InNo+christopherc2012+04.08.11

A cartoon of the Cold War. The two sides represents the United States and USSR both with nuclear bombs. They do not use it because they fear retaliation from the other country. The Berlin Airlift. Over 800 planes and 1400 trips were made to transfer supplies into Berlin during this time. Imaging how much money it would have cost.

A KWL chart I made, helps organize what I learned and what I knew. All about the Cold War.


 * The Bolsheviks **
 * two revolutions (Prince Georgy Lvov and Alexander Kerensky)
 * Kerensky wins but Lenin overthrows him.
 * Lenin took control with Communist Party
 * Known as Bolsheviks
 * Disliked by United States
 * American capitalism vs. Russian communism
 * Civil War in Russia
 * US supported anti-Bolsheviks Whites in their fight against Bolshevik Reds
 * Reds established USSR in 1922
 * US did not recognize Soviet Union until 1933
 * Supported USSR Famine Relief in 1920.
 * established economic relations with Lenin's New Economic Policy.
 * Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact **
 * Soviets moved towards greater economic control
 * Controlled railroads, industries, mines under New Economic Policy
 * 50 or 100 years behind advanced countries
 * Stalin wanted to achieve in 10 years.
 * US policy of nonrecognition no longer made sense.
 * Difficult to Attain Soviet cooperation
 * militarism in Germany and Japan
 * Stalin could choose Germany or Britain and France for WWII
 * hinted to Germans for agreement in April 1939
 * Created Nazi-Soviet Pact
 * Soviet Union and Germany were not ready
 * Share land after invasion
 * Hitler invades Poland
 * Hitler invades Soviet Union in 1941
 * A Marriage of Convenience **
 * Roosevelt persuades Congress to pass Lend-Lease Act that gave weapons to allies
 * To keep Britain and China afloat while Roosevelt takes US out of isolation.
 * Welcomed Soviet as allies in 1941.
 * Propaganda showing Soviets as hard workers.
 * US and Bolsheviks still detested each other
 * Stalin urges US to attack Germany
 * US promises an invasion of German-occupied France
 * Churchill persuades US because it was premature.
 * Both countries attack North Africa instead
 * Stalin becomes disappointed
 * The Big Three at Tehran **
 * US and Britain postponed invasion of France in 1943 again
 * Britain and US said it gave them more time to prepare
 * Stalin disappointed again
 * Churchill pursued self interest at cost of Russians
 * First face to face meeting of Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin at Tehran
 * Eagerly awaited by everyone
 * Roosevelt never met Stain before, told to be most inscrutable and contradictory character, effective war leader, but murderous tyrant
 * Discussed status of defeated Germany and postwar borders of Poland
 * Roosevelt could not get any relations with Stalin
 * Stalin was correct, stiff, solemn
 * Soviets were pleased
 * Yalta **
 * Big Three met for second and final time at Yalta Feb 1945
 * discussed the organization to succeed League of Nations
 * future of Eastern Europe
 * determined status of Germany
 * Soviet entry in Pacific War
 * Roosevelt was in dying condition
 * Stalin wanted:
 * veto power for permanent members of UN
 * recognition of his Communist government
 * take back territory lost in Russo-Japanese War
 * 10 billion dollars worth of industrial equipment as war reparations from Germany
 * Annex Kurile Island by having Soviets to declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's surrender
 * Roosevelt conceded demands, filled agreement with empty words
 * Division of Germany **
 * American and British forces crossed Rhine in March 15, 1945
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower planned to capture Ruhr Valley, preventing Nazi withdrawal to Alps, and avoiding unintentional clash with Soviet troops
 * Requests information on Russia
 * Soviet began assault on German capital on April 16
 * Hitler commits suicide on April 30
 * Germany surrenders at all fronts, after failing to make a treaty with only western Allies so they could continue war with USSR
 * May 7, Germany surrenders and is divided into 4 occupation zones: Soviet, American, British, and French
 * The Manhattan Project **
 * Truman briefed only in April, and learned that Roosevelt was in an effort to develop and atomic bomb
 * Roosevelt's health deteriorated badly
 * Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson said "within four months we shall in all probability have completed the most terrible weapon ever known in human history"
 * Originated in August 1939 when Einstein informed Roosevelt about nuclear physics
 * German research in neutron bombardment created nuclear physics
 * Created atomic bomb
 * Country that used it could have a big advantage
 * US in University of Chicago created the first nuclear chain reaction
 * First bomb tested in New Alamos, New Mexico
 * Knowledge of the Bomb **
 * As part of Truman's bomb briefing on April 22, he learned that the British knew about the bomb and the Manhattan Project
 * Soviets not informed about the project
 * Soviet cooperation would be essential to postwar atomic controls
 * Kept Soviets in the dark, creating the nuclear arms race
 * Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki targeted for nuclear bomb demonstration
 * "If the bomb were not used in the present war, the world would have no adequate warning as to what was to be expected if war should break out again"
 * Wanted to be operated in a position that demonstrated strength
 * Potsdam **
 * Truman traveled to Potsdam to meet Churchill and Stalin in July 1945
 * German occupation
 * Planned invasion of Japan
 * Manhattan Project
 * Stalin reaffirms his promise to enter Pacific War, specifying August 15
 * Atomic bomb test was more successful than anticipated
 * US could enter Pacific war quickly without Soviet involvement
 * Truman only told Stalin about the bomb a week after it was dropped
 * Soviets already knew because of spies
 * Soviet atomic program underway
 * Stalin thought the bomb was meant for Moscow next
 * Containment **
 * Soviet-American co-operation broke after US bombed Japan
 * Soviets rearranged map of Eastern Europe
 * Long Telegram outlined strategy of containment that would become the basis of postwar US foreign policy
 * "Iron Curtain" drawn between the two continents
 * USSR wanted to establish security and export Communism
 * Efforts to recover Eastern Europe would fail, but firmness with regard to political expansion should be Effective
 * Truman Doctrine **
 * Truman realized that there was little that could be done to liberate territory under Soviet control
 * Soviets now the dominant military power in Eastern Europe
 * wanted to expand
 * Civil War in Greece
 * Communist was gaining on pro-Western government
 * Turkish government was under pressure from Soviets to share control of Dardanelles
 * US government could no longer help Greece or Turkey
 * If Greece or Turkey would fall, other countries would too
 * Truman made Truman Doctrine, where United States would help any country under the threat of Communism
 * Nations must choose between alternate ways of life
 * United States should support free people and resist being subjugated be armed minorities
 * Disarrays in Postwar Europe **
 * US, British, French, and Soviet foreign ministers gathered in Moscow to discuss the future of Germany
 * Germany decided at Yalta and Potsdam to be united as a central, freely elected government
 * Soviets proved quarrelsome
 * Allied bombings had turned most European cities into rubble
 * destroyed Europe's economy
 * unemployment severe, people who had jobs demoralized by shortages
 * people on verge of starvation
 * Communist movement gaining electoral ground
 * widespread poverty
 * Kennan appointed to investigate economic situation in Europe and determine what US could do
 * The Marshall Plan **
 * Secretary of State Marshall outlined a foreign policy problems Europe was facing
 * Europe required economic help
 * Wanted European nations to join a join recovery plan based on self-help, resource sharing, and German reintegration
 * Marshall's offer taken up by British and French foreign minsters
 * European Plan, became basis of the recovery program
 * 17 billion dollars
 * US spent 13.3 billion making it the most expensive recovery plan
 * US paid to keep democracy in Europe
 * The Berlin Airlift **
 * America and British merged their zones in Germany
 * introduced new currency, Deutsche mark
 * All transactions in Germany took place in black market
 * shopkeepers accepted cash again
 * merchandise returned to shelves
 * Soviets cut off all roads, rails, and water to West Berlin
 * massive airlift on June 26, and supplies were dropped in Berlin
 * 400 aircraft made 1400 flights to deliver cargo
 * Soviets lifted the blocade
 * Nato and the Warsaw Pact **
 * Keenan said militarization of Cold War was unwise and unnecessary
 * US creating military would make Soviets do the same
 * Soviet Union maintained large army and military infrastructure
 * Negotiations began in Washington to make an alliance between US and European allies
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization, April 1949
 * five Treaty of the Brussel states, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal
 * West Germany entered May 9, 1955
 * Soviets created Warsaw Treaty Organizaion/Warsaw Pact
 * USSR, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechloslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
 * The Hiss Case **
 * Whittaker Chambers called to testify before House Un-American Activities Committee
 * he had been part of Communist cell in Washington DC with Alger Hiss
 * Alger Hiss
 * former State Department official
 * accompanied FDR to Yalta, and presided over creation of UN
 * Another hearing on August 25, and Hiss was proven to have committed espionage
 * Hiss served 44 months
 * did not know whether he was guilty
 * psychological impact - Americans told that Russians were their friends and now they are not
 * McCarthyism **
 * Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin made a name for himself as an aggressive anticommunist
 * delivered a speech to Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia
 * He held a paper claiming that he had a list of 205 Communists known to the Secretary of State as members of the Communist party
 * caused anticommunist hysteria for the next decade, referred as McCarthy
 * little known if he actually had the names
 * Fears of Communism included Hiss Case, explosion of Soviet Atomic bomb, and victory of Mao's Communists in China
 * NSC-68 **
 * Congress passed National Security Act of 1947 to lessen Soviet threat that reorganized government's military and foreign policy establishments
 * consolidating War and Navy Departments to Department of Defense
 * created CIA, as successor to NSC and Office of Strategic Services
 * president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, director of central intelligence, and sub-cabinet officials
 * Truman requested NSC make a comprehensive review of US national security strategy in light of recent developments such as Soviet bomb and Communist takeover of China
 * 58-page memorandum designated NSC-68 delivered on April 7, 1950
 * only way to meet new Soviet threat was massive military buildup
 * Communist North Korea invaded US-backed South Korea
 * Truman administration tripled defense spending as a percentages of gross domestic product

**Questions:** **Summary:** After World War II, the Soviets and United States began a time of political, social, and military tensions. The two countries tried to make peace with treaties but the leaders of each countries could not seem to agree on anything. Communist fears started to grow within the United States as its government passed many laws against spying and securing its military in order to avoid future attack. As both the US and Soviet economy started to develop, both of them increased their military, built atomic bombs, and prepared for war.
 * 1) What is McCarthyism?
 * 2) What was the Berlin Airlift?
 * 3) How did the Soviets know about the atomic bomb before Truman told them?
 * 4) Discuss the plans made by the United States to improve the European economy
 * 5) Which three are the most predominant causes of the Cold War and why?