InNo+JonathanK2013+01.13.2011

= ** Roads to War - Part 1: An Uneasy Peace, 1929 - 1935 (Pg. 1-10) ** =

 Awesomeness:
 After Germany was defeated Hitler became a leader in Germany. He organized the secret re-armament of Germany, he is also a leader in the Nazi party leading Germany. He had his foreign policy rule, he wanted to get rid of the Treaty of VersaillesUnite all German speaking people,and Expand German's land to give their people more space.

The League of Nations The League was unable to stop the incident between the Chinese and the Japanese. This resulted in their reputation being lowered a lot. The League of Nations were suppose to be a group of people to be able to maintain peace in the world but after this incident, countries started to doubt their power. They could not sanction Japan as they were in the Great Depression and that would just deprove their economy. So they decided to persuade Japan by making a deal which failed because Japan resigned for League.

The Manchurian Incident The Japanese needed to expand their country as their economy was very bad due to the Great Depression. They decided to take Manchuria because of their rich in minerals and resources. They needed an excuse to invade Manchuria so they blew up a Japanese owned railway in Manchuria and blamed it on the Chinese, they used this and invaded Manchuria. The League tried to stop them but could not use sanctions because of the worlds bad economy, they decided to use means of persuasion but failed because Japan resigned from the League.

** Locarno and the 'New Era" **

 * ** Locarno Treaties **
 * Treaty signed when Europeans met at a conference in Locarno
 * Discussed Problems that were no settled at the end of the Great War
 * Treaty:
 * France, Germany, Belgium, agreed to respect each others borders
 * France support Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany quarreled with them
 * All countries agreed to never go to war if dispute occurred
 * Removed suspicions between Germany and neighbors

** Friendship between Nations **

 * **Kellogg-Briand Pact**
 * ** Agreement thought up by the Foreign Ministers of the United States and France **
 * Not use war to settle disputes
 * **Eastern Pa****ct**
 * ** USSR signed with six of its neighboring states **
 * ** Agreed not to use war to settle disputes amongst themselves **

** The League of Nations **
>>
 * 1929, also tenth anniversary for the League of Nations
 * **Collective Security**
 * Members in the League of Nations agreed not to go to war with any other member of League
 * If any member attacked another, the rest would join forces to defend the country under attack
 * **League of Nations only had three peace-keeping actions**
 * ** Economic Sanctions **
 * Deal with the dispute by legal means, League's Permanent Court of International Justice
 * All members of the League would stop trading with the attacker
 * Impose military sanctions against attacker, create League of Nations army from its members to fight attacker
 * **Disarmament Commission**
 * ** Persuade membeers to reduce weapon stocks and rely on collective security instead **
 * 1932, sixty nations meet in Geneva for disarmament conference

** The Limitations of the League **

 * **Limitations**
 * ** Not every nation belonged to the league **
 * ** US government not a member **
 * ** Because of **"policy of isolation"
 * ** Did not want to get involved in Europe/Foreign affairs **
 * USSR not a member
 * Communist league saw league as club of "capitalist" countries opposed to communism
 * Members lacked enthusiasm for the league
 * Germans were first excluded until 1926
 * They now look at the League as a **"club of victors"**
 * Countries who beaten them in the war
 * League's ability to keep peace was never fully tested
 * Never solved disputes involving worlds major powers
 * None required use of sanctions
 * No proof league could settle dispute between two major powers
 * No proof sanctions could stop war

** The Great Depression **

 * === 1 929, started the break down of the worlds economy ===
 * **Effects of Great Depression**
 * **Protectionism**
 * Countries would aim to boost the demand for goods in their countries by keeping out foreign goods. Create more jobs for people
 * Affected international relations
 * **Cause unrest among people**
 * Result of Mass unemployment
 * People blamed governments for lack of food and work
 * Gave support to anti-democratic governments

** The Problem of Empires **

 * **Britain and France empires**
 * ** Their empires were large **
 * Countries envied them as they wanted to enlarge their own
 * Italians were on winning side of Great war but did not get German colonies. Thought it unfair.
 * Japanese also on winning side of Great war. Was given some German islands but were useless and of little value
 * Extra problems
 * Native people were demanding rights to govern themselves --> Violent Clashes
 * Italy, Japan and Germany wanted to take other countries in order to avoid the effects of the Great Depression

 The Attraction of Manchuria

 * Japan wanted Manchuria more than any other land
 * **Reason:**
 * ** Had lots of minerals **
 * ** Agricultural Products **
 * ** They were in Great Depression **
 * By 1931, Japanese controlled most of Manchuria's economy
 * Owned Manchurian important mines, railways, factories and ports.
 * Had large army in Manchuria
 * They needed to improve their economy because of the Great Depression

** Japan Invades Manchuria **

 * === Without orders of Japanese government, Kwantung army plotted a military take-over of Manchuria ===
 * === Night of 18 September 1931, Japanese soldiers blew up section of South Manchurian railway -> Blamed local chinese --> Excuse to occupy ===
 * China asked League of Nations for help --> League ordered Japanese government to withdraw troops --> Japanese delegate to league agreed, claimed invasion was work of military "hot-heads" --> Japanese agreed but Kwantung army continued advance into Manchuria --> End of 1931, renamed Manchuria into Manzhouguo (Manchukuo)
 * Government lost control of Kwantung army

** The League and Manchuria **

 * No member f League wanted to use sanction (Not trade) against Japan
 * Great Depression already damaged trade between nations
 * Most powerful members of League doubted they could enforce sanctions
 * League tried to restore peace by persuasion
 * **Produced report to satisfy both China and Japan**
 * Japanese should leave Manchuria
 * Region should continue to be a semi-indepedent country instead of returning to Chinese rule
 * Before any progress could be made, Japan resigned from League and occupied Manchuria
 * This affected reputation of League of Nations, did not succeed in maintaining world peace

** Hitler's foreign policy aims **

 * Nazi Party set up in 1919, shortly after Germany's defeat in the Great War
 * Nazis blamed Germany government ministers for defeat, accused them of cowardice
 * Angrier when **Treaty of Versailles** was signed
 * Treaty harsh
 * Germans felt it was unfair
 * White people like poles and Czechs allowed to form own nations at end of Great War
 * German speaking people in Austria to unite with Germany was not allowed
 * Transfer of German land to neighboring states --> Germans were now living under foreign rule
 * **Hitlers foreign policy**
 * 1) Tear up Treaty of Versailles
 * 2) Intended to unite all German-speaking people in one country
 * 3) Aimed to give Germans " **Lebensraum** " or "living space"
 * Hitler wanted to conquer much of Europe to create space for his people

** Re-armament **

 * From 1933 - 1935, Hitler created a secret German army
 * In 1935, Hitler no longer wanted to re-arm in secrecy and made it public

** Reactions to German re-armament **

 * **British**
 * British had own problems, Great Depression etc
 * **French**
 * Unwilling to halt Germany's re-armament by force
 * ** Maginot Line **
 * A series of heavily armed concrete forts built along length of French border with Germany
 * **Italy**
 * 1934, Nazis in Austria tried to overthrow Austrian government, killing Austrian Chancellor in process, people thought Hitler would try to take control of Austria and unite it with Germany.
 * Mussolini (Italian Leader) then placed army units in threatening positions on border between italy and Austria, Hitler abandoned plans
 * **Stresa Front**
 * Prime Ministers of France, Britain and Italy
 * Issued a protest against hitler's rearmament plans, other wise took no action

Summary: After WW1, the "New Era" is here, everyone wanted to have peace through out the nations, they looked up to the League of Nations in search of this. Later the Great Depression is here with every country having a very bad economy, they decided to minimize trade with other countries making international relations worse, also Germans and British had the largest empires and was envied by many other countries. The Manchurian incident was then when Japan taken over Manchuria using a excuse that the locals there had blown up one of Japanese owned Manchurian railways. This incident could not be stopped by the League as they did not want to enforce sanction because of the Great Depression, it decreased their popularity by a lot as people started to doubt their powers. Hitler then started to re-arm secretly in germany having a very big army, after the world found out about this, they did not do anything. Only Italy almost came to stopping them as they stopped Hitler from taking over Austria.

Questions: Which country came close to stop Germany during re-armament? What were Hitler's foreign policy aims? How did the Manchurian incident affect the League? Why were the Italians and Japanese jealous/angry at British and Germany? What was the Eastern Pact?

"Pat Buchanan Comes to Hitler's Defence; Prepping 2012 Run?" // Scrape TV - The World on Your Side //. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. .

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"League of Nations." // Enciclopaedia Heraldica //. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. <http://eh.lenin.ru/english/7or/un/xln.htm>.