Napoleon+and+Europe+weiweil2013+09.12.10

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 * Napoleon's peace (1802) didn't last = Britain + Russia + Austria = new Coalition (1805), restarted war against France
 * France won war, conquered half of Europe
 * defeated Austrian armies in Ulm and Austerlitz, 1805
 * defeated Prussian armies in Jena and Auerstadt, 1806
 * defeated Russian armies in Eylau and Friedland, 1807
 * Napoleon started to enlarge empire
 * gradually conquered states (Italian, Illyrian, Papal, Holland, NE Germany) 1807-10
 * changed countries which shared border (Spain, German states)
 * Napoleon spread out rule over his family
 * rulers of Holland, Westphalia, Spain, Italy, Naples
 * Bonaparte family made changes to states that they ruled
 * reformed outdated laws, abolished feudal rights, took away land from Church, modernised state government
 * spread French ideas about how to organise/run countries across Europe
 * Bonapartes tried to improve states they ruled, but there were losses
 * Napoleon's wars: every state provided troops for Napoleon's armies (half a million)
 * war = expensive, paid by taxes by the foreigners under Bonapartes' rule
 * took food from villages/farms they passed (digging up crops, killing animals, eating/sleeping in homes)
 * many Europeans resented French rule, esp. in Spain
 * war of independence in Spain (1808) = crushed by French violently
 * Napoleon's oppositions
 * Britain: most powerful and dangerous of all countries independent of Napoleon
 * defeating Britain = Napoleon's highest priorities
 * 1803-5: "Army of Britain", nearly invaded Britain by the channel, but distracted by Austrian battle
 * Berlin Decree: forbade Bonaparte states to trade w/ Britain
 * Portugal refused, Napoleon invaded Lisbon, Portuguese+Spanish rebelled
 * Britain joined the fighting, helped rebels, caused "Spanish ulcer" for Napoleon
 * Tsar of Russia left decree (b/c hurting its trade), Napoleon invades Russia
 * Russia: invaded in summer of 1812
 * defeated in Battle of Borodino, entered Moscow (September 1812)
 * Grand Army wiped out, retreated two months later
 * defeat led to further disasters = Russia forms new coalition against France
 * Russia + Sweden + Prussia + Britain: joined together as allies in 1813
 * drove French out of central Europe, Austria + Germany joined coalition
 * Napoleon forced to surrender w/ almost all of Europe against him, April 1814
 * new government: Louis XVI's brother at its head, crowned Louis XVIII (18th)
 * Napoleon exiled to Elba, tiny island off coast of Italy
 * ran island as little country, created tiny army+navy, opened mines, helped farmers
 * Louis XVIII -> unpopular, Napoleon goes to S. France, March 1815
 * Napoleon set up empire again
 * Napoleon's new empire: lasted 95 days
 * Austria + Britain + Russia + Prussia = 6 armies = almost a million men
 * Napoleon marched out to meet them, defeated and fled
 * Napoleon would have continued war, but Assembly wanted peace
 * 22 June, 1815: Napoleon gives up his throne
 * gave himself up to Britain, hoped for protection in the UK
 * transferred to island of St Helena, spent rest of life in captivity (died 1821)

After Napoleon came to power, he expanded his Empire and eventually took over almost all of Europe. He and his family members ruled over the states, making reforms and changes in all of them; however, most countries he had control over were unhappy and constantly rebelled. In his attempt to wage economic war against Britain, Napoleon cut off all trade from his Empire with Britain; however, Portugal was one country who wouldn't comply with his orders. To force them into agreement, Napoleon invaded Portugal; the Spanish, who were especially unhappy under Bonaparte rule, sprang to the defense of the Portuguese, and eventually the British joined in as well. After a while, Russia refused to comply with Napoleon as well, prompting him to invade Russia just as he invaded Portugal. However, Napoleon's "Grand Army" was met with bitter defeat; Russia took its victory further by forming a new coalition, driving Napoleon back to France and exiling him to a tiny island, crowning Louis XVI's brother as the new head of the government. Napoleon returned a year later to set up another empire in France; it lasted only 95 days before Napoleon abdicated and gave himself up to Britain, hoping for protection. He didn't get any; he spent the rest of his life in captivity and died in 1821.
 * Summary**

Why did Napoleon give himself up so easily? What did the countries in Napoleon's empire think of the reforms that were made? Weren't they positively received at all? Why didn't Napoleon not make an empire, but spread his ideology instead, in a way that wasn't as dominating?
 * Questions**