inNo+julies+2013+01.10.+11+part+1

= Roads to War: Part 1 =

Ch. 1 - The 'New Era': Hopes for Peace in 1929
Locarno and the 'New Era' Friendship between nations The League of Nations The limitations of the League 2. Some members lacked enthusiasm 3. There was no prove the the LofN could keep world peace
 * Many believed long peace
 * 1925 leading EU statesmen went to a conference in Locarno (Swiss town) to make peace
 * Talked about problems from WW1
 * Most difficult problem was Germany and France were still enemies
 * At the conference the __Locarno Treaties__ were established
 * France, Germany and Belgium were to respect each others borders, no attacking each other
 * France promised to support Poland and Czechoslovakia
 * All countries agreed not to go to war
 * 1929 the 'New Era' had begun
 * All but two countries were at peace
 * There was some violence between Paraguay and Bolivia for a short while
 * 1929 countries signed peace with each other
 * __Kellogg-Briand Pact__: an agreement the US and France ministers came upon stating that was shouldn't be used to settle disagreements
 * 65 countries signed this pact
 * USSR signed Easter Pact: also stating not to use war to solves problems
 * Many friendship pacts were also made
 * 1929 tenth anniversary of League of Nations
 * Aims: to keep peace and make world better place
 * Countries joined and promised not to go to war with one another
 * No joined forces were allow
 * The idea for keeping peace was called __collective security__
 * League of Nation said they would do anything to keep peace
 * However there were only three actions they considered taking
 * 1) Deal with arguments by legal means, in the court
 * 2) Impose economic __sanctions__ on an attacker
 * 3) Impose military force against attackers
 * During the first year the LofN had to deal with 9 disputes
 * LofN had created special departments -> disarmament commission -> wanted people to stop using weapons and instead depend on the collectie security.
 * First disarmament conference was held in 1932 with sixty nations
 * 1) Not every nation was in the LofN, which could still disturb the world peace
 * USA wasn't a member
 * USSR wasn't a part of the LofN either
 * 1929 10 non-members (including two major powers)
 * Germany was in no big favor of the LofN
 * None had included the major powers and no one had required the use of sanctions
 * LofN was thought of in a very special way in 1929 by all the people around the world

Ch. 2 - The Great Depression
// Figure 1. In the 1930s, many people starved to death, like this little boy in the picture above. //

The Great Depression The problem of empires
 * "New Era" was suppose to me the beginning of world peace
 * BUT....
 * 1929 the economy started to break down - and the great depression started taking place from 1929 all the way to 1933
 * Prices for good increased
 * Thousands of Americans went bankrupt
 * Millions of shareholders were ruined
 * Depression quickly spread to other countries
 * Trade went down, profits fells, factories and businesses closed
 * Millions lost their jobs
 * Governments tried to project their countries by setting up new economic policies
 * Prices for incoming goods were raised -> __protectionism__
 * Aim: boost the demand for goods
 * Suppose to create jobs
 * Italy went farther with this and ruined relationships with other countries
 * The ideas from the LofN were starting to be forgotten and people didn't care anymore
 * A disturbance raised among the people of the country
 * The government was blamed for the depression
 * People started giving their support to extreme political powers -> which lead to the collapsing of the democratic parties
 * The new government became very agressive in order to make the best for their own country
 * The great depressing was another huge problem towards world peace - the division of the world into powers which owned large empires and those which did not
 * Britain and France owned the large empires in EU during 1929
 * They took over Germanys colonies
 * B and F ruled 1/3 of the world
 * Some countries started to envie the French and British empires and wanted to have a big empire themselves
 * Italy wanted more colonies in Africa -> upset that they weren't given any of Germany colonies after the war
 * Japs were upset too... given none value land
 * Germans were angered by the loss of their entire empire
 * The relationship between the EU countries became worse
 * Italy, Japan and Germany were treated unfairly in the start and cause of the great depression it got worse
 * Britain and France on the other hand increased their trade
 * J, G, I started to think that enlarging their empire could help with the effects of the great depressing
 * B and F started facing problems with their large amounts of land
 * The people of the land were demanding to govern themselves
 * Native's wanted independence
 * B and F had to keep their armies at work in the colonies
 * EXPENSIVE-> couldn't support the aims for world peace

Ch. 3 Japan, Manchuria and the League, 1931 - 33
//Figure 2: The Kwantung Army blew up the South Manchurian Railway and blamed it on the Chinese.// The attractions od Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria The League and Machuria
 * Viscount Cecil, the representative from Britain attending the League Assembly
 * Smart man, well informed statesman -> within a week proved wrong
 * Japan invaded Manchuria (china) -> Japan started to have control over most o South-east Asia
 * Japan has already taken over many parts of China or around china
 * Formosa, Korea, Liaodong, and Kiaochow
 * Japan was very interested in Manchuria
 * land area 192,000 square km
 * many people 28 million
 * Has good forestry, minerals and agricultural products
 * Japan had railways to carry the goods out of Manchuria
 * 1931 most of the Manchurian economy was owned by Japan
 * Mines, railways, factories and ports
 * Japan had a large army protecting Manchuria and its goods
 * After the Great Depression Japan thought that it would help the country and people if they conquered some foreign land. -> Manchuria seemed to be the place!
 * Japanese army had arragned a plan to invade Manchuria
 * Sep 18, 1931 Japs blew up Manchurian railway and blamed it on the chinese
 * Japs tropps headed for Shenyang
 * Chinese went to the LofN for help
 * Japs were ordered to get out
 * There were still some troops in China (Kwantung army)
 * Headed towards Manchuria
 * Set in and took semi control
 * 1931-32 none of the members from the LofN wanted to use sanction against Japan
 * The Great Depression had already damaged trade -> didn't want to change the trade with Japan
 * Most powerful members of the LEague doubted weather they could enforce sanctions
 * LofN tried making peace
 * Britain's Lord Lytton was sent to Manchuria to look at the case
 * He wrote a report suggesting - Japs get out, BUT Manchuria would be semi independent - not go back to China
 * Japan quit the LofN
 * Japan invaded Jehol (China)
 * LofN became very unpopular: a recent member had gone to war with a member -> LofN had done nothing to stop it
 * Doubts LofN

Ch. 4 The Revival of Germany, 1933-35
//Figure 3: This is a avatar I made of Hitler.// Hitler's foreign policy aims Re-armanment Reactions to German re-armament
 * 2 events against world peace were taking place at the same time
 * January 1933 Adolf Hitler became leader of Germany
 * The Nazi Party was established shortly after WW1
 * Nazi blamed the government for the defeat not the army
 * July 1919 Germans became even angrier since Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles
 * Cut down on Germany's: land, army, had to pay for damages.
 * Germans thought that the treaty was unfair
 * German speaking people in Austria weren't allow to reunite with Germany
 * Many Germans were now living under foreign rules
 * Hitler's three rules
 * Destroy the Treaty
 * Unite all Germans
 * Aimed to give Germans their __lebensraum__ - living space
 * The population of Germany was increasing and they didn't have enough food or raw materials
 * Solution: take over east land
 * Hitler realized that Germany's army was too small to conquer any country
 * Treaty have limited army
 * At a meeting in 1933 Hitler told the generals to increase the army
 * Army increased 300,000 men
 * Hitler quit the Geneva Disarmament Conference and LofN
 * Next two years Germany re-armed secretly
 * Got new air forces
 * March 16, 1935 Hitler announced that he was expanding his army
 * No one tried to stop Germany
 * British had problems of their own, didn't want to be deeply involved in EU affairs
 * Since the Great Depression Britain didn't want to spend more money on military
 * French were defending themselves with the __Maginot Line,__series of heavily armed concrete forts built alone the length of the French border with Germany
 * Italy came close to taking action
 * 1934 Nazi tried to over throw Austria, government
 * Killing Austrian Chancellor
 * Italian leader placed armies between Italy and Austria
 * Primes Ministers of France, Britain and Italy met at a meeting called the __Stresa Fron__t
 * Protested against Hitler

NO WORLD PEACE :(

= Summary: = The League of Nations was set up aiming for world peace; using the idea of collective security, sanctions, and disarmament commission. The Great Depression started in 1929, many people lost their jobs and other even died or starvation. Japan was very interesting the Manchuria and there for decided to invade and conquer their land. 1993, a new leader came upon in Germany and started to build up a strong military planning to conquer Europe.

Questions:

 * 1) What was the Locarno Treaty? Why was this treaty made?
 * 2) What was the League of Nations and what were their aims?
 * 3) What happened during the Great Depression? What were some of the problems with the empires?
 * 4) Why was Japan so interested in Manchuria? What did Japan do for this whole battle to start?
 * 5) Who was Hitler and what were his major aims?