InNo+annielo822+09.13.10

= ** Napoleon and Europe ** = ** p. 65-77 ** September 13, 2010

** The Awesome Part **
media type="custom" key="6910807" A video about Napoleon Bonaparte, also found in the last InNo. Includes information covered in both chapters. **﻿ **



** Notes **
- Peace that Napoleon made in 1802 didn’t last - 1805, Britain, Russia, and Austria formed a Coalition, restarted war with France - Napoleon’s armies won the war, conquered half of Europe - In the lands they conquered, French made great changes to the way they were organized and run

**Napoleon conquers Europe**
- Napoleon defeated Coalition in a series of battles in central Europe - 1805, smashed Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz - Prussians joined Coalition in 1806 - Defeated them in battles of Jena and Auerstadt - 1807, beat Russians in battles of Eylau and Friedland - Three major enemies beaten, nothing to stop Napoleon from enlarging his empire - 1807, made Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces - 1809, took Illyrian Provinces and Papal States - 1810, added Holland and north-east Germany to the empire - Napoleon made changes to countries which shared a border with French empire - 1808, occupied a lot of Spain - Central Europe, forced rulers of small German states to join lands together - Reduced number of German states from 300 to 30 - 1806, brought leading German rulers together in union called Confederation of the Rhine, himself as head - Union helped Napoleon by forming a barrier between France and its enemies – Austria and Prussia - States in it provided Napoleon with money and soldiers for armies

**The rule of the Bonapartes**
- Napoleon could not personally govern all the land - Shared it among his family for them to govern - Brothers were King of Holland, Westphalia, and Spain - Step-son was Viceroy of Italy - Brother-in-law was King of Naples - Sisters had smaller Italian states to rule - Bonaparte family made many changes to the states they ruled - Reformed laws that were out of date, got rid of feudal rights, took away land from Church, modernized the way their states were governed - French ideas on how to organize and run countries spread all over Europe

**The cost of the French rule**
- Bonapartes tried to improve states they ruled - Didn’t mean life was better for everyone living under their power - Rule of Bonapartes brought losses as well - Biggest loss was caused by Napoleon’s wars - Every state under Bonaparte’s rule had to provide troops for Napoleon’s armies - 1806, Grand Duchy of Berg, population of 50,000, had to provide 5,000 men - Westphalia, population of 2 million, provided 600,000 men, 38,000 were killed or wounded - Half a million young Germans, Italians, and Poles saw action in Napoleon’s armies - Families also paid a heavy price - Wars were expensive, Napoleon paid by taxing people - Half his spending on war from 1804-1814 was paid by foreigners living under their rule - German states alone contributed 560 million francs - French armies didn’t bring food on campaigns - Took food they needed from villages and farms they passed - Peasant families living near routes put up with soldiers digging their crops, killing their animals, living in their homes

**Resistance and rebellion**
- Many Europeans hated French rule - Hatred was strongest in Spain, ruled by Joseph Bonaparte - 1808, Spanish rebelled against French and began war of independence - French went to great lengths to crush Spanish rebels - Spanish painter travelling during the time witnessed and drew scenes, putting them in a collection called //The Disasters of War//

**Napoleon and Britain**
- 5 countries were independent from Napoleon - Most powerful and dangerous was Britain - Defeating Britain became one of Napoleon’s top priorities - 1803-1805, gathered massive ‘Army of England’ in camps along Channel coast, ready to invade Britain - 2442 boats were built to ferry 193,000 men and 9149 horses across the Channel - It would take 6 tides to get them out of port, so French needed control of Channel for four days - Without control, invasion fleet could be attacked by British navy while at sea - Napoleon’s admirals tried to lure British away from Channel by tricking their ship into chasing them into distant waters - Admiral Villeneuve led British warship under Admiral Nelson on wild goose chase to West Indies - Tricks succeeded - August 1805 Napoleon decided to postpone invasion to Britain - News was Austrian army was marching towards France - Napoleon ordered Army of England to leave the Channel coast to cut off Austrian in central Europe - Result was Battle of Ulm on 20 Oct - Napoleon won great victory at Ulm but thrown away hope of invading Britain - Nelson’s fleet trapped Villeneuve’s fleet off coast of Spain - 21 Oct 1805, Battle of Trafalgar, 9/33 French ships escaped unharmed - French navy had no chance of controlling the Channel, making invasion impossible

**The Continental System**
- Napoleon tried different kind of warfare against Britain - 1806, issued order called Berlin Decree, forbidding states under his control to trade with Britain - Aim was to force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade - Blockade of British goods, known as the Continental System, led to immediate fall of amount of goods imported to and exported from Britain - Most of Europe belonged to Continental System, one country refused to join: Portugal - Much of Britain’s trade was with Portugal, Napoleon forced it to join - 1807, French forces invaded and occupied the capital, Lisbon - Invasion of Portugal led to unexpected problems for Napoleon - Spanish and Portuguese hated French armies who marched across their land to seize Lisbon - 1808, rebelled against French & began war of independence - Britain quickly joined fighting - British forces sent to peninsula to help rebels fight the French - Next 5 years, they fought the French in the ‘Peninsula War’ - For Napoleon, war became ‘Spanish ulcer’, used up lots of money and keeping quarter of a million of soldiers tied down in Spain - Continental System created similar problems for Napoleon on other side of Europe - 1810, Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system because it was damaging Russia’s trade - Opened ports to British trade and allowed Russians to trade with Britain - Napoleon decided to force Tsar back into Continental System by invading Russia

**The Russia campaign**
- Napoleon gathered a ‘Grand Amy’ of 655,000 men and invaded Russia summer of 1812 - Russian armies retreated before massive onslaught - Defeated them at Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered capital, Moscow, Sept 1812 - Looked like another great triumph for Napoleon, but wasn’t - 2 months later they were on retreat - When they crossed border back to Europe, only 50,000 were alive - Grand Army had been wiped out - Problems began as Grand Army entered Russia - Russians did all they could to stop French from finding food - Most houses were empty - Napoleon’s Master of Horses wrote everything had been loaded in wagons and hoped to get horses from the countryside - They did that in previous campaigns but horses, cattle, and inhabitants all fled - Lack of horses meant lots of their stores were dumped by the roadside - Food and medicine ran short - Tsar and his gov’t & many people of Moscow abandoned the city, set it on fire as they went, retreated to safety in countryside - Napoleon didn’t have time or men to chase them - Could not stay in Moscow because couldn’t feed army during coming winter - Ordered army to retreat - Winter came early and French were unprepared - As French retreated, weather got colder - December, thermometer dropped 20 degrees below zero and men froze - Winter set in, food ran out - According to Russian general, starving, freezing men did desperate things to get food and warmth - Napoleon’s 6-month Russian campaign, 370,000 French soldiers died in battle, or illness, or cold - 200,000 were taken prisoner, half died in captivity - 200,000 horses died

__**The fall of Napoleon**__
- Napoleon’s defeat in Russia led to further disasters - Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition against him - 1813, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Britain joined together as allies - They soon drove French out of central Europe - Saw French on the run, so Austrians and German states joined the coalition - 1814, allies had driven French back to France - Nearly every country in Europe was against Napoleon - He was forced to surrender April 1814 - Allied troops marched to Paris and occupied it - Napoleon gave up his throne and Allies set up new gov’t with Louis XVI’s brother as head - Crowned as Louis the Eighteenth (XVIII)

**Elba**
- Allowed Napoleon to keep title as Emperor - Sent him into exile on island of Elba, off coast of Italy - For almost a year, Napoleon ran the island as a little country - Created a tiny army and navy, opened mines, helped farmers improve their land - Soon became restless and unhappy - Heard Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular, decided to return to France - March 1815, secretly sailed from Elba and landed in southern France - Louis fled while crowds cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again

**The ‘Hundred Days’**
- Napoleon’s second empire lasted 95 days - Leads of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together 6 armies of almost a million men and set out to crush him - Rather than wait for attack, Napoleon marched with 122,000 men to meet in Belgium - 16 June, beat one of the Prussian armies on 16 June - 18 June, attacked British army at Waterloo, Belgium - British, reinforced by Prussians, defeated his attack - Napoleon fled from battlefield and returned to Paris - Napoleon would’ve continued war, but Assembly wanted peace - Without support of leading politicians, Napoleon gave up throne on 22 June - 2 weeks later, gave himself up to captain of British warship off the French coast – just in time to escape Prussians, who wanted to execute him - Napoleon hoped British gov’t would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain, but it didn’t - He wasn’t allowed off the ship, transferred to another ship, taken to a place he couldn’t escape - Brought to island of St Helena in South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France - Never received trial, but spent rest of his life in captivity and died in 1821

** Questions **

 * 1) Why didn't Napoleon just make peace? There wouldn't be so much tension and hatred between the countries, and he could still rule France and perhaps a bit more, but not almost the entire Europe.

** Summary **
This chapter talks about Napoleon's relations to the other countries of Europe. The peace that Napoleon made in 1802 didn't last, and Britain, Russia, and Austria formed a Coalition, restarted war with France. Napoleon won the war, and conquered most of Europe. He distributed the land among his family members. The Bonaparte family made many changes to the states they ruled, and their French ideas on how to organize and run countries spread all over Europe. They tried to improve the land they ruled, but it not everyone's life was better under their rule. The biggest loss was Napoleon's wars, which were expensive, so he paid with taxes. Every state had to provide troops as well, and the armies didn't bring food on campaigns, but rather took what they needed from villages and farms they passed. Many Europeans hated the French rule. There was a rebellion in Spain where hatred was strongest in 1808, and the French went great lengths to crush them. Five countries were independent from Napoleon, and the most powerful and dangerous was Britain. Napoleon planned an invasion to Britain, and tricked the British so they could get control of the Channel in order for their plans to succeed. However, Napoleon decided to postpone the invasion because of news of an Austrian army marching towards France. Napoleon won the battle against Austrians, but threw away he chance to invade Britain. Napoleon tried a different kind of warfare against Britain, and issued an order called Berlin Decree, forbidding states under his rule to trade with Britain, the aim being to force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade. The blockade of British goods was known as the Continental System. Portugal refused to join, so Napoleon forced it to join. Invasion at Portugal led to unexpected problems. They rebelled against French & began war of independence and Britain joined the rebels. Next 5 years was the Peninsula War. Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system because it was damaging their trade. Napoleon decided to force them into Continental System by invading. Napoleon gathered a Grand Army, but it was not successful. They defeated the Russians at the Battle of Borodino, and Napoleon entered the capital. However, the Russians made sure the French could not find food or horses to carry their load, so they had to dump a lot away, so food and medicine were lacking. Many Russians abandoned the city, set it on fire as they went, and retreated to safety in the countryside. Napoleon didn't have the time or men to chase them, so they retreated. Winter came early and the French were unprepared, and the weather got colder as they retreated. Winter set in and food ran out. 370,000 soldiers died from battle, illness, or the cold. 200,000 were taken captive and half died, and 200,000 horses died. Napoleon's defeat in Russia led to more disasters. Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition against Napoleon, and they soon drove him out of central Europe and back to France. Nearly very country in Europe was against him, and was forced to surrender. Allied troops occupied Napoleon and exiled him to the island of Elba. Allies set up new government with Louis XVIII as head. Napoleon kept his title as emperor and ruled Elba as a small country. He heard Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular, so he secretly went back to France. He was welcomed back, and Louis fled, and Napoleon set up his empire again. His empire lasted 95 days. Countries put armies together to crush Napoleon. Napoleon beat one Prussian army, but was defeated by a British army with Prussian reinforcements. Napoleon retreated and would've continued war, but Assembly wanted peace. Napoleon gave up the throne and gave himself up to captain of a British warship. He was taken to the island of St Helena where he couldn't escape, and spend the rest of his life in captivity, and died in 1821.