InNo+mengxinw2013+09.20.10

AWESOME PART

NOTES on chap.5

Traces of the Revolutionary Era
 * - in London, walk through Trafalgar Square, visit Madame Tussaud’s, or take a train from Waterloo Station, in the company of names that became famous as a result of the Napoleonic wars
 * - there are streets named after famous generals and battles of the revolutionary era in any French town
 * - meter, kilogram, liter, were invented by the revolutionaries in 1795
 * - half of the flags of the countries of Europe are modeled on the tricolour flag of the revolutionaries of 1789
 * - ideas about how to organize societies were the most important traces of the era, passed on from the revolutionaries; two sets of ideas were especially important, first known as liberalism

Liberalism
 * - when Estates General declared that it was a National Assembly, and set to work on write a constitution, began by “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
 * - this gave French citizens equal rights and liberties
 * - idea of giving people liberty and equality through a constitution was one of the important achievements of the revolution
 * - when Napoleon conquered Europe, constitutions were introduced into the states that came under French control
 * - ideas of liberty and equality spread throughout Europe
 * - however, after defeating Napoleon, old rulers of Europe took back their thrones, got rid of his constitutions and went back to ruling their states in the old way
 * - millions of Europeans became “liberals,” believing in the ideas of liberty and equality and wanting a constitution giving them rights

Nationalism
 * - key idea of the French Revolution was that France was a nation, not a kingdom, meaning France was not the personal property of King Louis XVI; it was a union of all 28 million French-speaking people
 * - first act was to set up a National Assembly to speak for those people
 * - adopted tricolor flag to represent the nation, red and blue colors of the people of Paris combined with the king’s traditional white
 * - during wars, French set up new nations in the lands they conquered; Italian speaking people brought together into nations such as Roman Republic
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Poles gained own nation when Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Millions of Germans became citizens of new nations when Napoleon forced 300 German rulers to unite into just thirty states
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Many European people found out what it was like to live in their own nation; to be ruled according to a constitution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Came to an end in 1815, Politicians from countries that defeated Napoleon met in Vienna to redraw the map of Europe
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- At Congress of Vienna, re-created many of the old states that Napoleon had destroyed
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Old royal families took back their thrones in Spain and Italian states
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- German Confederation of 39 states replaced Napoleon’s Rhine Confederation
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg became a single Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- New borders of Europe had nothing to do with people’s nationality; millions of Italians under Austrian rule, Poles under Russian rule
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- People living under foreign rule, or living in separate states from their fellow countrymen started revolutions to change the way they were ruled

Revolution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- liberals and nationalists started revolutions
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- in German states, many revolutionaries were students; wanted Germany to be considered one land and German people one people; most of all, want the princes to understand that they exist for the country, not the country for them
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- in 1830, revolutions broke out in six countries
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- in Netherlands, Belgian people rose in revolt against the Dutch King William; did not like the way he had governed them
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- King William refused to listen to complaints by people, dislike of his rule spread throughout the provinces and people armed themselves to fight the Dutch
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- After much bloodshed, Belgians drove out Dutch and proclaimed Belgium an independent country
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Shaken by revolutions again in 1848 when Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrian authorities in Budapest

Images of Revolution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- revolutionaries of 19th century borrowed images as well as ideas from the French Revolution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- most famous image was Liberty, created in 1792, revolutionaries who overthrew the king took it as the symbol of the new republic
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- liberty cap was originally worn by freed Roman slaves as a symbol of their freedom, however became fashionable among sans culottes
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Marianne, figure of Liberty was named, appeared in countless pictures, statues, and models throughout the French Revolution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Most famous image of Liberty is the Statue of Liberty at entrance to New York harbor, a gift to the US from the French people to show the friendship between their two republics
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Suggested by French historian to commemorate 100th anniversary of American independence
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Marianne went on appearing long after revolutions, was on the front cover of Italian socialist newspaper, showing her leading workers in their struggle against their “capitalist” bosses

Legends and myths of the Revolution
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- era of revolution created many myths and legends, most lasing of them was the Napoleonic legend
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- before his death, dictated his memoirs and encouraged his friends to write down everything he said
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- he built up an account of his life and ideas which made him seem like a great hero and a martyr
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- when published after his death, helped create a reputation for him as a great historical figure
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- nearly 20 years after his death, British government allowed his body to be taken from its grave on St Helena for re-burial in France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- when his coffin arrived in Paris, 100,000 people lined the streets in freezing weather to pay their respects
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- buried in the Invalides church, later transferred to a massive tomb made of precious stone
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- more people have visited his tomb than any other tourist attraction in Paris
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- legend of Napoleon spread in many ways, Bank of France issued 20 franc coins bearing his portrait
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- brands of cigars and fine brandy were named after him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Arc de Triomphe in Paris was decorated with carvings showing Napoleon’s greatest victories

1. Why did the new borders of Europe drawn at the Congress of Vienna have nothing to do with the people’s nationality? Wouldn’t it be a lot easier if they did?
 * Question **

There are many traces left from the revolutionary era. The most obvious traces is the metric system, and the tricolor flags. However, the most important trace of the era was the idea of liberalism and nationalism. The National Assembly began its works by making a “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen,” giving French citizens equal rights and liberties. When Napoleon conquered Europe, constitutions were introduced into the states he conquered. However, after defeating Napoleon, the old rulers of Europe took back their thrones. Many got rid of his constitution. However, millions of Europeans became “Liberals,” believing in the ideas of liberty and equality, and wanted a constitution that gave them these rights. Nationalism is another key idea of the French Revolution. This meant that France was not the personal property of King Louis XVI, but a union of all 28 million French-speaking people. The first act was to set up a National Assembly to speak for these people. French set up new nations in the lands they had conquered, Italian speaking people were brought together into nations such as the Roman Republic. Poles gained their own nation when napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, millions of Germans became citizens of new nations when Napoleon forced 300 German rulers to unite into just thirty states. Many Europeans found out then what it was like to live in their own nation, and being ruled according to a constitution. However, this came to an end when politicians from countries that defeated Napoleon met in Vienna at the Congress of Vienna, where they re-created many of the old states that Napoleon had destroyed. The new borders of Europe had nothing to do with people’s nationality, therefore, throughout the 19th century, people living under foreign rule, or living in separate states from their fellow countrymen started revolutions to change the way they were ruled. Liberals and nationalists started revolutions in 1820, 1830, and 1848. German states started revolutions because they wanted the German people to live together. Belgians who lived under the rule of the Dutch King William fought for their independence. The revolutionaries who overthrew the king created Liberty in 1792 as a symbol of the new Republic. She was named Marianne, and appeared in countless pictures, statues, and models throughout the French Revolution. The most famous image of Liberty is the Statue of Liberty in New York City. The revolution created many myths and legends, most lasing was the Napoleonic legend. Napoleon wrote about his life and ideas that made him seem like a great hero and a martyr. These helped him to create a reputation for him as a great historical figure after he died. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is decorated with carvings showing Napoleon’s greatest victories.
 * Summary **