InNo+seank2013+01.10.11

[] This is a video showing the meeting that was held because of the bombing at the railway in Manchuria. This meeting was held between, Japan, China, and Manchuria. It's quite interesting to see what happened during that time. Take a look. [sorry, the video embedded code didn't load]

During the re-armament in the German empire, airplanes like the one below was made. However due to the Great Depression, no one restricted or restrained Germany from building fire-arms and prepare or total war. You can see at the rear end of the airplane the painted sign of the Nazi's: Swastika media type="custom" key="8102396"

A jesus-like figure above will tell you about how the second great war was a catastrophe. He quite briefly summarizes the notes below due to the lack of information this type of application can speak. But it's very explicit. Listen and Enjoy!

**Chapter 1: The 'New Era' - Hopes for peace in 1929**

toc
Locarno and the 'New Era'
 * Leading European statesmen met for a conference in Locarno
 * Discussed problems that were unsettled after the Great War
 * Most difficult problem was the fact that Germany and France were still on bad terms
 * 1923 French and Belgian armies occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley when Germany said they couldn't pay the damage done to them
 * Locarno Treaties
 * France, Germany and Belgium agreeing to respect each others borders.
 * They wouldn't attack each other
 * Britain and Italy agreed to make sure the terms were not broken
 * France promised support, Polland and Czechoslovakia if Germany ever quarelled with them.
 * Removed suspicions between Germany and her neighbors.
 * New Era ^^^^^^^^

Friendship between nations
 * Kellogg-Briand Pact
 * An agreement thought up by the Foreign ministers of the United States and France
 * To not use war as a way of settling disputes.
 * July 1929, sixty five countries signed it
 * USSR signed an Eastern Pact with six of its neighboring states agreeing not to use war to settle disputes.
 * A number of other pacts
 * Greece and Yugoslavia, Chile and Peru, Arabia and Turkey, Iran and Iraq

The League of Nations
 * 10th anniversary of the League of Nations (1929)
 * countries which joined the League promised not to go to war with any other member of the league.
 * agreed to help those that were attacked
 * Three peace-keeping actions that the League were realistically taking.
 * Deal with a dispute by legal means, in the League's Permanent Court of International Justice
 * Impose economic sanctions on an attacker
 * Impose military sanctions against the attacker
 * Disarmament Commission
 * persuaded member nations to reduce their weapon stocks and to rely instead on collective security for their defence

Limitations of the league
 * Not every nation belonged to the League
 * US wasn't because they followed a 'policy of isolation' from the affairs of Europe
 * They didn't want to be involved in foreign affairs
 * USSR was not because its communist leaders saw the league as a club of 'capitalist' countries who opposed communism
 * Lacked enthusiasm for the League
 * Germany was excluded and looked at the league as a 'club of victor's
 * It solved many disputes but never global and major ones.
 * No proof that the League could settle a dispute between two major powers and there was no proof that sanctions could stop a war.
 * However, Britain alone, 400 000 people showed their support

Chapter 2: The Great Depression
The Great Depression
 * Breakdown of world economy (1929-33)
 * thousands of American firms went bankrupt and millions of share-holders were ruined
 * This quickly spread to other countries
 * Protectionism
 * aim to boost the demand for goods made in their countires by keeping out foreing goods
 * The more selfishly each country acted to protect its people, the more they forgot the ideas of world co-operation
 * Depression affected world peace caused unrest
 * mass unemployment
 * reduced to total poverty
 * gave support to extreme political parties
 * Germany and Japan had a collapse of democratic governments
 * In their place, anti-democratic governments came to power

The Problem of Empires
 * Division of world powers
 * Britain and France owned the largest empires
 * Italians thought it was unfair that they were not given any German colonies
 * Japan also wanted more land near home
 * Great depression
 * division of the world into powers which owned large empires and those which did not
 * Britain and France owned the largest empires
 * They controlled over one third of the world
 * Some countries envied the French and British
 * Japan wanted more land near their home
 * Germans were angry at the loss of their entire empire
 * Japan and Germany thought that adding colonies to their own empires would help them avoid worse effects of the Depression
 * In the Middle East, India, South-East Asia, and in many parts of Africa, native demands for independence often led to violent clashes.
 * This had Britain and France keep large military forces in the colonies
 * This was expensive and it also showed that they were not fully supporting the aim for world peace and disarmament.

Chapter 3: Japan, Manchuria and the League, 1931-33
The attraction of Manchuria
 * It attracted Japan
 * population
 * weath of forestry
 * minerals
 * agricultural products
 * By 1931 Japan controlled most of Manchuria's economy
 * Great depression ruined Japan's trade so it reduced millions of peasants to starvation level
 * When the government proved unable to help them there was widespread unrest.
 * Army officers began to talk about conquering foreign land as a way out of the Depression.
 * With new colonies, Japan would gain raw materials, trade and many more jobs.

Japan invades Manchuria
 * Acting against the orders of the Japanese government, officers of the Kwangtung army plotted a military take-over of Manchuria.
 * They bombed a section of the South Manchuria Railway at Shenyang and blamed it on local Chinese people as an excuse to occupy Shenyang.
 * China asked for help from the LON
 * They ordered Japanese government to withdraw its troops
 * The Japanese government agreed to the League's demands but the Kwantung army continued to advance into Manchuria.

The league and Manchuria
 * If persuasion did not work, the League could use economic sanctions or military sanctions against the attacker.
 * But no member of the League wanted to use sanctions against Japan
 * The Great Depression had already ruined their trade so they didn't want to refuse trade with Japan.
 * Therefore the league tried to restore peace by means of persuasion
 * Lytton Commission produced a report in October 1932 to try and satisfy both China and Japan.
 * It said that Japan should leave Manchuria but have it be a semi-independent country instead of returning to China rule.
 * But before any progress could be made Japan resigned from the League and went to occupy the Chinese province of Jehol, which they claimed to be vital for military defense of Manchuria.
 * One of the league's leading members had gone to war with another member and the League failed to stop it.
 * This showed their incapability to maintain world peace.

Chapter 4: The revival of Germany 1933-35
Hitler's foreign policy aims
 * The Nazi Party was set up in 1919 shortly after Germany's defeat in the Great War.
 * Like many other German's, the Nazis refused to believe that the German army had been beaten.
 * They blamed it on coward government ministers.
 * And were angry when they had to sign the Treaty of Versailles
 * When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 he had three basic aims in his foreign policy
 * He aimed to tear up the Treaty of Versailles
 * Inteded to unite all German-speaking people in one country
 * Aimed to give Germans 'lebensraum'. (or living space)

Re-armament
 * They re-armed in secret
 * The army was to increase to 550 000 men
 * A new Air Ministry was built

Reactions to German Re-armement
 * Germany's re-armament could have been halted by any of the major powers who wanted to uphold the Treaty of Versailles.
 * That did not happen
 * British government did not want to spend scarce money on building Britain's armed forces
 * French were also unwilling to stop them. Instead they put their efforts into defending France with the Maginot Line

Summary
The New era wasn't really that wonderful. After the treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations, many problems still existed in the world. Especially there were millions of people that were unrest; Germany didn't like the Treaty of Versailles, Japan didn't like how much land they got, and more importantly there was the Great Depression that made everyone unhappy. This new era really had many problems and many of it veritably started the second world war. These problems led to the re-armament of Germany and the unrest in Japanese government and army.

Questions
Was the new Era really that good? Why or why not? What were the leagues sanctions? How did they help? Why was Britain and France a problem for the rest of the world? What were Hitler's three policies and how did they help him become Chancellor? Why was Manchuria such a treasure to Japan?