InNo+13+(1-10)+Byue+01.11.11

=**__AWESOME STUFF__**= This is a comic strip I did on the Japanese invading Manchuria. Later, they blew up the railway and blamed it on the Chinese. When China complained to the League of Nations, the Japanese Government tried to call the army back, but it was too late. The government had already lost control of the army. This screen-shot is blurred because it was saving halfway but then it died. The original copy no longer exists because it failed to save. It is also failing to show the picture of the comic. Ask me for the file. I will never toondoo again. This is a picture of the Manchurian Railway Incident. It happened when the Japanese invaded Manchuria, bombed a railway, and blamed it on China. The irony is that only very little of the railway was blown, giving a hint that the Japanese had the intention of keeping the railway. I think this is awesome because I did not know that there might be actual pictures of the 'destroyed' railway.

 This is a picture of Adolf Hitler as a boy. I find it pretty amazing that a face of a leader can already be seen in his young times. Folding his arms, frowning, formal wear, neat hair. Perhaps during the photo he was pretending to be a general, but he had actually become a real leader. He became the Chancellor of Germany, and many countries started worrying when he expanded his army. Railway picture Hitler the boy

=__PART ONE - An uneasy peace__= ** 1. **** The ‘New Era’: Hopes for Peace in 1929 ** __Locarno and the ‘New Era’__ - conference in Locarno (Swiss town), lead Euro statesmen discussed problems: Germany France still on bad terms after Great War - 1923 French + Belgian armies occupied Germany’s Ruhr Valley after German gov. said it couldn’t pay for damage done to Fr. and Belg. in Great war - **Locarno Treaties**: o Agreements between France, Germany, and Belgium to respect borders o Britain and Italy to make sure terms weren’t broken o France promised to support Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany messed with them - This treaty took away suspicion from German neighbors

__Friendship between nations__ - only Paraguay and Bolivia were not at peace - **Kellogg-Briand Pact** – agreement thought by Foreign Ministers of US and France Kellogg and Briand, to not use war to settle disputes o 65 countries signed - **Eastern Pact** – USSR signed with 6 neighbor states, agree to not use war to settle disputes - Greece + Yugoslavia, Chile + Peru, Arabia + Turkey, Iran + Iraq all settled

__The League of Nations__ - 1929 was also 10th anniversary of League of Nations - **Collective security** – countries that joined League cannot go against others in the League, and if one did, all other countries would go against it - Only 3 peace-keeping actions: o Deal with dispute by legal means o Impose economic **sanctions** on an attacker, meaning all other League members would refuse to trade with the attacker o Impose military sanctions against attacker, forming League army and use to fight attacker - It had special departments, one was **Disarmament Commission** which persuaded member nations to reduce weapon stocks and rely instead on collective security for defence

__The Limitations of the League__ - US was not a member, for US gov. of 1920s followed ‘policy of isolation’ from affairs of Europe - USSR was not member because of communist leader, saw League as ‘capitalist’ - Some members lacked enthusiasm for the League - League’s ability to keep peace was never fully tested for 10 years - Britain showed League support by joining 400,000 people into the LoN Union

** 2. **** The Great Depression ** __The Great Depression__ - October 1929 thousands of American firms went bankrupt, US economy went into deepest slump - Govs tried to protect their country by raising custom duties on foreign good- **protectionism** and aimed to boost demand for goods made in their own country - Some kept out foreign goods entirely - But in the long run, the more selfishly the countries acted, the more the ideas of the LoN were forgotten - Depression also caused unrest amount people - In countries with mass unemployment, people blamed govs, and some supported extreme political parties which promised to help if elected - In Germany and Japan, democratic govs fell, and replaced by anti-democratic govs

__The problem of Empires__ - new problem: division of world into powers which owned large empires & those which did not - countries envied that Fr. and Britain empires were so big - Italians wanted more colonies in Africa and German colonies after Great war - Japanese were given small German islands of little value, so they wanted more land near home - Germans were angered with lost of whole empire - Natives wanted independence, leading to violent clashes, making Fr. and Britain keep large military forces in colonies o Expensive, and could not support aim for world peace and disarmament

** 3. **** Japan, Manchuria and the League, 1931-33 ** __The attraction of Manchuria__ - Japan already captured 4 areas in and around China, so it was no surprise it was soon going for Manchuria too - It had most important railways, mines, factories and ports, and had army in Kwantung for protection - When Great Depression affected Japan and gov. couldn’t help, army officers talked about conquering foreign lands to get out of Depression - Manchuria seemed like a perfect place to start with

__Japan invades Manchuria__ - night of 18 September 1931, Japanese soldiers blew up part of South Manchuria Railway in Shenyang, then blamed it on Chinese for excuse to occupy Shenyang - Chinese asked LoN for help, so it told Jap gov. to withdraw its soldiers immediately - But while gov. agreed, the army continued to advance in Manchuria, and by the end of 1931, it had captured entire Manchuria and renamed it Manzhouguo (Manchukuo) - Unfortunately, Jap gov. had lost control of its army in Kwantung

__The League and Manchuria__ - no member of the League wanted to use sanction against Japan because the Great Depression had already damaged trade - also because the most powerful members of LoN doubt that they could enforce sanctions - so LoN tried using persuasion – Commission of Enquiry led by Lord Lytton (Britain) sent to Manchuria o they came up with report trying to please both China and Japan by telling Japan to leave Manchuria but that it would be semi-independent instead of giving the whole province back to China - Japan resigned from League before any further progress and went on to occupy Jehol, mountainous area, which was good for military defence - LoN reputation went down because it failed to stop Japan, and supporters started having doubts

** 4. **** The Revival of Germany, 1933-35 ** __Hitler’s foreign policy aims__ - Nazi party set up in 1919 quickly after Great War - Hitler had 3 aims as Chancellor: o Tear up Treaty of Versailles o Unite all German-speaking people in one country (Greater Germany) o Give Germans ‘**Lebensraum**’ – living space

__Re-armament__ - Germany had to conquer or threaten to get land Hitler wanted, but the army was weak - He had to build up army forces in defiance of the treaty because it only allowed 100,000 men - In a secret meeting, he told generals that army would have 300,000 men, new Air Ministry was to build 1000 aircraft and secretly train pilots in civilian flying clubs - In 1933, Hitler withdrew from Geneva Disarmament Conference and LoN - March 1935, the new air force, the //Luftwaffe//, had 2500 aircraft and army had 300,000 men - Later, he publicized his army’s secret and said all men had to join military and increased army to 550,000

__Reactions to German re-armament__ - Germany’s re-armament should’ve been stopped by major powers, but it didn’t, for countries were too busy with their own problems - France used **Maginot Line** to build defence, a series of heavily armed concrete forts built along the length of the French border with Germany - Only Italy came close to stopping Germany’s actions - 1934, Nazis in Austria tried overthrowing Austrian gov., killing the Austrian Chancellor during the process, and people thought Hitler would control Austria and unite it with Germany - Italian leader Mussolini put army between Italy and Austria, so Hitler abandoned plans - Prime ministers of Britain, Fr, and Italy met in Stresa, Italy, to form **Stresa Front** when Hitler announced compulsory military – protest against itself

__Questions__ 1. How come many countries didn't stop Germany's re-armament? 2. What did the Stresa Front protest against? 3. Which 4 areas in/around China did Japan already capture prior to its invasion of Manchuria? 4. Which two countries had the largest empire? 5. Which 3 countries had to respect each others' borders due to the Locarno Treaties?

__S____ummary__ After the Great War, in 1929, many believed that peace was about to happen and continue for a long time, because the Locarno Treaties were issued, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was set up, and the League of Nations was also in work. But then, the Great Depression happened in the US, and it started spreading to other countries, and soon countries wanted more colonies and empires. Japan saw Manchuria as a great target because it already had 4 areas captures near it, so they invaded, blew a railway, and blamed it on the Chinese. The Chinese complained to the League of Nations, so it told the government to stop the army but the Japanese gov. already lost control of its own army. Meanwhile, Hitler is on the rise, and is building a strong army of 550,000, and only little is done to stop them.