InNo+shynricpx2013+09.03.10

WORLD HISTORY InNo pg 19-25 (scanned copy)

=__ Awesome Stuff __=

**Question: 1** eg. use of oven ||= The Third Estate: Peasantry class (working under a landlord) || eg. Voltaire ||
 * =  ||= **Things that people disliked** ||= **Kinds of people who disliked these things** ||
 * = **Society** ||= Having no privileges what so ever ||= The Third Estate: Peasantry class (about 27 million people) ||
 * = **Taxation** ||= Having to tax on EVERYTHING. The clergy and nobles were exempt from a lot of taxes, which makes it even more unfair ||= The Third Estate: Peasantry class ||
 * = **Feudal rights and dues** ||= The peasants had to pay for EVERYTHING in order to use or do ANYTHING.
 * = **Law** ||= Brutal torture and injustice. ||= Philospophe
 * = **Government** ||= Waste of time and money on Hamlet. The money could have been used more wisely and efficiently. ||= A lot of people form different classes. Peasants, courtiers, etc. ||

**Question: 2** Look at your completed table. Choose from it at least one reason why many French people wanted to change the way France was run.

Law- Brutal torture is not how you treat the accused. The accuse has the right to sit in a fair trial by a jury of his or her peers. The injustice way how the catholics look down upon the protestant at that time, and accusing them of murder.

=__ Notes __=

**Estates General:**
 * Nobles and Clergy welcomed the King's decision to call an Estates General.
 * They intended to use it to block his plans to tax them.
 * They thought they could so because of the voting system.

**Voting system:**
 * The Estates General met whenever the King wants to consult it (which was not often).
 * Last time they met was in 1614
 * It had been made up of around 750 members
 * 250 from each of the three estates.
 * They met in three separate rooms
 * Each estate had just one vote.
 * The third estate complained that this voting system was unfair..
 * If used again in 1789, the nobles and clergy would be able to out vote the third estate two to one.
 * They asked the King to double the Estates General numbers, and give each member one vote.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">December 1788, the King agreed to the first of these demands.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">By now, the French government was bankrupt, it could not pay all the interest it owned on its debts.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Jacques Necker (new finance minister) advised the King to double the third estate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He hoped the Estate General itself would decide to give every member one vote each, and then vote for new taxes.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**The Food Crisis:**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Mass hunger was developing in the countryside.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The crisis was caused by freak weather.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">13 July 1788, a missive hailstorm had destroyed-
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">cornfields
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">vegetable plots
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">orchards and vineyards
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This hailstorm was followed by a drought.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">As a result, the harvest in 1788 was very poor.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This might not have mattered if the weather had gone back to its usual pattern. It did not.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The drought was followed by the coldest winter in living memory.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Rivers froze over, stopping water-mills from grinding flour.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Blocked roads prevented food from reaching markets.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">When the snow suddenly thawed in spring, floods ruined huge areas of farmland.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The result of the awful weather was a sharp rise in the price of bread.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1 Loaf = 15 souls in February 1989.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">With many families spending all they had on bread, they stopped buying things like cloths, shoes, candles and fuel.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The factories that made these lost business, many workers lost their jobs.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Unemployment, added to hunger, led to riots and strikes in many parts of the country.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**The Complaint Lists:**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">With hunger and unemployment spreading, elections for the Estates General were held in spring 1789.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">As well as electing deputies to speak for them, voters were asked to draw up lists of changes they wanted the Estates General to discuss with the King.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Over 60,000 of these “list of complaints” were drawn up.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">It showed that millions of French people wanted major changes:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Drawing up the lists of complaints created great excitement everywhere in France.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">In May 1789, the Estates General finally met at Versailles, millions of people had great expectations of it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">It seemed to many people that the King was interested in their problem and that he was going to take actions to solve them.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**The Estates Met:**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The first meeting of the Estates General was on 5 May 1789.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Over a thousand deputies met in the largest hall in Versailles.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">After long speeches by the King and his chief ministers, the three estates were told to split up and carry on the meeting in separate halls.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The third estate deputies were unhappy with this order. By meeting in three separate halls, where each estate had a single vote, they could be outvoted by the clergy and nobility.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The estates refused to discuss anything as a separate group.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">They said they would take part in the Estates General only if the nobles and clergy joined them in a single “National Assembly”.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The nobles and clergy refused.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">After a week of argument about the matter, the third estate them an ultimatum.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">If, at the end of the week, the nobles and clergy had not joined them, they would start the work of the Estates General themselves.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This was an act of defiance against the King.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Louis angrily ordered a Royal Session of the Estates General.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He intended to warn the third estate not defy him an further.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Louis, however, was losing control of events at Versailles.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">On 19 June, the clergy decided to join the third estate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">The following morning, the third estate deputies arrived at the palace to welcome the clergy into their meeting hall.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">They arrived to find its doors locked and guarded by soldiers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Inside, workmen were preparing it for the King’s Royal Session.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Tennis Court Oath:**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This angered and exited the deputies of the third estate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">They feared Louis was going to break up their assembly by force.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">With rain falling, they took shelter in the nearest empty building they could find.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> A tennis court less than two minutes away
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Packed inside the court, they took an oath to carry on the meeting until they had changed the way France was governed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This dramatic oath tied the deputies together in a common cause.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">On 23 June, the King held his Royal Session and ordered them to meet in their separate estates, they refused to move.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">One of their leaders told the King, “We shall only leave at the point of bayonets.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">King Louis ordered his soldiers to make them leave, but instead, gave in to them because of their determination.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">On 27 June, he ordered the nobles and clergy to join them in a single assembly.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">This is how the National Assembly became France’s legal parliament.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">To many people at the time, these events seemed like a revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">An Englishmen who witnessed them wrote,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">“the whole business now seem over and the revolution complete.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">But this was only the beginning.