The+Rise+of+Napoleon+weiweil2013+08.02.10

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 * post-Terror: new form of government (five men, Directors) 1795-1799
 * didn't govern France well, prices shot up, money lost value, people starved
 * Napoleon Bonaparte: young army general who forced them out of office, took over government
 * Napoleon Bonaparte**
 * born French in Italy, Italian parents
 * sent to school in France, seven years in military school, promoted during Rev, general by 24
 * nearly arrested in 1794 (arrested with Robespierre, no evidence, so let go)
 * **Italian campaign**
 * Directors continued Revolutionary War against Coalition when took power in 1795
 * quickly conquered Holland and Belgium; next = northern states of Italy
 * 1796: Napoleon made commander of Italian Army, attack Austrian forces in Italy
 * next 1.5 years: Napoleon led army to brilliant victories, controlled all of Italy by October 1797, most famous general
 * **in Egypt**
 * commander of "Army of the East", ordered to attack English trade/colonies in Far East
 * quickly defeated Egypt (July 1798), but sunk by British Royal Army, stranded in Akouir Bay, Egypt
 * marooned in Middle East for a year, while Second Coalition defeated French armies
 * learned of defeats, overrunning rebels, bankruptcy, Directors facing strong opposition
 * left army in Egypt, hurried back to France to save his country
 * **seizing power**
 * 1 Director: get rid of other Directors, close Councils, set up new, stronger gov. w/ military backing from N
 * 9 November, 1799: made up story about rebels, Napoleon made commander of all troops in Paris, other three Directors forced to resign
 * next day: Councils learned truth, Napoleon ask to change gov, met with hostility, violence and anger
 * truth of violence (tried to kill him, declare outlaw) debatable
 * soldiers believed violence, went to save Napoleon, most deputies fled
 * Napoleon (+2 others) given power to rule country until new gov.
 * Napoleon the Ruler**
 * The Consulate: created within a month
 * 3 Consuls: 2 advisor consuls, 1 "First Consul" = Napoleon = ruler of France
 * four new Councils created
 * eg: Council of State = write new laws, discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * Senate, Tribunal, Legislative Body = made laws, appointment of officials
 * 9 million voters: 3 million voted for, 1500 voted against, 6 million didn't bother
 * victory in war against Second Coalition
 * planned to attack Austrian forces in north Italy, attack from behind from Alps, Switzerland
 * Battle of Morengo: nearly defeated, reserve troops arrived and drove Austrian back, French victory
 * Battle of Hohenlinden: defeated Austrians in Germany, France w/ control of Belgium, northern Italy, German lands in river Rhine
 * Napoleon = legendary
 * victory in the war = most famous ever, great hero, legendary figure
 * portrayed on fiery horse, not realistic, wasn't painted from real life,
 * The Concordat and Catholic Church
 * Terror = de-Christianised France, angered Catholics and church, violence and rebels in western France
 * ten-day week dropped, Sundays off, signed Concordat with Pope in 1801
 * allowed Catholics to worship freely, allowed Napoleon to appoint all bishops in France, take oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * became victory for Napoleon (millions of Catholics previously hated revolution supported Napoleon again)
 * Napoleon granted power for rest of his life (Consul-for-Life) - 3.5 million in favour, 8000 against
 * started to reform the way the country was run (1802)
 * education: new secondary school (lycée) = strict military discipline, gov. curriculum, exam into uni.
 * French law: organised into seven books (codes), simplified very complex laws
 * Napoleon becomes Emperor, 1804
 * made himself emperor, massively approved by people, republic -> empire in 12 years
 * crowned in coronation ceremony by crown from Pope
 * noble titles for his family members (eg: princes, dukes, counts, barons, knights)
 * nobles had to be very rich to pass on family name (leave son income of 200 000 francs)
 * nobles had no privileges
 * The Revolution is over. The French Republic has been replaced by an Empire. The Catholic Church is restored. People can be nobles again.**

After the Terror was over, a new government consisting of five Directors took power. They were unpopular, and eventually were forced out of office by a young army general who took power as leader of France. The general's name was Napoleon Bonaparte; he was French with Italian parents, and got promoted quickly through military school. After enormous success in the Italian campaign, he was appointed to defeat British forces in the Middle East, but was marooned there for a year. Meanwhile, France was losing against the Second Coalition and going through difficulties again; when Napoleon heard this, he returned to France to save his country by working with one of the Directors to overthrow the government. The new government, the Consulate, was created, with Napoleon at the head; he led France to defeat the Second Coalition, restored power to the Catholic Church, and became enormously popular. He was granted power as First Consul for the rest of his life, and began to reform the way France was run. He crowned himself Emperor in 1804, and thus, after 12 years of being a Republic, France was once again an Empire.
 * Summary**

Didn't any of the people start to see that Napoleon was becoming just as much a dictator as Louis XVI was? About the people who opposed Napoleon - what were their reasons?
 * Questions**