InNo+Jeffooo+11.29.10

A table, which describes the way of thinking of the big 3, while deciding on a treaty in the PAris PEace conference A picture of the Big 3 (from left to right) French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929), American President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George (1863-1945).
 * Georges Clemenceau (Prime minister of France) || Woodrow Wilson (President of the United States) || David Lloyd George ( Prime minister of Britain) ||
 * Believed in a harsh treaty for the Germans, wanting them to pay 200000000000 gold to France, to repair the damages they caused from the war. And to weaken Germany so much, that they would not be able to attack France again || Wanted a Fair treaty, that would ensure the future to be peaceful. Had 14 points that include the countries to trust each other, and work less towards their militaries. || Also believed in Woodrow Wilson's saying of future peace with a fair treaty. However was pressured by his country, which also felt that the Germans should pay for what they had damaged in the war. ||

Great Suffering
 * All the countries suffered greatly
 * winners, expected to gain more power
 * peace treaties made in Paris

France
 * Large part of their land were shelled and turned to mud
 * Loss of farms, and animals
 * 23000 factories without workers
 * 56000 kilometers of railway line and 48000 kilometers of roads were wrecked
 * 1400000 soldiers killed
 * 2500000 soldiers killed

Belgium
 * Used by germany - factories and food
 * Germans melted church bells to make guns
 * Shot rebels
 * 50000 Belgian soldiers dead

Britain
 * 750000 soldiers dead
 * 1500000 wounded, many crippled
 * in debt of 9 billion pounds, need to pay the americans back

Italy
 * Joined the Austrian side in 1915, promised land and money
 * 600000 soldiers dead
 * north-east Italy devastated

Russia
 * Mass hunger
 * 1700000 soldiers dead
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The United States
 * 116000 soldiers dead

Germany
 * 2 million soldiers killed
 * Starvation

The suffering of war
 * Austria-Hungary lost 1200000 men
 * Turkish Empire lost 325000 men
 * Bulgaria lost 100000 men
 * spanish influenza killed more than 25 million people all over the world (a flu)
 * people were determined that such a war must never happen again

Great Expectations

The paris Peace Conference
 * largest peace treaty aimed to keep a treaty that will last
 * held the peace conference in 1919, the biggest peace conference ever held in worlds history
 * hundreds of politicians in 32 nations gathered in paris, each full of ideas and expectations
 * **Clemenceu's** aims - Germany to pay for france's damage done by the war (200000000000 gold), made so weak that they can never attack France again. Taking away as much of their land, industry and armed forces.
 * **Woodrow Wilson** - make future wars impossible by creating a fair peace. he had 14 different ways
 * 1. No more secret agents between countries. There would be less suspicion and misunderstandings in the world if the world dealt openly with each other
 * 2. Countries reduce armed forces and weapons
 * 3. **National self-determination -** People living under rule of foreign empires must be allowed to form their own nations and choose their own governments.
 * 4. Peace treaties should create a **Leagye of nation**
 * disagreed with the Clemenceau's plan for Germany paying for all the war damages in France
 * **David Lloyd George -** agreed with many of Wilson's 14 points because he could tell that if the treaty was too harsh, they would become angry and resentful causing trouble in the future.
 * Britain people wanted to pay back on the Germans for what they did, so pressured Lloyd on a harsh treaty

Making Peace
 * First two months were setting up the League of nations
 * The national self-determination started

Germany re-made the treaty of versailles The Germans were told about this treaty only weeks before it had to be signed. It caused an uproar in Germany, the governments resigned, Captains of the German fleet which was being kept by the British in Scapa Flow sank their ships in protest Germans complained that the treaty was a **Diktat** - a dictated peace The Allies threatened to invade if they would not sign it. Therefore the Germans were forced to sign the treaty.
 * 28 June 1919 politicians left Paris and went to Versailles
 * They signed the first of the treaties they pent so long discussing
 * Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany was a very long document, over 200 pages long and contained more than 400 separate sections or clauses
 * 1) League of nations set up - The first 26 clauses described how it was to work and were called the Covenant of the League of Nations
 * 2) Large parts of Germany were given to the countries surrounding Germany, and the people who lived there had to decided at Danzig, Saar and Memel if they wanted to be German
 * 3) All Germany's overseas colonies were taken over and put under the rule of the League of Nations
 * 4) The land Germany took from Russia in 1918 was given back to Russia
 * 5) Germany's army were reduced to 100000 men, a navy with no more than 6 battleships and no air forces or submarines
 * 6) The west side of Germany became a DMZ
 * 7) Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
 * 8) **War guilt clause -** Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war
 * 9) Germany had to pay **reparations -** the cost to repair the damages

Europe Re-Shaped: The other Paris peace treaties
 * Because Austria-Hungary had its own problems within the country, and the people within the country had already declared independence. It was decided that minor changes in the remaining countries of the Entente would be done.

Austria-Hungary
 * Two treaties signed at **Saint Germain and Trianon**, the two royal palaces near Paris
 * The treaties made Austria and Hungary into two separate independent states
 * They both had to pay reparations for war damage, and reduce their armaments and give up land to their neighbors

Bulgaria
 * **Treaty of Neuilly -** gave away their land to their neighbors and made reparations as well as reduce their armed forces

Russia
 * Lost provinces - Baltic sea - Finland, Estonia Latvia, and Lithuania all became independent states
 * Peacemakers gave part of Russia to Romania

Poland
 * Poland had been conquered 100 years earlier, and regained their independence from the treaties also gaining the ports from the Baltic Sea

The Turkish Empire
 * **Treaty of Sevres -** very harsh treaty which took away almost all of Turkey;s land in Europe putting Turkish Straits under League of nations control
 * Arab lands in the Middle East were made into mandates

The League if Nations
 * All five Paris Peace Treaties were made with the mind of keeping peace in the future

The organization of the League of Nations
 * **The Covenant of the LEague of Nations -** the first part of all treaties described how peace would be kept
 * 1) If any members of the League quarreled, they would talk about their differences instead of going to war
 * 2) talks take place in the **League's Assembly in Geneva**
 * 3) If this did not work, and a member was attacked, all other members would go to its help - **collective security**
 * 4) help would be arranged by the **council** of the League, a smaller body which could meet quickly in a crisis, they would help the victim by cutting off links with the attacker, especially trade and financial links
 * 5) Much of the work of the League was done by **commissions**. The **Disarmament commission** worked to persuade member countries to reduce the size of their armed forces and to cut down their stocks of weapons. The **Mandates Commission** kept an eye on the German and Turkish colonies, which were put under the temporary rule of Britain and France by the Peace treaties.
 * 6) Special committees were set up to look into the big problems of the world and suggest cures.
 * 7) **Health organization -** for improving the world's health by trying to wipe out leprosy
 * 8) **Internal Labour Organization -** aimed to improve the conditions in which people worked
 * 9) **Permanent Court of Justice -** law court based in Holland to try legal disputes between countries
 * 10) All this work was done by the **Secretariat** in Geneva. The first chairman of this body of civil searvants was an englishman, Sir Eric Drummon

Problems for the League of Nations
 * The League of Nations at first, was very weak and the Americans refused to join
 * Communist Russia and Germany did not want to join either because they were not allowed to do so
 * The League did not have an army to back up its decisions

Summary The Paris Peace Conference was held in 1919, dominated by the big three of France, Britain and USA. Five treaties were signed in the places close to Paris, the treaty of Versailles, Saint-Germain and Trianon, Neuilly and Sevres. The League of nations was then created to keep peace in the world in the future.

questions: 1. What countries were the big three from during the Paris Peace Conference? 2. What did the League of Nations lack in order to prevent wars breaking out? 3. Briefly explain the Clemenceu's aims 4. What are the similarities in Woodrow Wilson and David Lloyd George's plans? what did they both believe in? why was it different? 5. What does the DMZ stand for?

Works Cited "GHDI - Image." //German History in Documents and Images//. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. .