The+Rise+of+Napoleon+(Pg.+67-79)+JonathanK2013+09.13.2010

=**Napoleon and Europe (Pg. 67-79)** =

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** Napoleon Conquers Europe **

 * Napoleon defeated Coalition armies in a series of battles in central Europe
 * 1805, smashed the Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * **Prussians joined Coalition** in 1806
 * Napoleon defeated them in the battles of Jena and Auerstradt
 * 1807, Beat the Russians in the battles of Eylau and Friedland
 * Beat three major enemies, nothing to stop Napoleon from **enlarging his empire**
 * 1807, made italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * 1809, took the Illyrian Provinces and the Papal states
 * 1810, added Holland and North-East Germany to the empire
 * Made Changes to the countries which shared a border with it
 * 1808, forced small German states to join lands, reduce number of German states from 300 to 30
 * 1806, brought leading German rulers together in a union called **Confederation of the Rhine**, with Napoleon as their head

** The Rule of the Bonapartes **

 * Napoleon could not personally govern all the land he had conquered
 * Shared with his family to govern
 * Brothers: Kings of Holland, Westphalia and Spain
 * Step-son: Viceroy of Italy
 * Brother-in-law: King of Naples
 * Sisters: Smaller Italian States
 * The family made many changes
 * Reformed out of date laws
 * Got rid of feudal rights
 * Took away land from the Church
 * Modernized the way their states were governed

** The Costs of French Rule **

 * Losses:
 * Every State under Bonapartes rule had to provide troops for Napoleon's armies
 * Napoleon taxed people to pay for his wars
 * French Armies did not carry food with them: Dig up crops, etc to get food from peasants

** Resistance and Rebellion **

 * European people hated the French
 * 1808, Spaniards rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them
 * French Soldiers went to great lengths to crush the rebellion

** Napoleon and Britain **

 * Five countries managed to stay independent of Napoleon
 * Britain, most powerful and dangerous
 * Napoleons highest priority
 * Between 1803 and 1805, **"Army of England"** was gathered to invade Britain
 * France needed control of Channel for at least four days British Navy could attack them while they were transporting horses and men over
 * Napoleon's admirals tried to lure British away from the Channel (Worked)
 * **Battle of Ulm (20th October)**
 * News that Austrian army was marching towards France
 * Napoleon ordered Army of England to leave the Channel and cut off Austrians in Central Europe
 * Won Victory, but thrown away all hope of invading Britain
 * While Austrians were surrendering to him at Ulm, Nelson's fleet trapped Admiral Villeneuve's fleet off the Coast of Spain

** The Continental System **

 * **Berlin Decree (1806)**
 * Forbidding states under his control to trade with Britain
 * Aim: Force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade
 * **Continental System** : Blockage of British Goods
 * Led to immediate fall of quantity of goods imported and exported in Britain
 * Portugal refused to join
 * Much of Britain trade was with Portugal
 * Napoleon decided to force it to join
 * 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal
 * 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal
 * Spanish and Portuguese hated the French Armies
 * 1808, they rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them
 * Britain joined fight, troops sent to Spanish peninsula to help the rebels fight the French - **Peninsula War**
 * In 1810, the Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system because it was damaging Russian's trade
 * Opened his ports to British ships and allowed Russian merchants to trade normally with Britain

** The Russian Campaign **

 * 1812, Napoleon gathered grand army of 655,000 and invaded Russia
 * Russian armies retreated before this massive onslaught
 * After defeating the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered capital, moscow on September 1812
 * 2 months later, Napoleon's Grand army was wiped out, only 50,000 were still alive

** The Fall of Napoleon **

 * Napoleon's defeat in Russia led to further disasters
 * Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britain joined together as allies in 1813 and drove the French out of central Europe
 * 1814, the allies had driven the French back to France
 * April 1814, Napoleon surrendered
 * Allied troops marched into Paris and occupied
 * Napoleon gave up his throne and the Allies set up a new government with Louis XVI's brother (Louis XVIII) as its head

** Elba **

 * Allies allowed Napoleon to keep his title of Emperor
 * Sent him into exile on the island of Elba (off the coast of Italy)
 * Ran this island as a little country
 * After a year there, Napoleon heard that his brother, Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular and decided to return to France
 * 15th March, he secretly sailed from Elba and landed in southern France
 * Louis fled the crowds while they cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, there he set up his empire

===** The "Hundred Days"  ** ===
 * Napoleon's second empire lasted ninety-five days
 * Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia, put together an army (a million men) to crush him
 * Instead of waiting for them, Napoleon attacked
 * 16th June, Napoleon beat one of the Prussian armies
 * Attacked British army at Waterloo, in Belgium on 18th June
 * British reinforced by Prussian defended his attack
 * Napoleon fled and returned to PAris
 * Napoleon wanted to continue war but Assembly wanted Peace
 * 22th June, Napoleon gave up his throne, No support from the leading politicians
 * Two weeks later, gave himself up to the captain of British Warship off the French Coast, just in time to escape the Prussians who wanted to execute him
 * Napoleon wanted the British government would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain
 * Did not, not even allowed to get off the ship when is dropped anchor in Plymouth
 * Transfered into another ship and taken to a place he could never escape, St Helena
 * Spend the rest of his life in Captivity
 * Napoleon died in **1821**