territory.
 * 3) His brothers were made Kings of Holland, Westphalia and Spain
 * 4) His stepson became the Viceroy of Italy and his brother in law the King of Naples
 * 5) His sisters were given smaller Italian states to rule
 * 6) The Bonaparte family made changes to the states they ruled
 * 7) They reformed laws, got rid of feudal rights, and took away land from the Church
 * 8) They also modernized the way their states were governed

IV. The costs of French rule

 * 1) Every state under Bonapartes rule had to provide troops for Napoleon's armies
 * 2) In all, during this time of war, many young men were killed.
 * 3) The families they left behind also paid a heavy price.
 * 4) Fighting wars is very expensive, and Napoleon paid for his wars by taxing people.
 * 5) The German States alone contributed 560 million francs.
 * 6) The French armies usually did not carry food with them on campaigns.
 * 7) They took the food they needed from the villages and farms they passed. Peasant families living on route of a marching army would have to put up with soldiers:
 * 8) digging up their crops
 * 9) killing their animals
 * 10) eating and sleeping in their homes.

V. Resistance and rebellion

 * 1) Many Europeans hated the rule of the French.
 * 2) Hatred was strongest in Spain, ruled by Joseph Bonaparte.
 * 3) In 1808, Spaniards rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them.
 * 4) The French went great lengths to crush the Spanish rebels.

Captain Basil Hall, //Fragments of Voyages and Travels,// 1832
 * "The French... troops returned to Santiago... burning every village on their way back, and laying waste the country in every possible manner. There were no fewer than five priests of different parishes, and several hundred of peasants, both male and female, put to death... Most, if not all, of the bodies... were either stabbed or deeply cut across the fingers or wrists; indicating apparently, that... they had been sabred or bayoneted by the invaders. Their wretched hands, being naturally held up to defend their heads, were the first to receive the blows aimed at more vital places."**

VI. The opposition to Napoleon

 * 1) Defeating Britain soon became one of Napoleon's highest priorities because they were the most powerful and dangerous that evaded French attack.
 * 2) In 1803 - 1805, he gathered a massive '**Army of England**' in camps along the Channel coast, ready to invade Britain.
 * 3) 2 443 boats were built to ferry 193 000 men and 9 149 horses.
 * 4) They needed to get there in four days but they could only manage six
 * 5) Napoleon's admirals tried to lure the British away by tricking their ships into chasing them into distant waters.
 * 6) These tricks succeeded but Napoleon postponed the invasion.
 * 7) News reached him that Austrian forces were marching towards France.
 * 8) The result was the **Battle of Ulm** on October 20th 1805
 * 9) However after a great victory at that battle, the idea British invasion was put down.
 * 10) In the **Battle of Trafalgar** on October 21st, the British Navy sunk 24 of 33 ships of the French navy.
 * 11) Their chance of invasion was thus made impossible

VII. The Continental System

 * 1) With invasion out of the question, Napoleon issued an order in 1806 called the **Berlin** **Decree**, forbidding the states under his control to trade with Britain
 * 2) This blockade of British goods, known as the Continental system, led to the immediate fall in the quantity of goods imported into and exported out of Britain.
 * 3) Portugal was the one and only country that refused this order.
 * 4) However instead of having this ended nicely, the Spanish as well as the Portuguese rebelled against the French in 1808 and began a war of independence against them.
 * 5) Britain quickly joined this fighting and sent forces to Spanish peninsula to help the rebels fight the French.
 * 6) For the next 5 years, they fought the French in the 'Peninsular War'.
 * 7) For Napoleon however, this became the 'Spanish Ulcer' because it needed a quarter of a million soldiers and thus increased the money paid for military.
 * 8) In 1810 the Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system because it was damaging Russia's trade.
 * 9) Napoleon didn't approve of this and invaded Russia.

VIII. The Russian Campaign

 * 1) Napoleon gathered a **Grand Army** of 655 000 men and invaded Russia in the summer of 1812
 * 2) The Russian armies retreated before this massive onslaught
 * 3) After defeating them in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered the capital, Moscow, in September 1812
 * 4) It looked like another triumph for Napoleon but it was not.
 * 5) By the time they got back to Europe, only 50 thousand were still alive.

Armand de Caulaincourt, //Souvenirs//, [Recollections], 1837
 * "The emperor was always anxious to obtain everything at the last possible expense and the result was that... everything had been loaded on wagons in the hope of being able to commandeer [take possession of] horses from the countryside. This had always been done in previous campaigns but in Russia there was no means of doing so. Horses, cattle, inhabitants had all fled and we found ourselves in a desert."**


 * 1) The usual invasion was followed by marauding the cities, however in Russia, if the Russians couldn't bring their stuff with them, they would burn them.
 * 2) There was nothing for Napoleon and his armies to live off of.
 * 3) no horses
 * 4) no food
 * 5) no medicine
 * 6) It became even worse when winter hit them.
 * 7) 370 000 French soldiers died in battle, of illness or of the cold.
 * 8) 200 000 were taken prisoner; half of them died in captivity
 * 9) 200 000 horses died

IX. The fall of Napoleon

 * 1) Napoleon's defeat in Russia also led to further disasters because the Tsar of Russia formed a new coalition against him.
 * 2) Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britain joined together as allies in 1813 and drove the French out of central Europe.
 * 3) When they saw that the French were on the run, Austrians and the German states joined the coalition.
 * 4) Napoleon was forced to surrender in April 1814.
 * 5) The allies set up a new government and crowned Louis XVI's brother as the king.
 * 6) He was Louis XVIII.

X. Elba

 * 1) The allies allowed Napoleon to keep his title of emperor but sent him into exile on the island of Elba.
 * 2) For nearly a year, Napoleon ran the island as a little country, creating a tiny army and navy.
 * 3) When he heard that Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular, he decided to return to France. In 1815 March, he secretly sailed from Elba and landed in southern France.
 * 4) Louis fled while crowds cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again.

XI. The 'Hundred Days'

 * 1) Napoleon's second empire lasted only 95 days. The leader of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together six armies of almost a million men and set out to crush him.
 * 2) Rather than wait for the attack, he and 122 000 men went to meet them in Belgium.
 * 3) He beat one of the Prussian armies on June 16th and then attacked the British army at Waterloo.
 * 4) This battle however, gave victory to the allies, sending Napoleon back to Paris.
 * 5) Napoleon would've continued the war, but the assembly wanted peace.
 * 6) Without the support of the leading politicians, Napoleon gave up his thrown.
 * 7) To weeks later, he gave himself up to a British warship off the French coast, in time to escape the Prussians who wanted to execute him.
 * 8) Napoleon hoped to find himself living in Britain after this, but was taken to St Helena.
 * 9) He was never taken to trial but he spent the rest of his life in captivity in 1921

Summary
Napoleon, being land greedy, had tried to conquer every place near France. But his victories ended when he went on the Russian Campaign. With no food to maraud, his armies were starved and then struck with a cold winter. His victory in battle, however, led to the downfall of his rule. The Russian's formed the third coalition with Sweden, Prussia, Britain and attacked France. This forced him to surrender and the allies sent him to Elba. However after a year of ruling this small island, he became restless and went back to France. The people of France warmly welcomed Napoleon, leaving Louis running for his life. However, after the rebirth of Napoleon's empire, the allies became angry. They sent nearly a million people to force him to surrender. Having too many wars, the assembly disproved of Napoleon continuing war in their country. Napoleon therefore had to give up his thrown and surrender to Britain. He was then sent to St. Helena where he lived his rest of his life in captivity.

Question(s)
Why did France welcome Napoleon back even though he sent thousands of its people to misery with the wars?