InNo+eunyoungpx2013+Oct.18.2010


 * Russia Revolution Part 2**  toc

In Aug 1914, the news about war was very popular. People supported Tsar and hatred of Germany spread. Nicholas II changed the name of **St Peterburg** to **Petrograd**, because he thought that name sounded like German name,

ch.7:Russia At war, 1914-17
<**Early defeats**> -At the end of Aug 1914, 2 huge Russian armies attacked Germany - Russian armies were poorly led and poorly equipped(a million men were without rifles and many people did not have boots) - Because of this, in 2 battles at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes, both armies were annihilated. -> 6 weeks after the war start, over 250,000 Russian soldiers were killed or prison and by the end of 1914, over one million men died and soldiers taken prisoner.

<**The collapse of the economy**> -In 1915, Russian economy start to collapse ->**1st-** lack of workers because of the war -In 1915, almost 600 factories had to close because of lack of workers -farms were empty ->**2nd-** transport - Russia was depended in rail ways for food, but there were not enough trains -coal supplies to factories and power station stopped and more factories closed ->**3rd-** inflation - in 1914, **rouble** (Russian money) start to loss it's value and food price went up -people start to buy less and less food -By end of 1915, 300,000 Russians had been killed and 3 million were either wounded or locked up in enemy prison camps.

<**Dark forces destroying the throne**> -In Aug 1915, Nicholas decided to take person command of his armies -left Petrograd and decided to live at headquarters AND this resulted serious problem in Russia -After Tsar left Perograd, the city was completely under control of Raputin -From Aug 1915 to the end of 1916, Alexandra did more or less what she liked using her power. -she used her power to fire minsters that she does not liked and hired people that she liked ->result of this Russia had 4 different prime minister, 5 ministers of the interior, 4 ministers of agriculture, 3 ministers of war and 2 ministers of foreign affairs -> Food and fuel became almost unobtainable -> Russian armies won some important wars in 1916, many soldiers died -There was rumor about Alexandra and Rasputin that they flew around because they were both from German ->people thought that Alexandra and Rasputin were German agents and they are trying to destroy Russia -one of them said that there there were '**dark forces destroying the throne**' -in Dec 1916, 3 nobles loyal to Tsar murdered Rasputin and there was public rejoicing -In 1917, temperature was as low as 35'C below zero -> more than thousand railway engines froze

**ch.8:The Revolution of March 1917**
In March 1917, condition became worse and in Petrograd, people decide to overthrow Tsar.  ~  There were lots of situations that made people mad and situation became serious ->The managers of the giant Putilov steel works locked out 20,000 workers after pay talks broke down ->50 factories close down and 90,000 workers went on strike ->250,000 workers were on strike (no public transport and no newspaper). Later in the day, when Louis de Robien, a French diplomat living in Petrograd, was ordered to attack a procession of strikers, he refuse to do it. ->>Sunday 11 March, the president of the Duma, Michael Rodzianko sent Telegram to the Tsar say that the situation is serious, then Tsar told him to stop meeting

 -Later in the day, Duma held a meeting and set up a 12 man committee called the **Provisional Committee** -In the evening, revolution et up a Soviet, council, of workers and soldiers in Petrograd. They intended to take over the government and began to organize food supplies for the city.

 -Tsar sent telegram to Duma said that he will share power with Duma but Michael Rodzianko, the Duma leader, replied: 'The measures you propose are too late. The time for them has gone. There is no return'

 When Nicholas heard that none of the army supported him, he decide to return to Petrograd.

 -Nicholas's train was stopped by revolutionaries and at there Nicholas abdicate, and gave crown to Duke Micheael, but because he was afraid if he is going to be unpopular just like Nicholas, he abdicate too. ->Russia became repulbic ->People had to choose which group should govern Russia. Duma's Provisional Committee or the Petrograd Soviet.

ch.9:The Provisional Government
<**Two new governments**> -Duma's committee called themselves the **Provisional Government** and they were official government. -**Petrograd Soviet**, council that has been elected by working people, were unofficial government -other soviets with the same aim were formed in towns all over the Russia and they imitated what Petrograd Soviet did. -Order No.1, the 1st action of Petrograd Soviet, said that soldiers and sailors must set up a committees to take control of all equipment. ->Order No.1 was obeyed in all parts of the army and navy ->Many of 2500 deputies in the Petrograd Soviet were revolutionaries, Especially SRs and Mensheviks ->they wanted all land to be given to the peasants, and factories to workers But did not push their demand too far ->They co-operate with the Provisional Government and wait for the changes

<**Lenin and the April Theses**> -At that time Lenin, the leader of Bolshevik, was in exile in Switzerland ->he disagreed with the revolutionaries who co-operated with the Provisional Government ->wanted to go back to Russia and organize 2nd revolution ->Germans were happy to send Lenin back to Russia, because they knew that he is going to make trouble -In 16 April 1917, Lenin arrive to Petrograd and he made speech to the peasants -He said all land must be given to the peasants, bank must be nationalised and not support must be given to the Provisional Government - Lenin's idea was known as April These, which was saying that the soviets should get together and form a new government ->Lenin asked to start 2nd revolution, members thought that the time was not yet right -In June 1917, the Russian armies attack Austria, but attack failed. Many soldiers died and many of them joined Bolsheviks -More than 100,000 soldiers and Bolsheviks shouted 'All Power to the Soviets!' at the street -After the July days,Alexander Jerensky, the minister of War, sent loyal troops into Petrograd -On 16 and 17 July, loyal troops broke up the mobs and killed 400 of them -Kerensky claimed that Bolsheviks are paid by the German to make trouble and issued orders for his arrest. -Lenin was in exile nearby Finland and leading Bolsheviks were arrested and put in prison
 * July Days**-3 days of rioting

<**The Kornilov Revolt**> -**Alexander Kerensky** became the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government -General Kornilov, the commander in chief of the armies, thought that Russia need a strong man and he should be in charge. -**Kornilov**, plan to get rid of the Petrograd soviet and take control of the Provisional Government so he can fight against Germany without interference -Kornilov's troops were the best in Russia -Kornilov sent them to Petrograd with orders to get rid of the Provisional Government -Kerensku had only few loyal troops -Kerensky allowed the Bolsheviks to set up a defence force called the **Red Guards** -25,000 Bolsheviks armed with rifles and machine guns were out on the street ->Kornilov's troops refuse to fight and Kornilov was soon arrested. -Bolsheviks had saved the Provisional Government. -By Oct 1917, the Bolsheviks were more powerful than they had ever been before. -And they began to consider out a 2nd revolution

ch.10:The Bolshevik Revolution November 1917
During Sep and Oct 1917, Kerensky and the Provisional Government gradually lost their authority. Peasants in the countryside rebelled. <**The state of Russia in September 1917**> -During the summer of 1917, the peasants began to take control over the land ->They had been waiting since March for the Provisional Government to give them land, but they fail to do it. ->more than 2000 farms peasants killed their landlords and divided the land among themselves ->They seized the land of the Church and the Tsar. -Kerensky tried to stop the peasants by sending soldiers on 'Punishment expeditions' into the country side -Kerensky could not find enough people to do dirty jobs for him so the conflict between peasants and landlords continued. ->This events caused people to faced the winter with the treat of famine -In armies discipline(규율) was breaking down ->Many soldiers start to disobey orders given by officers -thousands of soldiers were deserting from the army every week -Bolsheviks encouraged soldiers to lay down their weapons and to give up fighting. -There were drunkenness, chaos and violence in the army <**The November Revolution**> -In Oct 1917, Lenin retruned to Petrograd -When met Bolshevik he said that they should begin a revolution and Bolshevik leaders agreed with him -Leon Trosky, the Bolshevik chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, drew up the plans and set up headquarters in the **Smolny Institute(a disused school)** -There was nothing Kerensky and the Provisional Government could do to stop Trosky. -Army said that they will support Bolshevik and the guards of the Peter and Paul Fortress gave all the rifles in the fortress to Bolsheviks. -By the night of 6 Nov, the red guards were well armed with rifles(소총) and they were ready for action -During the night, they began to take control of all the most important locations in Petrograd ->First take control of 6 bridges across the river Neva ->Then, in 7 Nov, they seized government buildings, the power station and railway stations -The provisional Government had its headquarters in the **Winter Palace** and guarded only by army cadets and the Women's Battalion of the army -In the evneing of 7 Nov, a crusier, the **Aurora**, sailed up the river Neva and fired blank shells at the Winter Palace. -Later, the guns in the Peter and Paul fortress also opened fire on the Palace. -The, Red Guards stormed the Winter palace -The Cadets and the Women's Battalion gave in and the ministers of the Provisional Government surrendered and were take away under arrest -The Bolsheviks now controlled Petrograd -The next day, Lenin announced that he was setting up a new government ->In the reveolution, 18 people had been arrested and 2 people had been killed

Summary:
This chapter talks about what happened before and when revolution start. After living condition became worse, people lost job and got mad. Also, it talks about main groups and main people that affect Russian Society, Which is  **Provisional Government VS Petrograd Soviet**, **Lenin VS Alexander Kerensky**, **Alexander Kerensky VS Kornilov** and others. At last, it talks about how Bolsheviks rebelled and how they got control of Petrograd at last.

Question:
1. what happened after Tsar Nicholas left Petrograd? 2. Why did 3 nobles murdered Rasputin? 3. List some events that made people made in March 1917. 4. Why did German helped Lenin to go back to Russia? 5. What is July Days?

Awesomeness:
( This picture is one of event that happened in March 8 1917. It shows how hungry and angry people were. ) (This is a picture of gerneral Kornilove. Who wanted to start 2nd revolution)