InNo+hyundoj2013+10.16.10+(Part+1+Page+1-13+Notes)

Russian Revolution Part 1 Notes Hyun do Jun

=__**Awesome Part**__= = <-This Picture represents Tsar Nicholas II. He was a great leader in Russian Revolution. =

<-This is a diagram that I made. It shows three important revolutionary groups that opposed the Tsar. =**Russia Under the Tsar**= -Russia was "robbed by the capitalists and landlords, and to prevent it from fighting them"- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

-Russia is so big that the sun rises in the far east of the country as the same time as it sets in the west.
 * The Russian Empire in 1900**

-Although Russia is vast, much of the land is quite useless. -Russia is very cold, so their climate made impossible for agriculture called the land "tundra" where nothing grow exceptmoss and small shrubs. -For more than 1000 kilometers south of the tundra stretches the ‘taiga’, cold land covered in forests of pine trees. -The cold climate affected Russia’s industry and commerce as well as her farming. -The coast and the rivers stayed locked in ice throughout the long winter, so sea and river trade were impossible until spring arrived. -A new railway, the TransSiberian, was being built to allow trade between east and west all year round, but in 1900 it was sill only half built.
 * The land and the climate**

-In 1900 Russia was a great empire ruled by a Tsar, or Emperor-Nicholas’s empire. -The majority were peoples such as the Poles and the Ukrainians who had been conquered by the ancestors of Tsar Nicholas II. -The population was not well separated out, all the people was crowded in the land where they can farm, near Ural Mountain and land of Siberia there were lack of population.
 * An empire of many peoples**

-Tsar Nicholas II, the Emperor of Russia, was an autocrat- a monarch who does not have to share power. -Tsar Nicholas II could make new law, increase taxes, and everything what he wanted to do. -Cossacks were fierce mounted soldiers armed with sabres who specialized in breaking up mobs by butchering anyone not able to run away fast enough. -The Church in Russia also helped to maintain the autocracy and to be loyal to the Tsar. -The priests of the Russian Orthodox Church taught people to respect the autocracy and to be loyal to the Tsar. -The head of the church was a government minister. -In this way, the government had control over the minds and souls of many Russian churchgoers.
 * The Government of Russia **
 * The autocracy**


 * Nicholas and Alexandra**

-Nicholas’s German wife, Alexandra, was confident and strong willed. -He was uneducated. So he does not know how to protect his autocracy, and he found what he did boring. -From the start of his reign she encouraged Nicholas to rule as an autocrat and to ignore new ideas about sharing power with the people. -Alexis found out to have hemophilia, can't clot blood - one small cut = bleed to death.

-Both Nicholas and Alexandra were deeply religious. Alexandra always begged for the recovery of her son.

=**Russian Society**= -In 1900 four out of every five citizens of the Russian Empire were peasants-country people who made their living by farming. -Until 1861 the peasants had been serfs, slaves of their landlords with no rights, no freedom and no land of their own. -In 1861, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas II's grandfather freed them from serfdom and allowed them to own land and grow food. But their land was not individual but given to village commune, mir, in which they lived. -Them being freed didn't improve lives, each year mirs divided the land in communes and gave each family according to needs that year. -Bigger families had bigger lands, but lands grew smaller as population grew, 1861 - 1900 size were halved. -Their only hope was to have a good harvest.
 * The Peasants**

-Many peasants tried to improve their lives by going to work in the nearest town or city. -There they would work in factories or mines until harvest time, when they returned to their communes. -The largest city was called, St Petersburg, that millions on people were in search of work and jobs. (Most of them were Cotton Workers) -Even though they worked hard, workers were unable to improve conditions, because the trade unions were not allowed by law.
 * The town workers**

-Not all Russians were poor. Russian nobles were, for the most part, fabulously rich. -Tsar Nicholas, at the head of the nobility, owned eight different palaces and employed 15,000 servants. -Although the nobles were only 1 percent of the Russian population, they owned around 25 percent of all the land. -Those who could be bothered to farm their land efficiently made handsome profits at market. Those who could not be bothered were always able to sell off a little of their land to pay for their idle and luxurious lifestyles. -By 1900 a new class of Russians was also becoming rich-the capitalists who made money from banking, industry, and trade. -The Minister of Finace, Sergei Witte, made it easy for capitalists to make big profits. He gave them government contracts, particularly for building railways. He gave them loans to build new factories. He cut taxes. -With easy profits to be made the capitalists did little to improve the conditions of their workers. -Hatred of the capitalists steadily grew in the slums and boarding houses of Russia's cities.
 * The rich**

=**Opponents of the Tsar**= -Most Russians believed that God made Tsar in charge, but some people refused and wanted to get rid of him.

-In March 1881 bomb exploded between carriage of Alexander II, the guy gave peasants serfdom. -Alexander II was unhurt but when he went out to inspect, a young man threw a snowball looking thing at his feet which exploded. -His legs flied, and his belly flied open too, bled to death. -Assassination by terrorist group "People's Will" - one of many groups wanting to destroy autocracy, but this assassination did not stop autocracy. -It didn't put on end to autocracy, Alexander III gain the throne, and tried to wipe all the rebellions, but still exist.
 * Terrorism**

-The first of these groups was the Socialist Revolutionary Party. -And the members were called SRs, who all wanted the lands to be given to **mirs,** so peasants have bigger share of land. -To regulate this act, SR had fighting group known that organize all the terrorist campaign, these organization have killed 3 minister and many officials. -And they got the support from peasants.
 * The Socialist Revolutionary Party**

-The Social Democratic Party followed the ideas of Karl Marx, a German writer's idea of communism, the book predicted their will be a violent revolution which the working class will overthrow the capitalist and called sharing of wealth socialism. -Everyone is equal in this group, working together for the good of other, share the income. -This group was set up in 1898, in 1903 they was separated as Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
 * The Social Democratic Party**

-Not all the Tsar's opponents were violent revolutionaries. -Many law-abiding Russians, particularly those who owned property, were liberals. -They wanted democratic system for the government. -Alexander II made plans for Russian parliament before he got blown and bled to death. -And then his son, Alexander III teared up the plans once he died.
 * Liberals**

=**The 1905 Revolution**= -In 1904 Russia went to war with Japan, fighting for the control of Korea and Manchuria. -Russia kept losing and Nic. tried helping by sending Russian Baltic fleet on a 7 month voyage half way round Earth to Manchuria. -This made him less popular, and the countries were all having a lack of food and many factories were closed.
 * War against Japan**

-On Sunday 22 January, 1905, a crowd of 200,000 workers and their families marched through the streets of St Petersburg towards the Tsar's Winter Palace. -Their aim was to present Nicholas with a petition asking for better working and living conditions, an end to the war with Japan, a shorter working day, and many other reforms. -The marchers were led by Father Gapon, a priest who symphathised with poor workers. -500 of these people died when soldiers tried to stop them, and this massacre is known as Bloody Sunday. -This made many riots strike in countryside and towns, and many government people died.
 * Bloody Sunday**

-In 1905 the crew of the battleship Potemkin over threw the officer and take control. -It was a mutiny, they didn't had any plan but it was threatening Tsar Nicholas. -Many peasants rebelled, and some Poles and Georgians took the time to declare independence from Russian rule. -The official strikes was began in 1905 september, all hospital and school were closed, Soviets, the council that ruled the town during strikes which became like an government. -The liberals like revolutionary parties didn't trust him, and they were right when in Dec. police arrest members of St Petersburg Soviet and 15 went into exile. -In 1906, Tsar crushed all the revolutions, band of thgs knowns as Black Hundred decided to take their own law. -People who had joined in the revolution were put to death in bloodbaths which the police and army did nothing to stop. -The Tsar issued a Fundamental laws at first Duma meeting.
 * The 1905 revolution**

=**The Aftermath of the 1905 Revolution**= -Tsar Nicholas made it perfectly clear in his Fundamental Laws that he would not allow the Duma, Russia's new parliament, any real power. -Nic. made sure Fundamental Laws made it clear that Duma had no real power, and when Duma asked to share, Nic. brought soldiers and broke it up. This Duma lasted for only 75 days. -The second Duma contained Socialist Revolutionary and Social democratics. -The third Duma, people that Nicholas want was elected since he change the law.
 * The Dumas**

-In this incident, 1008 terrorists were arrested, tried by special military courts, executed, 21000 people exiled, and soon terrorism wasn't serious threat anymore. -Stolypin helped peasants get their own land, and the redemption payment in 1861 abolished, and law of mirs controlling land abolished too. -After the Stolypin reformed, conditions improved, harvests good, wages increased, peasants had own farm, but in 1911, a police investigating terrorism turned out to be terrorist himself and he shot Stolypin.
 * The Stolypin reforms**

-While Stolypin was Prime Minister, Nicholas and his wife Alexandra became involved with a strange Siberian peasant who claimed to be a Starets- a holy man of god. -They both Wanted to cure their son, Alexis, of hemophilia, which Hemophilia is an incurable disease. -Gregory Efimovitch was a Staret, and he prayed for Alexis (Nicholas's son), and he recovered, and he became a trusted member of their court. -Rasputin=the disreputable one -After Stolypin died, Rasputin influence increased.
 * Rasputin**

=__**Summary**__= Russia is a very big country, but they have so much useless lands. Russian people are mostly very poor, and they always had to fight for foods. Peasant needed to find good jobs, terrorists killed government people they didn't like, and different groups were against the way Russia was run. Peter Stolypin was put in charge and he made peasants happy, and improved conditions for them...

=__**Questions**__= 1. What was unpredictable during the war between Russia and Japan? 2. How did Alexis diseases have an effect on their whole family? 3. What do you think it will happen if the Russian people were all very rich? 4. How was Hemophilia recovered? 5. Who were the Starets?

=__**Citations**__= []