InNo+andylin1212+9.8.10

= = This is a painting of Napoleon and his army in Egypt. We can also see that Napoleon rides a camel instead of horse in Egypt. He rides a mule across the Alps, so actually the time that he is on a horse is limited. The heroic picture of him on the horse might not be realistic. This is a process chart summarizing this whole chapter. It did not go into the details but i think it covered all the main points.

= The Rise of Napoleon = **1795-99, French governed by 5 men Directors** 1799, young general forced them out of office he took power, name was Napoleon Bonaparte
 * 2 councils backed them up
 * failed
 * people starved, price went up

** Napoleon the Soldier **
**Napoleon's background** **Napoleon's Italian Compaign** **1795, Directors attacking Coalition** 1797, all northern Italy under France control Napoleon = most famous general in France **Napoleon in Egypt** He became commander of Army in the East orders were to attack Britain's trades and colonies in Far east invaded Egypt, half way on trade route to India **July 1789, easily defeated Egypt in Battle of the Pyramids** Napoleon stuck in Middle East for whole year other French armies were faring badly France's enemies formed a second Coalition and had driven them out of Italy and Central Europe **Napoleon learned about this in summer of 1799** without order, rushed back to France to save country **Napoleon seizes power** one of Directors want to take total control with new govt. **he needs military to back him up** Napoleon agreed, with another Director and Napoleon's brother Lucien, President of one council **9 Nov. 1799** **Next day, Napoleon went to talk to Council about changing the government** **soldier waiting outside thought Napoleon was in danger**
 * born on island of Corsica in 1769
 * 2 of 8 children
 * born French, dad and mom Italian
 * 9-16 in military school, left a lieutenant in the French Army
 * 4 yrs later, revolution began
 * army grew in size, Napoleon gained rapid promotion
 * a general at 24
 * 1794 arrested since he was Robespierre's brother's friend
 * Note: Robespierre was overthrown
 * no evidence, so back in Army
 * france took over Holland and Belgium easily
 * they want northern Italy
 * Napoleon promoted to commander of the Army of Italy
 * next 18 months, Napoleon led his army to many victories
 * one week after battle, ship were sunk by british royal navy
 * couldn't go back or forward
 * also rebels have over-run large parts of France
 * country nearly bankrupt
 * Directors facing strong opposition in Council
 * asked Napoleon to provide it
 * made up story about rebel taking over Paris
 * Council made Napoleon commander of all troops in Paris
 * Council left paris for safer meeting place
 * soldiers force other Directors to resign
 * council know about the lie
 * b4 Napoleon reached them, council shouted at them
 * some tried to kill Napoleon
 * the deputies of council would not admit
 * entered hall to save him
 * deputies fled
 * one who left voted that Napoleon and 2 of the other plotters will have control of France until new govt. former

Napoleon the Ruler
**The Consulate** **one month, new govt formed** **9 million people in France could vote they liked new govt. or not** **Victory in War** **Napoleon most urgent task is to defend France from second Coaliiton** took too long to cross it when they got there, Austrians were ready **attacked near the village of Marengo** Austrians left northern Italy second victory at Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany, Second Coalition end **peace treaty, since at Luneville in 1801** **The making of a legend** **victory in war made Napoleon more famous than ever** The painting of him riding on a horse crossing the Alps was not a realistic picture he said himself, he rode on a mule **The Concordat and the Catholic Church** France at peace, Napoleon could deal with urgent problems One was Catholic problem, during the Terror, churches were shut down and France was de-christianed millions of catholic hated this and became rebels **Napoleon had to deal with this to save his govt.** Priests came out, stopped hiding, church re-opened victory for Napoleon again, he gained support of millions who hated the revolution **Reforms** 1802, Napoleon made peace with Europe and ended religion conflict **a grateful senate increased his powers, made him "Consul-for-life"** Napoleon had power for life, so started to make reforms **1802, began reform in country schools** **reform French law into seven books called the codes** **Napoleon becomes Emperor** **1804, he made himself Emperor** **brought back things that was abolished during revolution** **Unlike nobles b4 1789, noble had no priviledge** By 1804, REVOLUTION OVER **Summary** 1. French was governed by 5 men called the Directors. They were backed up by 2 councils. Napoleon overthrew them and took power. During the war with Coalition, Napoleon had many victories and became the most famous general in France. He attacked the Coalition and went to Egypt, meanwhile, British Royal Army destroyed their ship so Napoleon's army couldn't go back or forward. At that time, France govt. is in deep danger, after one year in Egypt, Napoleon decided to go back. 2. Napoleon, 2 Directors and Napoleon's bro teamed up, forced other Directors to resign, and Council that did not run away voted them to be in power b4 new govt. forms. Napoleon formed a new govt and he is the Boss, many people liked it in France. During the first few years, he also beat the second Coalition in war. During that time, he became a legend figure. He also solved the religion problem in France. 1802, he made peace with europe and ended religious conflict. He got voted to be Consul of life and did a lot of reforms. 3. Later on, he claimed himself an Emperor, voters showed support. He brought back some of the rituals of Old France though. By 1804, revolution was over. **Question** Why were the two Directors and Napoleon's brother willing to let Napoleon take the post of 1st Consul? What happened to all the people that was left in Egypt? Did they come back with Napoleon?
 * governed by 3 Consuls
 * First consul make decisions, other 2 advise him
 * Napoleon was 1st Consul
 * 4 new councils, most powerful the Council of State
 * they helped to write new laws and discuss Napoleon's decision
 * A senate, Tribunal and Legislative Body shared the making of law and the appointment of officials
 * In the provinces, officials called Prefects put law in effect
 * 3 million voted yes
 * 1,500 people against
 * 6 million did not bother to vote
 * planned to attack Austrians in norther Italy
 * surprise them from back
 * brought army through Switzerland and across the Alps
 * Napoleon's men outnumbered and exhausted after long march
 * on point of defeat when reserve troops unexpectedly appear
 * Battle of Marengo victory for France
 * France have control of Belgium, German lands on river Rhine and northern Italy
 * became a legend figure
 * dropped 10-day week
 * allowed people to take sunday off
 * 1801, signed agreement with Pope called the concordat
 * Napoleon let people worship catholic freely again
 * in return, Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all bishops in France
 * priests had to take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * 3 and half million voters agreed
 * 8,000 disagreed
 * main change new secondary school, the lycee
 * under strict military discipline, these students study a curriculum drawn up by the govt.
 * on leaving, they took an examination called the Baccalaureate for entrance of university
 * 1804, started with the Code of Civil Laws called the code Napoleon
 * codes of criminal and commercial law were added later (next 5 yrs)
 * codes simplify complex laws
 * made into law somethings that revolutionaries demanded, e.g. individual rights, freedom of belief and equality b4 law
 * voters showed tremendous support
 * France became empire after 12 years of Republic
 * insisted on being crowned in a coronation ceremony like all the old French king
 * brought back noble titles for family
 * 1808, created imperial nobility consists of princes, dukes, counts, barons and knights
 * had to give his son 20,000 frances when a noble die to keep the title