The+Rise+of+Napoleon+(Pg.+52-65)+JonathanK2013+09.09.2010

= = =The Rise of Napoleon (Pg. 52-65)=

Video that summarizes the Revolution: media type="youtube" key="IF4lPWU_qxY?fs=1" height="385" width="640"

Napoleon's Background
** Napoleon's Italian Campaign ** **Napoleon in Egypt** **Napoleon seizes power**
 * Born: Corsica
 * Year: 1797
 * Born French, parents Italian
 * Seven year in military school ---> 16, lieutenant --> Four years later, Revolution begins; Army grew --> 24, General
 * 1794, Robespierre overthrown, everyone close to him and his brothers were arrested, including Napoleon, no evidence against Napoleon, let him go back to army
 * Directors took power in 1795, continued Revolutionary war against the Coalition
 * French armies very large, conquered Belgium and Holland, next target is Northern Italy
 * In 1796, Napoleon promoted to commander of the Army of Italy
 * Orders to attack Austrian forces in Northern Italy
 * Over eighteen months, Napoleon defeated many austrians
 * October 1797, all of Northern Italy was under French control
 * Napoleon, France most famous general
 * Directors put Napoleon in command of the "Army of the East"
 * Orders to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East
 * Begin by invading Egypt, half way on the trade route to India
 * Napoleon defeated Egyptians in the Battle of the Pyramids (July 1798)
 * A week after the battle (Pyramids) the ships were sunk by the British Royal Navy, Napoleon could not advance to nor return to France
 * Napoleon and his army stayed in the Middle East for a year
 * French Armies were faring badly, France enemies formed a second Coalition and drive them out of Italy and central Europe (Napoleon did not know of these)
 * Summer of 1799, Napoleon learned of these defeats, returned to France to save the country from defeat
 * One of the directors plotting to get rid of other directors, close down council, set up new, stronger government, need military
 * Napoleon agreed to help him
 * Napoleon's brother Lucien (President of one of the council) joined the plot
 * 9th November 1799, they made up a story that rebels were about to capture paris and asked council to take emergency action
 * Council made Napoleon commander of all troops in Paris District
 * Left Paris for a safer meeting place in Saint-Cloud
 * Soldiers forced other three Directors to resign
 * Napoleon went to Councils to change the government
 * Council found out story about rebel is a lie
 * Immediately took an oath to defend the Directory
 * When Napoleon appeared before them, they tried to kill him, guards came in before they did
 * Councils ran away, the ones that stayed voted to give Napoleon and two other plotters the power to run the country until a new type of government was formed

** Napoleon the Ruler **
**The Consulate** **Victory in War** **The Making of a Legend** **The Concordat and the Catholic Church** **Reforms** **Napoleon becomes Emperor**
 * Took a month to create a new government
 * France was to be governed by **three consuls**
 * First consul
 * Power to make Decisions
 * Second and Third Consul
 * Advice the First Consul
 * Consul of State
 * Helped to write new laws and discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * A Senate, a Tribunate, and a Legislative Body
 * Making of laws and appointments of officials
 * **Prefects:** Put the laws into effort
 * First Consul most urgent task, Defend France against the armies of Second Coalition
 * Plan: Attack and Austrian Force in north Italy, surprise them from behind, took army across alps
 * Dangerous Gamble: Took longer across the alps than expected
 * When he reached, Austrian forces ready for them, Napoleon's men tired and outnumbered, lost
 * **Battle of Marengo** ended in victory for the French
 * **Battle of Hohenlinden**
 * French army defeated the Austrians in Germany
 * Brought the war of Second Coalition to an end
 * Peace Treaty signed in at Luneville in 1801, left France in control of Belgium, of German lands on the river Rhine, and North Italy
 * Napoleon became famous
 * Many newspapers, books and paintings
 * France was at Peace, Napoleon could deal with urgent matters: Catholic Church
 * During terror, Churches were closed
 * Many Christians hated this, wanted to overthrow government
 * End this religious conflict in order for new government to last
 * Began by dropping ten day week of the Revolutionary Calender and allowed people to take Sunday's off
 * 1801, signed an agreement with the pope called the **Concordat**
 * Allowed Catholics to worship freely
 * Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all bishops in France
 * All priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * Priests came out of hiding and Church re-opened
 * By 1802, Napoleon made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflict at home
 * Senate increased Napoleon's power
 * Raised his pay and made him 'Consul-for-life"
 * 31 Million people supported him, 8000 people against
 * Napoleon started to reform the way France was run
 * 1802, reformed country's schools
 * **Lycee:** New kind of secondary school
 * Under strict military discipline, students at these high schools study curriculum drawn up by government
 * **Baccalaureate:** Entrance examination for University
 * 1804, reformed French law
 * Reformed into seven books called **Codes**
 * Began in 1804, with a code of civil law called the **Code Napoleon**
 * Simplified complex laws that had existed for centuries
 * Added: Individual Rights, Freedom of Belief, and Equality before the law
 * 1804, Napoleon made himself emperor
 * Massive vote approval
 * Had a coronation ceremony: Being crowned
 * Brought back noble titles for his family
 * Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire
 * 1808, created Imperial Nobility consisting of Princes, dukes, counts, barons and knights
 * Nobles had to be rich if they wanted to pass on their titles to their children
 * A prince had to leave his son an income of 200,000 francs a year to keep the title in the family
 * Nobles had no privileges
 * In 1804, the French Revolution was over