InNo+andylin1212+01.11.11

Chapter 1: The 'New Era': Hopes For Peace in 1929
1929 people believe starting peace

**Locarno and the 'New Era'**
conference swiss town Locarno First was France, Germany and Belgium agreeing not to attack each other - Italy and Britain agreed to make sure agreement not broken all countries agreed no war even if dispute removed suspicion between Germany and its neighbors
 * discuss problem that are not settled in WWI
 * Germany and France were on bad terms
 * result- ** Locarno Treaties **

**Friendship between Nations**
all but Paraguay and Bolivia were at peace USSR signed with neighbor countries to not use force other signed friendship treaties **The League of Nations** Countries who joined signed no war with other countries in League if one country attack, all country protect the one in attack economic sanction, not trade with the country that is attacking first 10 years settled 7/9 disputes without any sanctions **The Limitations of the League** not every country belonged to League e.g. US 2nd, members lack enthusiasm e.g. Germany 3rd, league power not fully tested Despite limitations LON regarded all over the world and has a lot of support
 * Kellog-Briand Pact **
 * not to use war to settle disputes
 * 65 countries signed it
 * collective security
 * Disarmament Commission **
 * tried to persuade to reduce weapon stock and rely on collective security
 * disputes resolved were not between strong powers

Chapter 2: The Great Depression
**The Great Depression** 1929 start of the breakdown of world economy quickly spread to other countries some countries raised duties from foreign goods, to promote their own stuff countries became selfish to protect their people because of mass unemployment, people blame government **The problem of Empires** world was divided between countries with large empires and countries that does not Great Depression increased the resentment of Italy, Germany and Japan Leaders of Italy, Germany and Japan think that adding colonies would keep them away from worst effects of GD Britain and France faced their own problems when colonies wanted to govern themselves
 * Oct. Wall Street stock fell to all time low
 * 1000s firms bankrupt, millions share holders ruined
 * trade dwindled, people lost jobs
 * ** protectionism **
 * harmed international relations
 * start to support extreme political parties that promises food
 * democratic govt. collapsed in Germany and Japan
 * even if it meant grabbing land from other countries
 * have to keep huge amount of military in colonies expensive

Chapter 3: Japan, Manchuria and the League
Japan attacked Manchuria, China both in League

**The Attraction of Manchuria**
it is a huge mass of land with many natural resources By 1931, Japan had control over most of manchuria's economy, railways, factories and ports The widespread unrest in Japan also influenced the army **Japan Invades Manchuria** Japanese soldiers blew up a part of the South Manchurian Railway and blamed it on local chinese Chinese asked LON for help LON asked Japan to withdraw troops Japan agreed but Kwantung army kept on movie forward end of 1931 Manchuria became semi-independent state of Japan known as the ** Manzhouguo ** Kwantung army got out of hand **The League and Manchuria** 1931-32, no one wants to use sanctions against Japan They tried to persuade both sides to stop Japan resigned from league and occupied other provinces of China Damaged reputation of LON
 * japan had land around china but manchuria was the most wanted
 * Kept large army in** Kwantung **
 * officers wanted to conquer other land to get themselves out of the Great Fear
 * they think what better place to start than Manchuria
 * occupied shenyang
 * Great Depression, countries want to trade
 * they doubted they could enforce sanctions
 * asks Japan to leave but Manchuria still semi-independent state

**Chapter 4: The Revival of Germany 1933-35**
On the other side of earth, Nazi in Germany gained votes **Hitler's Foreign Policy aims** Nazi doesnt think German army beaten 3 aims he was well aware that these aims could be achieved only by conquering most of Europe **Re-armament** In 1933, he secretly ordered the increase of army, allowed Air Forces also Later in that year, he withdrew from Disarmament Conference and LON For the next 2 years, Germany army grew **Reactions to German Re-armament** Powerful countries did not do much to halt the re-armament Britain did not want to waste money on building larger army France created ** Maginot Line **, heavily armed concrete forts built on the border of France and Germany 1934 Germany wanted to take over Austria to create union between the country 1935, still no one took action
 * Adolf Hitler became the chancellor of Germany in 1933
 * thinks that govt. ministers too cowardly
 * angrier when Germany signed Treaty of Versailles
 * 1) tear up the treaty of versailles
 * 2) unite all German speaking people into one country- Greater Germany
 * 3) give Germans lebensraum or living space
 * 1935, he felt no need for secrecy
 * announced publicly that all men had to go join army and to increase it to 550,000 men
 * Mussolini placed forces on Italian and Austrian borders to prevent that from happening
 * PM of Italy, Britain and France met in Italy for the Stresa Front
 * issued protest against re-armament plan but took no action

Summary
At the beginning of 1929, people thought ultimate peace was going to get achieved. LON and Locarno treaties are signs for establishment of long peace. However, 1929 was the year that began a decade worth of economic breakdown known as the Great Depression. It led to unrest among people around and felt the most in Japan and Germany. Once again, peace looked out of reach.

Questions
1. What signs led to the idea of the 'New Era'? 2. Which where the two countries that had large empires? 3. What was LON's plan against countries that attacked other countries? 4. Who were the kwantung army and what did they do? 5. What was the German Re-armament?