InNo+RyanC2013+09.15.2010

To be awesomified

Introduction

· The peace treaty of the Second Coalition in 1802 did not last. · A new Coalition was formed by Britain, Austria, and Russia in 1805. · Napoleon’s army conquered half of Europe in the process and made changes to the way the land was run and organized.

Napoleon Conquers Europe · Napoleon defeated many the Coalitions in many battles. o In 1805 he defeated Austria in the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. o He defeated Prussia in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt when Prussia joined the Coalition in 1806. o He then defeated Russia in 1807 in the battles of Eylau and Friedland · With his enemies out of the way he started to enlarge hi empire. o In 1807 he made the Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French Provinces. o In 1809 he took the states of Papal and the Illyrian province. o In 1810 he added Holland and North-East Germany. · Napoleon also made changes to countries bordering France. o In 1808 he occupied Spain. o In central Europe he forced small German states to form together, turning German’s 300 states to 30. o In 1806 he brought the leading German Rulers together in a union called the confederation of Rhine. And of course he was their head. o This union helped form a barrier between France’s enemies Austria and Prussia, and also helped provide money and soldiers.

Rule of the Bonapartes (Napoleon’s Family) · Napoleon could not govern all the land he conquered so he shared the power with his family. o His brother became king of Holland, Spain, and Westphalia. o His step –son became Viceroy of Italy and his brother-in-law became King of Naples. o His sisters were given power over small states in Italy. · The Bonapartes made many changes to their area of control. o They ended Feudalism, reformed laws, took away land from the Church, and modernized the way their states were governed. o French ideas spread to many parts of Europe.

Cost of French Rule · Rule by the Bonapartes brought benefits and disadvantages. o The biggest lost was that every state had to provide troops to Napoleon’s Army. o This meant that around half a million young Poles, Germans, and Italians have been through the war. o The families of these young soldiers also had to pay the price of paying large taxes. Cause Napoleon needed money to support his army, which meant LARGE TAXATION. § German State contributed around 560 million francs. o Napoleons soldiers usually didn’t carry food around with them, which meant that the food they got was from farms and villages. o The peasants had to put up with soldiers digging up their crops, killing their animals, and eating / sleeping in their homes.

Resistance and Rebellion · French was hated amongst Europeans, especially in Spain. · In 1808 Spaniards rebelled against the French and started a war of independence. · The French went to great lengths to crush the rebellion. o A British navy captain records that the French burnt villages and massacred civilians.

Napoleon and Britian · 5 countries managed to stay out of Napoleon’s grasp, of which the most power and dangerous was Britain. · This soon became Napoleons priority, do defeat Britain. · From 1803 to 1805 Napoleon gathered a massive “Army of England” along the Channel Coast. · The French needed control over the Channel for Four Days, or else they could be attacked by the British Navy. · Admirals of French Navy tried to lure British ships on a wild goose chase to leave the Channel empty. · However on August 1805 Napoleon decided to postpone the attack on Britain. · He did this because the Austrian army was advancing on France and so Napoleon ordered the “Army of England” to intercept Austrian Forces in Central Europe. o This resulted in the Battle of Ulm on 20 October. · With this victory at Ulm Napoleon had given up all hope of attacking Britain. · This is because the British navy that had chased the French navy on a wild goose chase caught up to them at Spain and literally destroyed the French navy. o Only 9 out of 33 French ships escaped. · This meant that it would be impossible to control the channel now.

Continental System · With invasion impossible Napoleon tried to force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade. · Napoleon issued a Berlin Decree forbidding states under his control to trade with Britain. · This blockade, the Continental System, lead to an immediate fall in imported and exported goods in Britain. · Much of Portugal’s trade was with Britain therefore it refused to comply Napoleons law. · Napoleon decided to force them to join by invading Portugal in 1807, and occupied its capital Lisbon. · This however caused many problems for Napoleon. · The Spanish and Portuguese hated the French army that marched through Lisbon and therefore they started another rebellion for independence in 1808. · They were immediately backed up by Britain. · Britain sent armies to the Spanish Peninsula to help Spanish rebels fight off the French. · For the next 5 years a war was fought called the Peninsula War. · For Napoleon this war became the Spanish Ulcer, spending huge amounts of money and keeping large amounts of troops tied down in Spain. · The Continental System was also damaging Russia trade. · In 1810 the Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system and opened trade with Britain. · Napoleon once again tried to force them back into the system through an invasion of Russia.

Russian Campaign · Napoleon built a “Grand Army” consisting of 655,000 men, and invaded Russia in the Summer of 1812. · After defeating the Russians in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered the capital of Moscow. · This seemed like a great victory, however it was not. · 2 months later his men were retreating and only 50,000 men remained alive.

· How did the Russians beat the French? o When the Grand Army entered Russia, the Russians did all they could to prevent them from finding food. § This meant destroying houses and killing animals, especially horses, while the Russians retreated. o Transportation became a problem because Napoleon wanted to use less money and didn’t provide lots of horses, hoping that they could steal them from the countryside. § However all the horses were killed by theRussians on their retreat. o Without transportation the French were unable to bring along supplies such as food and medicine. o The Tsar and his government ordered everyone out of Moscow as Napoleon advanced and also had all buildings burned. o Napoleon was unable to stay in Moscow when he reached it because he did not have the food to support the army there. Therefore he ordered a retreat. o However winter caught up with the French army early and since they were unprepared for it they were frozen to death. · At the end of the Russian Campaign 370,000 French soldiers died, 200,000 held captive which half of them died in captivity. Another 200,000 horses died also. Fall of Napoleon · Napoleons defeat in Russia let to further disasters. o Russia, Sweden, Britain, and Prussia formed another Coalition and drove Napoleon out of central Europe. o When the Germans and Austrians seeing France on the run they joined the Coalition. o By 1814 they had driven France back into France. · Napoleon was forced to surrender in April 1814, because almost every country in Europe was against him. · Paris was occupied by allied troops and set up a new government with King Louis XVI’s brother at the head. Louis the XVIII.

Elba · The Allies allowed Napoleon to keep his title of emperor but exiled him on the island of Elba off the coast of Italy. · For years Napoleon ran a small country there with a small army and navy. · He opened some mines and helped farmers with their land. · When he heard King Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular he secretly returned to France. · King Louis XVIII fled France while Napoleon was welcome back to France and set up a new government in Paris.

The ‘Hundred Days’ · Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia set up an army of almost one million to crush Napoleon. · Napoleon attacked first with 122,000 men. · He was able to defeat one of the Prussian Armies, but when he attacked Britain at waterloo he was defeated because Britain was backed up by Prussia. · Napoleon would have continued the war, however the Assembly wanted peace. · Napoleon gave up his throne on 22 June when he had no support. · Two weeks later he gave himself up to a British captain, just in time to avoid being caught by Prussians, who would have killed him. · Napoleon hoped Britain would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain, however it didn’t. · Instead he was held captive on an near France called St. Helena. Without a trial he was held there in captivity until 1821 when he died.

Summary Another Coalition was formed and Napoleon through this process Napoleon conquered half of France. He ruled over many states, however he could not rule over all of them, so he assigned his family members to rule them for him. The Bonapartes changed many laws and got rid of feudalism in their states, however they taxed heavily and conscripted many soldiers. Soldiers also took food from peasants. The Spanish hated French rule and started a rebellion for independence. The French went to great lengths to crush this rebellion, their method resembled somewhat that of a massacre. Napoleon did not control Britain which was its most dangerous enemy, and therefore it became his priority to take over Britain. He formed an army called the “Army of England”. They cleared the channel to Britain by luring away the British navy. An invasion was in Napoleons grasp when Austria sent an army to France. Napoleon responded by taking his “Army of England” and intercepting the Austrians. He defeated the Austrians, however he lost all chances of invading Britain, because the British Navy caught up with the French Navy and destroyed it. With invasion impossible Napoleon tried to defeat Britain by cutting off all its trade. Napoleon crate a Continental System which blockaded Britain from receiving goods. Portugal mainly traded Britain and it refused to comply with the new law. Napoleon then invaded Portugal, but the Spanish and Portugal resented France for invading Portugal and started another rebellion for independence which the British joined in. Russia then also separated from the Continental System. Napoleon then constructed a “Grand Army” however Napoleon was defeated because Russian troops destroyed all supplies as they retreated from Napoleons army. Napoleon had a lack of food and had to retreat, but the winter caught up to them and destroyed his army. Another Coalition was formed but this time Napoleon surrendered as almost every country in Europe was against him. He was then exiled to a small island of Elba off the coast of Italy. King Louis XVIII was put in charge of the government. When King Louis XVIII lost popularity Napoleon secretly returned to France, where he was welcome to set up a new government. Britain, Austria, and Prussia once again set up a large army and crushed Napoleon. Napoleon wanted to continue the war however the Assembly wanted peace and therefore Napoleon gave up his power. He then gave himself to a British Captain, in hopes that the British would allow him to live in Britain. This did not happen and he was held captive on an island near France called St. Helena, where he died in 1827.

Question · Who was his step-son and where did he come from?