inNO+julies+2013.+09.+08.+10

= Chapter 2 continued =


 * The Road to War**
 * The king leaving this country was the first step to war.
 * King and queen were now in danger
 * Emperor Leopold promised the help them regain their power and liberty
 * King of Prussia, said that all the European kings should help Louis
 * Leopold did not want to attack France, wanted to show support to monarchy
 * Rumors were going around that all the foreign armies would attack France
 * But then people found out that it wouldn't happen
 * French people wanted war
 * Louis and his supports wanted a war because they believed they were stronger
 * Louis's opposers because it would show what side he was on
 * If Louis would take the side of the invaders they could de-throne him because it would be a republic where the people had the power


 * War**
 * War began on April 20, 1792, France declared war on Austria (hoping for a quick win)
 * French attacked the Austrian at the Belgium frontier
 * They easily beat off the French attack
 * People were saying that there was some of the Austrian people in France were telling their army secrets to other countries
 * In many the Prussia forced joined with the Austrian force
 * Every man in France had to become a soldier to the frontier
 * Put a watch to all foreigners
 * If any priests didn't take an oath of loyalty they would no longer be a French citizen and would be kicked out
 * July 11, declared 'The Fatherland is in Danger' and wanted all citizens to join the army so they wouldn't get defeated again
 * These decisions put Louis into a difficult position
 * People were angry
 * 20,000 of these people broke into the Tuileries on June 20, shouting and abusing him
 * The enemy commander the Duke of Brunswick, issued a statement knows as the Brunswick Manifesto
 * The Brunswick Manifesto put Louis and his family in even more danger
 * The Assembly gave weapons to all the citizens to protect themselves


 * The Storming of the Tuileries**
 * August 10, 1792, 20,000 armed men and women marched to Tuileries, they had to determined to de-throne Louis
 * The National Guards helped them break into his palace
 * The Swiss guards tried protecting the king but couldn't
 * 600 Swiss guards were killed
 * The Overthrow of the Monarchy**
 * The invasion of Tuileries, ended the monarchy
 * Louis was kicked out of office for good
 * Him and his family were imprisoned
 * A new assembly ' the convention' was set up, this was the new law making
 * September 21, 1792, their first action was to de-throne Louis and to declare a Republic
 * Louis was sentenced to death
 * January 21, 1793, he was beheaded public




 * The Sans Culottes**
 * Sans Culottes were the people who defeated the king
 * working people of France - craftsmen to laundry women, clerks, to porters, fishwives to
 * They all had very different jobs but they behaved in similar ways
 * Sans Culottes hated the nobles
 * They didn't want to be similar to them in any ways so they made up new words
 * They were republicans, hated the monarchy and power should be in their hands
 * Believed everyone should have equal rights, and right to vote
 * Respected each other
 * Claimed the right to have weapons and to use them
 * 1792, they broke into a prison is Pairs and killed 1,400 people


 * The War Spreads**
 * The death of Louis shocked many people in Europe
 * More and more countries began to join Austria and Prussia against the French
 * Their aim was to destroy the new French Republic
 * People in France became more war like when they found this out
 * France declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain
 * France was at war with most of Europe


 * Inflation and Shortages**
 * War had caused my difficulties for the government
 * Price of food was very high
 * these prices were because the government was spending too much money on assignats ( paper money)
 * The currency was suffering form inflation
 * 1793 - bank notes were only worth half of what was written on it
 * Bread was also very high in price
 * because farmers didn't want to sell their bread for bank notes that weren't worth much
 * People began raiding shops just to get food

**Rebellion**
 * Government had ordered 300,000 men to join the armies
 * In Vendee, the royalists and peasants rebelled
 * In Pairs, a war between the Convention and the politicians took place
 * The Girodins, who had the most important post of the gov't
 * The Jacobins, supported the San Culottes
 * Jacobins blamed the Girondins for the attacks of France, and the rise in food prices
 * June 2, some of the Sans Culottes were really mad and broke into he Convention and expelled the leading Girondins
 * People who supported the Girondins began to revolt
 * Summer 1793 - many of the departments had joined the rebellion against the gov't

= The Reign of Terror =
 * Convention set up an emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety
 * There was 12 members in this group, they had the power to do anything to France
 * This power was used very strictly and harsh punishments were made

**The Law of Suspects**
 * September 1793, terror began with 'law of suspects'
 * Everyone had to make a list of the people they thought was opposing the gov't
 * The following year a quart of a million people were arrested and put to jail
 * Many suspects had to Pairs for court, for the revolutionary Tribunal
 * This was set up to deal with political offences
 * The judges could decide anything, if they thought that the suspect should go to jail or sentences to death they had the power to do that

**The Guillotine**
 * Death sentences = beheading by the guillotine
 * It was Doctor Guillotines invention - meant to be less painful and fast death
 * HOW IT WORKS:
 * 1) tied to a plank of wood
 * 2) cords around arms, body and legs
 * 3) executioner lies him on his belly
 * 4) when a string is pulled
 * 5) axes falls down
 * 17,000 people were killed like this
 * Marie Antoinette, was executed in October 1793, she was the first person they tried it on

**Terror in the Provinces**
 * The Committee of Public Safety took very strong actions to destroy the revolts
 * Vendee, the biggest revolt was taking place
 * People started to think that guillotine wasnt killing people fast enough, they started drowning people under boats
 * 2,000 people were killed by being drowned
 * To speed it up even more everyone was to line up and was shot by a cannon

**Terror in the armies**
 * August 1793 Convention ordered 'Mass Levy' of the French
 * Every citizen had to fight in the war
 * Men that weren't married had to join the army
 * Married men was to make weapons for them
 * Women made tents which would be small hospitals
 * Children made bandages and gunpowder
 * French armies increased hugely -> 800,000 men
 * Generals who didn't win battles were replaced by younger ones

**Economic Terror**
 * Committee tried to stop the food prices from rising with a Law of the Maximum
 * Prices were not to be changed until told so
 * Breaking this law caused death

**Terror and the Church**
 * The Christian religion started to disappear while the terror was on
 * San Culottes closed Churches
 * 'Cult of Reason' a revolutionary of christianity
 * A new calendar was made
 * Sundays were abolished

**Results of the Terror**
 * Committee of Public Safety had reached their goal
 * They saved France
 * 1794 - enemies were out of France and France was invaded Austrian Netherlands
 * Prices were still rising, but avoided famine
 * 35,000 - 40,000 people had ben executed
 * Rights and freedom was limited

**The Coup of Thermindor**
 * Summer of 1794 was very unpopular
 * People thought it was to powerful
 * Even the Sans Culottes were unhappy even though they were their supporters
 * July 27, 1794 - Convention decided to get rid of the Committee's leading member, Robespierre
 * 21 of these people were executed by the guillotine that next day
 * Convention reduced the power of the Committee
 * Freed people from jail
 * Terror cam to an end

Summary:

Question: Why did the guy invent the **Guillotine?**
 * Why did the** **Sans Culottes think they were so good and powerful?**