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This is a propaganda poster painting for Joseph Stalin. He is the leader of Soviet Russia during the time of the Second World War and the Cold War. This propaganda poster promotes communism and gains popularity for Stalin. He was suspicious that the atomic bomb would be used on Moscow after it is being used on Japan. His suspicion towards the USA increases as it leads up to the cold war.

This is a painting of Harry Truman, president of the United States of America. He was named president after President Roosevelt died. He was previously uninformed of the Manhattan project and was shocked when he found out. He agreed to help out countries that were under communist ruling with military and financial aids.

5 Paragraph Essay Outline

1. Introduction: a. There are many factors that leads up to the cold war, the main reason being the untrusting diplomatic relationship between the USSR and the USA. 2. Soviets’ dislike towards the USA a. The Bolsheviks i. The USA sent troops to fight the Bolsheviks, which was the political party that Stalin belongs to. b. Unwillingness to cooperate i. The US had many plans for the reconstruction of Europe due to the aftermath of WWII. 3. The Atomic Bomb a. The Manhattan Project i. The US was developing the atomic bomb at the time and they decided not to inform the Russians about it. ii. However, through their own sources, the Soviets found out about it and already began their own atomic bomb development. iii. The USA’s unwillingness to inform the Soviets confirmed Stalin’s suspicion that they are planning to bomb Moscow after the bombs works on Japan. 4. US’s dislike towards Russia a. McCarthyism and the Hiss Case i. This increased a widespread awareness and if not dislike towards the Communists, which equals Soviet Spies. ii. After the Hiss case, there was a lot of distrust among the people, suspecting each other as Soviet Spies. iii. There was a lot of hatred among Soviets at this point. b. NSC-68 i. The US developed a plan for what the national security of US would follow for the next 20 years. ii. They decided that in order to face the new Soviet threats, they needed to build up a huge military. iii. This caused the soviets to distrust them. 5. Conclusion a. In conclusion there are many reasons leading up to the Cold War, and one of the main reason is the mutual distrust between the two “Superpowers”.

Notes

The Bolsheviks · 1917 - two revolutions against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia results in his resignation. · Established a provisional government led by Prince Goergy Lvov and then socThis ialist Alexander Kerensky · November 1917 - the government was overthrown once again, but this time by the Vladimir Lenin's Communist party, which seized power in the name of the soviets. · Lenin's followers were known as Bolsheviks. · 1924 - Lenin died · 1928 - Joseph Stalin took power · March 1918 - Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking Russia out of the war. Previously, Russia was fighting with the Allies. · March 1919 - Bolsheviks established the Comintern to work "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie." · 1921 - After civil war broke out, United States lost after having sent troops to support the anti-Bolshevik Whites in their fight against the Bolshevik Reds. · 1922 - Reds established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics · Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact · Under the new economic policy, the Soviet state controlled all the large economic enterprises--factories, mines, railroads, etc.  · 1929 to 33 - Five-Year Plans forcibly organized the peasantry and compelled the rapid development of new heavy industry · March 1933 - FDR invited Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov to Washington, and on November 17 the two nations agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations · As World War II approached, Stalin considered his options. Although his dislike for the Germans was great, his distrust for the British and the French was even greater. · April 1939 - Stalin considered negotiating an agreement to provide Soviet neutrality in the event of war. · August 1939 - the two sides secretly negotiated the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. Nine days later, Germany invaded Poland. · June 1941 - Hitler invaded the Soviet Union anticipating a swift victory, which demoralized the British into surrendering.

Marriage of Convenience · March 1941 - Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act, which authorized the release of military aid to countries fighting Germany and Japan. · June 1941 - Roosevelt welcomed the soviets as allies when the Russians entered the war. Although the US and Soviets were working together, they still couldn't set aside the US's animosity toward Bolshevism. · May 1942, Stalin sent Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov to Washington to urge Roosevelt to take some action to relieve German pressure on the Soviet front. · British Prime Minister Winston Churchill disagreed with the Roosevelt's promise of an invasion of German-occupied France before the end of the year. · After a great deal of persuading, Roosevelt accepted Churchill's own plan for a late-1942 invasion of North Africa. · This however upset Stalin, who continued to bear the worst by far of the fighting against Hitler. · August 1942 - Churchill tried to reassure Stalin by telling him they were to pay their way by bombing Germany. Both men knew however that this bombing wouldn't do much to restrain the Nazi offensive on the eastern front.

The Big Three at Tehran · January 1943 - Stalin was forced to accept disappointment when Roosevelt and Churchill postponed once more the invasion of France · November 1943 - In Tehran Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed the status of a defeated Germany and the postwar borders of Poland, but the focus of the four-day conference was the new cross-Channel invasion plan code-named Overlord. · May 1,1944 was the planned launch date of operation Overlord

Yalta · February 1945, the big three met for a second time to discuss the creation of an organization to succeed the disbanded League of Nations. They also discussed the future of Eastern Europe (especially Poland), the status of Germany, and Soviet entry into the Pacific war. · With respect to the new United Nations, Stalin wanted veto power for permanent members of the Security Council and separate General Assembly seats for Belorussia (White Russia) and Ukraine. · From a defeated Germany, he wanted ten billion dollars' worth of industrial equipment as war reparations. · Finally, in exchange for the commitment to declare war on Japan, he wanted to take back all the territory that was lost to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. · Roosevelt and Churchill agreed with nearly all of these demands because there was little they could do without declaring war on the Soviets.

The Division of Germany · March 1945 - Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme Allied Commander, pursued three main goals: capturing the Ruhr Valley, Germany's industrial heartland; preventing a Nazi withdrawal to the Bavarian Alps; and avoiding an unintentional clash with Soviet troops heading west. · April 16 - Soviets began their main assault on the German capital. · April 30 - Hitler suicide in his bunker beneath the Chancellery. · May 2 - Berlin surrendered. Admiral Karl Donitz offered to conclude a separate peace with the Western Allies so that the Germany army could continue fighting the soviets. · But Harry Truman refused Donitz offer insisting German surrender on all fronts. · May 7 - Germans surrender, Germany divide into four occupation zones, split among the allies.

The Manhattan Project · When President Roosevelt Died on April 12, 1945, Vice President Truman received a terrible shock – not so much that FDR was dead, as the president’s health had deteriorated badly. · Rater, he was shocked to learned what FDR had been up to in New Mexico. · Manhattan Project was the code name given the US effort to develop an atomic bomb. · At the time, the atomic bomb was known as the most terrible weapon ever known in human history. · And “modern civilization might be completely destroyed.” · The idea of the MP originated in an August 1939 letter that Hungarian émigré Leo Szilard persuaded his friend Albert Einstein to write, informing President Roosevelt of some troubling developments in nuclear physics. · In early 1939, a secret German War Office report stated that “the newest developments in nuclear physics…will probably make it possible to produce an explosive many orders of magnitude more powerful than the conventional ones…That country which first makes use of it has an unsurpassable advantage over the others.” · University of Chicago, Tennessee and Washington were places were scientist worked on refining uranium and plutonium into nuclear fuels. · But the most famous MP site was Los Alamos, New Mexico, where the design and testing of the bombs took place on the grounds of a private school for boys that Oppenheimer had visited during the 1920s.

Knowledge of the Bomb · Truman learned that British knew all about the MP, but the Soviets hadn’t yet been informed. · Bohr urged Churchill and Roosevelt to tell Stalin what they were up to, and if they had taken his advise, the arms race would be ameliorated. · Instead, Stalin was kept in the dark, thereby undermining their many efforts to win the Soviet leader’s trust. · Hiroshima and Nagasaki was spared from the bombing because the damage would be too big. · Byrnes influenced the language of the surrender terms offered to Japan so that they felt obliged to keep fighting, therefore justifying the use of the bombs. · One of the goals of the committee was to use the bombs so that the world could know what to expect if another war breaks out again.

Potsdam · July 1945, Truman traveled to the suburbs of Berlin to meet with Churchill and Stalin. · They discussed the invasion of Japan, the involvement of the German occupation, and the Manhattan project. · Stalin reaffirmed his promise to enter the Pacific war, and he informed his allies that he had been receiving peace overtures from the Japanese. · The US anticipated to end the Pacific War quickly and before Soviet’s involvement. · So Truman didn’t tell Stalin about the bomb until nearly a week later, however informally. · But Stalin already knew about the MP, and a secret Soviet atomic bomb plan underway. · However, Stalin suspected that the bomb was meant for Moscow next.

Containment · After the Japan bombing, the Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely. · Meanwhile, the Soviets rearranged the map of Eastern Europe. · Many countries were allowed to remain nominally independent. · George F. Kennan wrote a 5300 word cable to Secretary of State Byrnes discussing the matters of the Soviet Union · He said that the US had to have a long-term containment of Russian expansive tendencies, which in other words means to apply sufficient counter pressure on them so that there would be no need to militarize the Cold War. · In Kennan’s view, the postwar USSA had 2 goals: o Establishing a security corridor around its homeland o Exporting Communism to other countries.

Truman’s Doctrine · He knows that he would not be able to liberate territory already under Soviet control. · March 12 - Truman agreed to the commitment of the United States to aid, economically and/or militarily, any nation threatened by Communism. · It was Acheson's argument that convinced the congress, which led to four hundred million dollars funding to aid Greece and Turkey. · The speech he gave on this day became known as the Truman Doctrine.

Disarray in Postwar Europe · In Jan 1947, 2 months before the Truman Doctrine speech, the US, UK French and USSR foreign ministers gathered in Moscow to discuss the future of Germany. o At Yalta and again at Potsdam, it had been agreed that Germany would be reunited under a central, freely elected government. · The economic and political situation in Western Europe was becoming dire. · Nearly six years of pervasive Allied bombing had ruined most of the large cities into seas of rubble while destroying must of Europe’s economic infrastructure. · Everyone, not just the Soviets, could see the effect that this economic turmoil was having on the political situation in Europe.

The Marshall Plan · On June 5, 1947, in a speech to the graduating class at Harvard University, Secretary of State Marshall outlined the foreign policy problems that the US was facing in Europe. · Then he proposed a bold, creative solution: He wanted the European nations to devise a joint recovery plan based on the principles of self-help, resource sharing, and German reintegration; and he wanted the US to fund it. · His offer was quickly taken up by the British and French foreign ministers, who issued a joint communiqué inviting twenty-two nations and representatives from occupied Germany to a conference in Paris that would begin the work of drawing up a cooperative plan. · Stalin didn’t like the plan, but his opinions were ignored. · This plan became the basis of the European Recovery Program (ERP). · Along with the Truman Doctrine, it signaled America’s embrace of its new role as a global leader.

The Berlin Airlift · As the USSR preference for a disintegrated, unstable Germany became clear, the Americans and British moved to shore up their sectors. · Already in January 1947, notwithstanding Soviet objections, they had merged their occupation zones, creating a single political unit known as Bizonia. · In mid-June, the US and British authorities took an even more significant step in the creation of an independent state in Western Germany and created a new currency: the Deutsche Mark. · The new currency appeared in West Berlin on June 23. · The next day, the Soviets cut off al road, rail, and water access to the city – halting the shipments of food, fuel, and other vital supplies that kept West Berlin alive. · There was disagreement between the Soviets and the West, and they were left with no choice but to conduct a massive airlift, which they began on June 26. · By May 12, when the Soviets finally lifted their blockade, West Berlin had become not the initial battlefield of World War III but an international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without resorting to direct conflict.

NATO and the Warsaw Pact · According to Kennan’s theory of containment, to which Truman and Marshall subscribed, militarization of the CW was both unwise and unnecessary. · The USSR weren’t likely to deploy armed force beyond their Eastern European security corridor, and economic and political counterpressure should be enough to meet all other forms of expansionism. · Although Americas European allies understood this reasoning, they were still nervous. · After WWII, they had quickly demobilized, but the Soviet Union still retained both a massive army and an extensive military infrastructure. · March 1948 – The treaty of Brussels was signed, which provided for, among other things, their mutual defense. · April 1949 – The North Atlantic Treaty, which established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). · In addition to the US and the five Treaty of Brussels states, the founding members of NATO included Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Portugal. · While NATO couldn’t possibly field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion without German manpower, the idea of a military alliance with the chief belligerent of WWII was distasteful to some countries, and all knew that the Soviets would react negatively. · May 9, 1955 – Soviets created a rival military alliance – The Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact – composed of the USSR and its client states in Eastern Europe.

The Hiss Case · Whittaker Chambers was called to the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), and he claimed that he was in a communist meeting in the cell belonging to Alger Hiss. · But Hiss denies, and during the hearing, he was calm and collected, which makes it seem like Chambers was lying. · But after a private conversation with Chambers, Richard Nixon decided that he was innocent. · During the second hearing, Chambers brought up evidence that if proven genuine, could proof that Hiss had committed espionage. · He was later charged with perjury. · The after-math of this event was that the American people felt anxious that anybody could be a Soviet spy.

McCarthyism · Nixon, a Californian, became so famous during the Hiss case that in 1950 he was able to secure a Senate nomination after just three years in the House. · Once elected to the Senate, Nixon joined the Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin, who was also making a name for himself as an aggressive anticommunist. · During an event in WV, he held up a piece of paper and said that there was a list of Communist on this sheet of paper who is still working for the State Department. · This caused an overnight wave of anticommunist hysteria that dominated domestic politics for the next decade. · The period was later named for McCarthy because it was characterized by the frequent use of misrepresentation and innuendo in which he specialized. · It didn’t matter that McCarthy never produced any names, nor did it matter that during four years of investigations he never documented a single case of disloyalty. · The fears of Communist infiltration along with the explosion of the Soviet atomic bomb and the victory of Mao’s Communists in China, ensured McCarthy a wide and compliant audience.

NSC-68 · National Security Act of 1947 reorganized the government’s military and foreign policy establishments. · It created the CIA as a successor to the wartime Office of Strategic Services and the National Security Council, as a focus for national security planning within the executive branch. · When Truman requested that the NSC conduct a comprehensive review of US national security strategy in January 1950, the result was a 58 page memorandum designated NSC-68 and delivered on April 7. · Paul Nitze led a group that documented what national security the US would follow for the next 20 years. · The group began with two premises o First, the defeat of Germany and Japan and the decline of Britain and France had left the US and the USSR as the only 2 world powers. o Second, the USSR was focused of spreading communistic ideas throughout the world. · They decided that the only way to meet the new Soviet threat was with a massive military buildup. · Others like Kennan disagreed and said that the threat was primarily political. · Kennan was winning up until the point when North Korea attacked South Korea.

Summary: There were many factors that contributed to the beginning of the Cold War, including the USA, the USSR and various European countries. Those disagreements have begun since during the second world war and even as early as the Russian Civil War when the US sent troops to support the anti-Bolsheviks, which was defeated by the Bolsheviks. The development of the atomic bomb increased the distrust between the two "Superpowers" especially when the UK and US decided not to inform the Soviets about it, but the Soviets knew already. During the aftermath of the Second World War, the US had many ideas for economy recovery, but Stalin disagreed with many of them. As the US began to persecute and punish communists all over the nation, they also began to build up their military in order to meet the new Soviet threats, and this has caused the Soviets to worry a lot.

Questions:

1. What was name of the project to develop the atomic bomb? 2. How did the Soviets found out about it and how did Stalin felt about it. 3. Why did Americans start persecuting communists? 4. What does NATO stand for? 5. What was achieved at Potsdam?