InNo+hyundoj2013+3.2.11+(Part+3+Page+19-31+Notes)

=Part Three The Global War, 1942-45=

HyunDo Jun
=__  __= <- This is a picture of the Operation Torch. Operation Torch was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started 8 November 1942. Operation Torch was four days after Montgomery's victory at El Alamein.

<-This is a picture of the soldiers marching on D-Day. "Operation Overlord" was the name of allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day- June 6, 1944 on the beaches of Normandy, France.

<-This is a diagram that I made to show how many conflicts&battles were in World War 2. These are the list of wars that took away tons of people's life.

=**__ Notes __**= = 1942: Year of Uncertainty = -The British force was forced out of Europe in 1940. -British could only make war on German forces in Europe by bombing them from the air. -After the failure of their invasion plans, the Germans' only way of attacking the British Isles was to bomb them. -From 1940-42 the British and Germans bombed each other's factories, ports and railways, trying to cripple their war industries and transport, and these were called precision bombing but they did not achieve their aim.
 * The war in Europe**

-Axis forces led by General Rommel drove the British Eighth Army out of Libya. -Britain’s Mediterranean base was being attacked by German bombers and starved by U-boat attacks on supply ships. -Four days after Montgomery's victory at El Alamein, Operation Torch began. -Three British American armies invaded the French colonies of Morocco and Algeria. -The German troops arrived in Tunisia within a day and stopped the Allies from attacking Rommel's army. -German forces also entered the unoccupied part of France, bringing an end to the Vichy government.
 * The War in Africa**

-At the start of 1942 both the German and Soviet armies planned major attacks on each other. -The Soviet Red Army struck first, aiming to relieve the besieged cities of Leningrad and Sevastopol, and to recapture Kharkov. -Germans and Soviets fought a desperate battle for Stalingrad.
 * The War in the Soviet Union**

**The War in the Far East**
-In the Battle of Midway, four Japanese carriers were sunk, 296 aircraft shot down and 3500 men were killed. - Battle of the Coral Sea was the battle when it damaged all three Japanese aircraft carriers. -The Americans divided the Pacific into three areas of command. -The Americans quickly captured the airstrip but had to fight hard to keep it when the Japanese sent reinforcements to the island. -The Battle of Guadalcanal raged for the next six months, with both sides pouring men and equipment into the struggle. -By the end of 1942, it was clear that the Americans would face great difficulty in driving the Japanese off the Pacific Island.

= The Turning points of 1943 = -In January 1943 President Roosevelt of the USA and Prime Minister Churchill of Britain met at Casablanca in Morocco to discuss what the Allies should do next in the war. -At the Casablanca Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill announced that their aim was to force Germany, Italy and Japan into unconditional surrender.

**Stalingrad** -The German Sixth Army was fighting for survival in the frozen ruins of Stalingrad. -Stalingrad was a turning point in the war. -For the time since 1939 a German army in Europe had been beaten. -The whole German position in the Soviet Union had been badly weakened.

**Allied Victory in North Africa** -When Operation Torch came to a halt at the end of 1942, this gave Rommel a chance to re-group the Axis forces. -The Allies had to fight hard to drive them back into Tunisia. -After three years of fighting in the desert, the Allies now controlled North Africa and the Mediterranean. -The Allies hoped to occupy Italy without a fight, for Badoglio signed a cease-fire with them and declared war on Germany. -But by the time the Allies invaded Italy on 3 September, Hitler had sent German troops into Italy to resist them. -By the end of 1943, they had been halted at the Germans’ Gustav Line <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of defense, more than 100km from the capital, Rome.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Bomber offensive** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-British bombers continued to pound German cities in ‘area bombing’ raids. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-In addition to killing 50,000 people the bombs sent a million people fleeing from Hamburg as refugees. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The Germans bombed Britain’s ports and cities in 1943, but they did not have enough bombers to do this sort of damage.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Turning point at Kursk** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-In spite of the Sixth Army’s defeat at Stalingrad the rest of the German forces in Russia stood their ground. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Battle of Kursk <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">began on 5 July. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Two million men, 30000guns and 6000 tanks faced each other on the dusty steppe. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Battle of Kursk <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">was another turning point in the war; for the Germans lost so many men and tanks that they could never again mount an offensive on the eastern front. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-The tide had started to turn against Germany.

= Total War = -The Second World War became a total war. It means that it involved not only the armed forces of the countries at war but also their civilians.

-The war forced countless millions of people to leave their homes. -Millions left their homes under compulsion. -In German-occupied Europe, over 5 million people were taken to do forced labour in Germany. -Around 10 million Soviet workers were taken with their factories to areas of the country beyond reach of the Germans.
 * Displaced people**

-Millions of people forced from their homes were imprisoned in concentration camps run by Germans.
 * Concentration Camps**

-Hitler and the German Nazis had started to persecute Jews as soon as they took power in 1933. -Jews were bullied, stripped of their rights, forced out of work, and many thousands were imprisoned. -After the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3 million Polish Jews came under Nazi rule. -The Germans forced many of them to live in ghettoes - that is, walled off areas of towns which they were not allowed to leave. -In 1942 the Nazis began ' the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe', which was the extermination of all Jews in Europe by murdering them.
 * The 'Final Solution'**

-In all occupied countries, civillians formed armed bands to resist the invaders. -In Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union they were known as Partisans, in France and the Low Countries as the Resistance. -Both Partisans and the Resistance fought a guerilla war against the Axis. -The Germans fought the Partisans with great cruelty. -The Germans often carried out reprisals against villages which they suspected of Partisan activity. This usually involved the taking and killing of hostages.
 * Partisans and Resistance**

-Millions of British and German civilians risked death or mutilation from the bombs which their air forces dropped on each other's cities. -The Great Depression of the 1930s vanished as American, Canadian, British, and other Allied industries expanded to provide the goods and weapons of war. -By 1943 these countries had achieved full employment of their labour forces.
 * Total war in unoccupied lands**

= Germany in Retreat, 1944 = -In January 1944 the Allies attacked the Gustav Line, the German defence zone that halted their advance into Italy in1943. -The only way through it was blocked by Monte Cassino, a mountain with a monastery on its summit. -The Allies bombed the monastery into rubble but could not drive out its German defenders. -Another Allied force landed at Anzio to attack the Gustav line from behind but German reinforcements soon arrived and stopped them from advancing. -German tropps needed to defend Germany against an even greater Allied invasion, Operation Overlord, in June 1944.
 * Retreat in Italy**

-Operation Overlord aimed to transport an Allied army from England to France and thus open a 'second front' in Europe. -Operation Overlord took place on 6 June 1944, code-named D-Day. -Between June and December 2.1 million Allied soldiers poured into northern France. -An invasion of southern France in August, Operation Anvil, opened yet another front. -By september the Allies had driven the Germans out of France.
 * Second front in France**

-The German army was ordered not to retreat or surrender and a new bombing offensive was launched against Britain, using V-1 aircraft. -The V-1 was a small, pilotless plane carrying a tonnes of high explosive, fired from launching ramps in France and the Low Countries. -The Allies also increased their bombing attacks on Germany in 1944. -The Allies won control of the skies over Germany during 1944. -By bombing the German oil industry from May onwards, they crippled the fuel supplies of the German armed forces.
 * The air war continues**

-General Montgomery tried to cross the River Rhine by using parachute troops to attack Arnhem in Holland but the Germans beat them back with heavy losses. -In December 1944 they launched a major offensive through the weakly defended Ardennes mountains, driving the Allies back into a bulge shaped area of Belgium. -In the six-week Battle of the Bulge which followed, the Allies halted the Germans and drove them back to their starting points. -Germany no longer had the strength to attack in the west, only to defend.
 * Battle of the Bulge**

-In January soviet foces drove them from the Baltic area, ending the 890-day siege of Leningrad which had killed nearly a million people through starvation, bombardment and artillery fire. -From August to the end of the year, Soviet forces advanced into the Balkans. -In November, they entered Greece and by Christmas had encircled Budapest, capital of Hungary. -1944 thus ended with the Soviets poised to strike at Germany itself.
 * The War in the Soviet Union**

= Japan in Retreat, 1943-44 = -The Japanese conquered a huge area of South-East Asia and the Pacific in 1941-42. -Before long the Japanese themselves were saying that they had 'victory disease'-meaning that they had taken too much for their own good. -Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, threatening their control of the Pacific made Japanese suffer in 1942.
 * 'Victory disease'**

-In the Pacific, the Americans divided their forces into three areas of command, under Admiral Nimitz, Admiral Halsey and General MacArthur. -In India, the Allies created the South-East Asia Command under Lord Mountbatten. -His aim was to drive the Japanese from India, the most valuable part of Britain's empire, back into Burma.
 * 'Island hopping'**

-The Allied war against Japan was a desperate and cruel struggle in which millions lost their lives. -The economic gap between the USA and Japan widened as a result of American submarine raids on Japanese shipping. -The capture of the Marianas Islands in 1944 brought the US Air Force within bombing range of the Japanese home islands for the first time in the war.
 * Economies at War**

-The Japanese made up for their economic disadvantage by fighting the Allies with great bravery. -In the closing stages of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, the Japanese started to use kamikaze aircraft against American ships. -At the end of 1944, then, the Japanese were in retreat from their newly-won empire, but the Allies were far from winning the war. -The more the Japanese were forced to retreat, the more fiercely they fought. -It was clear that any attack on Japan itself would lead to even bloodier fighting. -That thought was to play a big part in deciding how the Allies continued the war against Japan in 1945.
 * No Surrender**

= Defeat of the Axis, 1945 = -At the start of 1945 both Germany and Japan were fast on the retreat. It was only a matter of time before the advancing Allies defeated them. -In the Far East the war dragged on for nine more months, killing huge numbers of soldiers and civilians, before the Japanese finally surrendered in September.

-Germany had fought a war on three fronts in 1945. -While the Allied armies squeezed Germany on three sides, their air forces continued to bomb German cities. - Operation Thunderclap in February 1945 aimed to destroy the Germans' will to fight with a final, gigantic bomber offensive. -On 11 April the western Allies reached the River Elbe. -Germany's military leaders began to negotiate peace with the Allies. They surrendered without conditions on 7 May.
 * Victory in Europe**

-The closer the Allies got to Japan, the harder the Japanese fought. -In their defense of Luzon, largest of the Philippine Islands, 200,000 Japanese were killed in desperate, often suicidal fighting. -At the end of the American attack on the island of Iwo Jima, only 200 of its 22,000 defenders were left alive. -At Okinawa Japan lost 107,000 against 7384 American dead. -On 6 August 1945, an American bomber dropped the newly-invented atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, killing 71379 of its citizens and injuring 68000 more. -Four days later a second atomic bomb flattened the city of Nagasaki, killing a further 40000 people. -On 2 September 1945 they surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo.
 * The defeat of Japan**

=__ Citations __= <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"D-Day." // World War II History Info //. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.worldwar2history.info/D-Day/>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1944_NormandyLST.jpg/300px-1944_NormandyLST.jpg]

=__ Summary __= ->In Part 3, the Axis powers kept threatening each others by sending powerful armies and armaments to each others country. There were tons of people who were killed because of this issue, and the forces of Germany and Japan kept the allies for their defenses to prevent attack from other Axis powers that were threatening each others. Many countries failed and led to death while they were threatening each others.

=__ Questions __= 1. Did Japanese say that they will kill themselves before they surrender? If Yes, Explain why. 2. What happened in the turning point of 1943? 3. What happened on the D-Day? 4. Which countries fought in the Battle of the Leyte Gulf? 5. What did the Battle of the Coral Sea influence to every nations?