InNo+mengxinw2013+10.27.10


 * AWESOME PART **

Lenin's Mausoleum This is the Mausoleum of Lenin in Red Square, Moscow. This is a sign that he is regarded as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century.


 * NOTES OF PART 3 **


 * First decrees of Sovnarkom**
 * - Sovnarkom, Lenin as chairman, began issuing decress on day it was created
 * - Took 540 million acres of land away from Tsar, nobles, church and other landlords; given to peasants to divide among themselves
 * - Sovnarkom intended to make peace with Russia’s enemies at once
 * - Established 8 hr day and 48 hour week for all industrial workers; laid down rules about overtime + holidays
 * - Promised to give insurance to all workers against injury, illness, unemployment
 * - Banned all non-Bolshevik newspapers
 * - Banned Russia’s main liberal party, Constitutional Democratic Party, ordered arrest of its leaders
 * - Set up political police force, CHEK, job was to deal with opponents and enemies of Bolsheviks
 * - All factories under control of elected committees of workers
 * - Put all banks under Sovnarkom’s control
 * - Non-religious weddings allowed, easier to get a divorce


 * Constituent Assembly**
 * - elections held for Russia’s new parliament, Constituent Assembly
 * - first free elections in Russian history
 * - Socialist Revolutionaries gained more seats in Assembly than all other parties put together
 * - Less than 24 hours after the first time met, Sovnarkom ordered it to stop meeting
 * - Bolshevik Red Guards killed + wounded more than 100 people that demonstrated support of Assembly
 * - RG prevented elected Deputies from entering Assembly; closed down permanently


 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**
 * - Lenin believed quick end to war with German + Austria needed if Bolsheviks to stay in power
 * - Would lose support of army
 * - Peace conference between Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary began at Brest-Litovsk
 * - LEON TROTSKY = Russia’s minister for Foreign Affairs
 * - At peace conference, dragged out talks for as long as he could, hoping for a socialist revolution to begin in Germany
 * - Socialist government in Germany as well as Russia, countries could make fair and democratic peace with each other
 * - Span out talks for 9 weeks, but no revolution began
 * - Germany army advanced into Russia, got so close to Petrograd, Lenin decided to make peace at any price
 * - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk one of the harshest treaties ever made
 * - Russia had to give up all western lands, richest areas of the country, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia
 * - Lost 62 million people, 26% population
 * - 27% farm land
 * - 26% railways
 * - 74% iron ore and coal
 * - pay a fine of 300 million gold roubles
 * - Russia at peace, Lenin said peace would give Bolsheviks “breathing space,” to help them get grip on country, but civil war started


 * Civil War**
 * - soon after Lenin and Bolsehvkis made peace with Germany, enemies of Bolsheviks inside Russia got ready to fight them
 * - fighting began when anti-Bolshevik soldiers took control of Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia’s vital link between east and west


 * Czech Legion**
 * - 45,000 Czech prisoners of war being taken across Russia on trains to Vladivostok
 * - would be put on ships and sent back to their country
 * - one train load of Czechs got into quarrel with Soviets of a town on railway
 * - quarrel became fight, Czechs took control of town
 * - More train-loads of Czech prisoners of war joined in fight when Bolshevik troops arrived to restore order
 * - Within 2 weeks, taken over all important towns in area
 * - End of 1918l nearly all Trans-Siberian Railway and towns along its route in Czech control
 * - Enemies of Bolsheviks joined Czech Legion
 * - Set up own government, claimed they ruled Russia
 * - KOMUCH, most important, Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
 * - Quickly organized enemies of Bolsheviks into People’s Army, advanced to Moscow
 * - On the way, captured 650 million gold roubles; from government’s gold reserve at Kazan
 * - Bolshevik government, now had moved to Moscow, took measures to protect itself
 * - Introduced conscription – men aged 18 – 40 had to serve in Red Army
 * - Trotsky given job to organize it
 * - First problem was to find officers to lead Red Army; most of troops raw recruits
 * - Solution was to appoint former officers of Tsar’s army, if refused, sent to prison camps
 * - Any officer tried deserting to enemy found his family taken hostage and kept in prison
 * - Trostky managed to find 22,000 officers to command 330,000 men


 * Red and Whites**
 * - Against Red Army, Reds, was great variety of enemies known as WHITES, because white = traditional color of Tsar
 * - Not all Whites – supporters of Tsar; many were SRs, democrats, landlords, nobles
 * - White Armies included anyone opposed the Bolsheviks
 * - 4 White Armies attacking heartland of Russia, held by Bolsheviks
 * - helped by foreign armies which had been sent by Allies, countries on whose side Russia had fount in WWI
 * - Allies angry at Russia’s withdrawal from war, wanted to crush Bolshevik government
 * - Red Army had to face foreign “armies of intervention” from Britain, France, American, Japan, and White Armies
 * - Fighting between Reds and Whites in Russian Civil War very savage
 * - Many thousands of people killed, including civilians
 * - Among many casualties were ex-Tsar and family, prisoners of Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg, town in ural mountains
 * - Town would be captured by Czech Legion, Bolsheviks reared ex-Tsar would be saved and become leader of White Armies
 * - Local Bolsheviks shot Nicholas dead, along with Alexandra, Alexis, their 4 daughters, and servants
 * - Bolsheviks nearly lost their leader; Socialist Revolutionary shot Lenin 3 times at point blank range while he was into car in Moscow
 * - Bullets entered neck, survived, recovered within weeks
 * - Ruthless methods needed to deal with White enemies
 * - Sovnarkom ordered Cheka, secret political police, to begin “Red Terror”


 * Red Terror**
 * - in head-quarters of Cheka, agents tortured prisoners to extract confessions before executing them
 * - Cheka units in countryside hanged, beat, shot, burned anyone who helped Whites
 * - Name of Cheka aroused fear among loyal Bolsheviks
 * - Trotsky carried out own form of terror in Red Army; basically, if the soldier did anything wrong, he could be shot
 * - When RA battalion tried running away from battle shortly after order was made, Trotsky had 1/10 of soldiers shot
 * - Trotsky = not just tyrant, also very good military leader
 * - Spent much of Civil War travelling from one area to another
 * - Trosky directed movements of Red Army, delivered supplies, gave encouragement, dealt with troublemakers
 * - Made sure Red Army was effective and united fighting force
 * - Red Army began to win Civil War
 * - Foreign armies of intervention withdrawn from Russia, leaving White Armies to fight alone
 * - White Armies never came together as united force, Trotsky able to fight them one at a time
 * - Only isolated groups of Whites still fighting, Bolshevik safe for time being


 * War Communism**
 * - during Civil War, Bolsheviks took strict measures to organize industry and food supplies in areas under control
 * - two aims – keep Red Army supplied with food and weapons, introduce a system of communism, equal sharing of wealth
 * - War Communism failed to share Russia’s wealth equally
 * - Peasants decided there was no point in growing more food than needed for themselves; why bother when War Communism took away surplus crops
 * - Peasants started to sow less grain and breed fewer animals
 * - Retul was food shortage in 1920, terrible famine in 1921
 * - Starvation, cold weather, disease killed total of 7 million Russians


 * New Economic Policy**
 * - there was a revolt of 10,000 sailors at KRONSTADT, naval base near Petrograd
 * - loyal to Bolsheviks ever since Revolution
 * - sailors said War Communism not what Bolsheviks had promised in 1917, ready to attack Petrograd
 * - Trotsky surrounded Kronstadt with 60,000 troops, bombed naval base then attacked sailors’ headquarters
 * - Many sailors killed in hand-to-hand fighting
 * - Rest captured and shot
 * - Lenin realized that change of policy was needed if there were to be no more risings like it
 * - Abandoned War Communism, introduced NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
 * - Bolsheviks shocked by NEP, said it was step backwards towards old capitalist system
 * - Lenin said by taking one step backwards would later be able to take 2 steps forward towards communism
 * - Food production went back up to level it had been before WWI; industrial output increased dramatically
 * - Russia gained new constitution along with a new name
 * - 1923 Constitution said Russia was UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
 * - country now union of 4 republics, Russia, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Caucasus
 * - each republic had own government with control over matter such as public health, welfare, education
 * - national government in Moscow retained control over national concerns
 * - Lenin suffered a series of strokes, died in 1924, age of 53
 * - Not buried or cremated after funeral; body embalmed and put on display in a tomb in Red Square in Moscow
 * - Lenin regarded in USSR as one of greatest leaders of 20th century

Sovnarkom, government with Lenin as chairman, began issuing decrees. Lenin wanted a quick end to war against Germany and Austria; therefore, there was the Treat of Brest-Litovsk, where Russia had to pay a huge price for. A civil war broke out in Russia, Lenin started Red Terror, which eventually ended the war. War Communism wasn’t working in Russia, so Lenin replaced it with New Economic Policy, and soon changed Russia’s name to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 * Summary **


 * Questions **
 * 1) What was the name of the treaty that stopped war between Russia and Germany?
 * 2) Who were the whites?
 * 3) Who were the Cheka?
 * 4) What is Kronstadt?
 * 5) What was Russia’s new name?