Russia+in+War+and+Revolution+II+(pg.+16-23)+yipsumw2013+10.21.10

This is a TIMELINE I CREATED showing my astounding awesomeness :D. The significance of this timeline is that it shows the major events that led to the Bolshevik's control of Petrograd from a Tsar-led city to a revolutionary-led city from Chapters 7-10. The different color bubbles represent different chapters in our textbook.



Here is some awesomeness I found outside...



This photo captures the early morning scene in the November Revolution of the Bolsheviks in 1917. Here we can see the Red Army standing in front of the Winter Palace, ready to charge in. This was a turning point in Russian history where Russia's capital was led by Communist leaders instead of a monarch.


 * CHAPTER 7 **
 * Russia At War, 1914-1917 **

- Russia War against Germany@ 1914 - St. Peterburg renamed as Petrograd

//__ Early defeats __// - Two Russian armies attacked one German army @ August, 1914 o R armies = huge, but badly led + equipped o ** Tannenberg ** + ** Masurian Lakes ** battles… both R armies destroyed o Six weeks: 250,000 R soldiers lost o End of 1914: one million soldiers lost2

//__ The collapse of the economy __// - Lack of workers - 1915: 15.5 million men = soldiers, half left for industry + agriculture - 600 factories closed down, farms needed weeding - no efficient transport o thousands of tons of food wasted o ppl = starving o coal couldn’t reach power stations/factories o no power… more factories closed down - inflation o rouble (currency) started losing value - end of 1915: 3,300,000 R soldiers lost

//__ ‘Dark forces destroying the throne’ __// - Aug 1915: Tsar Nicholas --> Petrograd, took personal charge @ army headquarters 500 km away - Alexandra had complete control of Petrograd gov, could do whatever she wanted… started sacking ministers she and Rasputin didn’t like - Ministers came + went at high speed, fuel, food and ammunition became unobtainable - Soldiers continue to die at high rate - People knew Alexandra = German, said that Rasputin + Alexandra were trying to destroy Russia from the inside - 3 nobles loyal to Tsar murder Rasputin in December 1916, people rejoiced but nothing helped to better condition - temperatures plummeted to 35 degrees Celsius below zero… people were freezing - conditions were perfect for a REVOLUTION!!!


 * CHAPTER 8 **
 * The Revolution of March 1917 **

- March 1917: Petrograd = REVOLUTION!! Overthrew the tsar ;)

//__ Wednesday 7 March __// - Steel works locked out 20,000 workers…. Pay talks died. - 20,000 steel factory workers roamed the streets, other factory workers went on strike in support

//__ Thursday 8 March __// - 50 factories closed down, 90,000 workers on strike + socialist women - everyone wanted BREAD

//__ Friday 9 March __// - 200,000 workers on strike (half of industrial workers in Petrograd), start HOLDING MEETINGS - were often dispelled by police

//__ Saturday 10 March __// - 250,000 workers on strike - no public transport or newspapers, food shortages continue - COSSACKS REFUSE TO ATTACK PROCESSION OF STRIKERS WHEN ORDERED

//__ Sunday 11 March __// - Pres of Duma (Michael Rodzianko) believes: o Capital = ANARCHY!! o Government paralyzed, transport system broken down o Food + fuel supplies are unorganized o Violence on streets o Wants someone popular with masses to join government - Tsar told Duma to stop meeting

//__ Monday 12 March __// - Mutiny @ Army (sergeant shoots commanding officer dead, soldiers march to centre of Petrograd) - Duma held meeting… set up twelve-man committee (** PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE **) to take over gov - Revolutionaries set up ** SOVIET **: workers + soldiers that took over gov and organize food + supplies for Petrograd

//__ Tuesday 13 March __// - Tsar wanted to share power with Duma - Duma leader refuses, saying it’s too late

//__ Wednesday 14 March __// - Generals tell Nicholas army no longer supported him - Nicholas tries to get back, train is stopped by revolutionaries

//__ Thursday 15 March __// - Tsar abdicates, Alex = Tsar, but realized too sick, gave to Grand Duke Michael - Grand Duke Michael abdicated too (worried he would be unpopular) - RUSSIA = REPUBLIC (country ruled by elected leader, not monarch)!! - Will Provisional Committee/Petrograd Soviet rule Russia?


 * CHAPTER 9 **
 * THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT **

//__ Two new governments __// - ** Provisional Government ** : twelve-man committee set up by Duma on March 12 --> govern Russia until elections were held o Official gov - ** Petrograd Soviet ** (of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies) --> elected by working class o Unofficial gov o Aimed to protect interests of working people/soldiers o Formed all over Russia, imitated Petrograd Soviet - First action of Soviet… ** Order No.1 ** --> o sailors + soldiers must set up committees to take control all arms, ammunition, and equipment o Off-duty soldiers had to call officers “mister colonel”, “mister general” o Applied to army + navy - 2,500 deputies in Petrograd Soviet = revolutionaries (SRs, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks) - although revolutionaries wanted demands to be met, didn’t dare push far + cooperated with Provisional Gov

//__ Lenin and the April Theses __// - Lenin = exile in Switzerland 2000 km away… disagreed with revolutionaries, wanted second revolution - Germans provided Lenin with food, money, transport to Germany across Germany + Austria in Great War to mess w/PV & start revolution - Arrived on 16 April 1917, made speech (these ideas = ** APRIL THESES **) that: o Land must be given to peasants o End to war w/ Germany o Banks must be nationalized o Bolsheviks should change names to “Communists” o No support to PG, instead Soviets should make new gov - April Theses = great surprise, June 1917 R’s failed attack on Austria proved not ready - Many soldiers --> Petrograd + joined Bolsheviks demanding end to Provisional Gov - After these ** July Days **(three days of rioting), Kerensky (Minister of War) broke up mobs, claimed Lenin was a German agent paid to cause trouble in Russia, Lenin fled to FINLAND in EXILE again (LOL)

//__ The Kornilov Revolt __// - Kerensky became Prime Minister of Provisional Gov - Kornilov (Commander-in-Chief of army) believed he should be in charge (wanted to rid Petrograd Soviet, arrest revolutionaries, take control of PV, continue to fight Germany), challenged Kerensky o Had Cossacks and Savage Division from Caucasus, ordered them to rid PB   - Kerensky allowed Bolsheviks set up ** Red Guards **… 25,000 Bolsheviks vs. Kornilov’s troops, Kornilov’s troops refuse to fight fellow workers, Kornilov = ARRESTED - Bolsheviks = HEROES o Strengthened + more powerful through more votes for PG, same throughout Russia o Oct 1917 --> considering second revolution


 * CHAPTER 10 **
 * THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION OF NOVEMBER 1917 **

- Kerensky starts losing authority… peasants rebel, soldiers refuse to fight, o Prepare for second rev

//__ The state of Russia in September 1917 __// - Summer 1917: peasants start controlling own land..PG didn’t give them land so they killed landlords, seized land from church/tsar + divided land among selves - Kerensky tried to stop peasants… sent out “punishment expeditions”, but not enough loyal troops so violence continued - Violence delays harvest --> food shortages, threat of famine through winter - Army discipline = breaking down, soldiers deserting to make sure they got land (mainly due to Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1) - Army infiltrated with drunkenness, chaos, and violence

//__ November Revolution (1 day: 18 ppl arrested, 2 killed) __// - Oct. 1917, Lenin --> Petrograd, wanted to start revolution - Bolshevik leaders want to stage armed uprising against PG, Trotsky (Bolshevik   - Army + guards of fortress all supported Bolsheviks), HQ @ ** Smolny Institute ** - 6 Nov: took over important locations in city (bridges, gov buildings, power station, railway stations) - PG HQ @ ** Winter Palace **, guarded by cadets + Women’s Battalion - 7 Nov: Aurora (Bol’s cruiser), Red Guards attacked Winter Palace - Palace defense gave in   - Ministers of PG surrendered - Bolsheviks control Petrograd - Lenin sets up new gov.

SUMMARY

The war with Germany from 1914-17 caused a great downfall in Russia’s economy and the Tsar’s permanent departure from Petrograd. As food shortages occurred and winter approached, workers and soldiers started to go on strike/rebel, which resulted in the Duma’s establishment of the Provisional Committee (official government) and the revolutionaries’ establishment of the Soviet (unofficial government). With all the revolutionaries against him, Tsar Nicholas abdicated his throne (both son + Grand Duke passed) and Russia was now a Republic. Soon afterwards, March 1917 became an important month for the revolutionaries: the Soviets issued an Order No. 1 (stating soldiers must set up committees to take control of all arms, ammunition, and equipment); Lenin came back from Switzerland to proclaim the April Theses (although he soon fled to Finland); and the Army General tried to overthrow the Provisional Government, which was starting to lose authority. In the end, Lenin came back from Finland and led the November Revolution with the Bolsheviks, in which they took over Petrograd within a day.

Questions

1) What were several reasons for the collapse of the economy as the war with Germany started? 2) In which year did the revolutionaries overthrow the tsar? 3) Why did the people believe that Queen Alexandra and Rasputin were destroying the throne from within when Tsar Nicholas left? 4) What did the April Theses include? 5) How was the November Revolution similar to the Storming of the Tuileries?