InNo+12+(1-12)+Byue+11.25.10

=MY AWESOMENESS= This is a comic I made called 'Germany signs the Treaty.' This refers to Germany signing the Treaty of Versailles and are forced to sign extremely harsh terms, because if they refused to sign, the Allies would attack them. Because of this Treaty, the government resigned, captains sunk their ships, and Germans complained that it was a dictated peace. In the end, 2 government members signed it and the 'Big Three,' which included Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, and David Lloyd George were extremely happy. This comic is awesome because in it, I have used a tool which i just discovered. The 'black' man in box 2 was originally with color, holding a 'For Dummies' book and another book. I discovered the color tool and made him all black, making it possible that he is holding the Treaty in his hands. Picture Picture

=The World Re-Made: The Results of the First World War= __Part One - Making Peace p.1-12__

** 1. ****__ Great Suffering __** **__France__** - 4 and a half years of savage warfare in France had an area larger than Wales ruined - good farm land -> useless mud, countless farm animals -> cooked - 23,000 factories destroyed, 5600 km of railway destroyed, 48000 km roads wrecked - 1,400,000 French soldiers died, while 2,500,000 were wounded **__Belgium__** - during war, Germany took machinery, crops, rationed food, melted church bells to make guns, and shot rebels - the ONE part not occupied by Germany was ruined – fighting and old city Ypres lay in rubble – 50,000 Belgian soldiers dead **__Britain__** - didn’t suffer as much as ABOVE two - 750,000 soldiers dead, 1,500,000 wounded, many crippled for life - British gov. had debt of spending 9 billion pounds on war and over 1 billion was borrowed, most form America **__Italy__** - joined war in 1915 because Allies would give it Austrian land - 600,000 dead soldiers + NE Italy devastated **__Russia__** - had to pay heavy price and sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to surrender from war - 1/3 of Russians became under German rule **__USA__** - soldiers started fighting in 1917 - lost 116,000 men – little compared to Allies **__Germany__** - nearly 2 million soldiers killed - British Navy blocked Germany’s ports to stop supplies – many people faced starvation **__The Suffering of war__** - Austria-Hungary lost 1,200,000 men; Turkey lost 325,000 men; Bulgaria lost 100,000 - 1918, people hit by Spanish influenza, making 25 million people die - leaders determined to not let war happen again, and signed treaty ** 2. ****__ Great Expectations… __** **__The Paris Peace Conference__** - 100s of politicians from 32 nations gathered for biggest peace conference ever held, with own ideas - 3 people quickly took control, known as ‘Big Three’ o David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (USA) o But they had very different thinking - **Clemenceau**: - Germany must pay for damage done to France in war = 200,000,000,000 gold francs o Germany must be made weak – take away most land, industry, and armed forces o He was called ‘the Tiger’ - **Woodrow Wilson**: made the ‘Fourteen Points’ that he thought would make future wars impossible o No secret agreements o Reduce armed forces + weapons o People living under foreign rule can make their own nations and choose their own gov. – **Nation self-determination** o All countries should belong in a **League of Nations** for peace - Disagreed with Clemenceau about Germany because it wasn’t the only country to blame for starting war - **David Lloyd George**: agreed with ’14 points’ but also wanted to take revenge on Germany **__Making the Peace__** - Wilson had detailed ideas so he went his way, and politicians set up League of Nations - Peace Conference became free-for all and many people in foreign countries wanted a lot - Countries who did not join free-for-all: Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey, and Russia - People started wondering if they were doing the right thing ** 3. ****__ Germany Re-Made the Treaty of Versailles __** - 1919, politicians signed treaty they had discussed long time about - 200 pages, and had 400 **clauses**: o **League of Nations** set up, and **Covenant of the League of Nations** described how it worked o Germany had to give land away to neighboring countries; Danzig, the Saar and Memel given to League of Nations and people later would decide later to join Germany or not o All Germany’s overseas colonies given to League of Nations under their rule o All lands Germany took from Russia given back, some made new nations o Germany’s armed forced reduces – 100,000 soldiers, 6 battleships and no air force or submarines allowed o Western Germany made into demilitarized zone (DMZ) so no armed forces allowed, but Allies could keep army of occupation there for 15 years o Ger. forbidden to unite with Austria o Ger. had to accept blame for starting war – clause 231 – **war guilt clause** § Because of this, had to pay **reparations** – cost of repairing war damage – to Allies - None of the clauses were presented to Germany before, and when given to them, gov. resigned, captains sunk their ships, and they complained the treat was **Diktat** - dictated peace - 2 German gov. members were forced to sign, then Allies signed later - ‘Big 3’ went outside to garden with waiting crowds, and Clemenceau cried ** 4. ****__ Europe Re-shaped: The Other Paris Peace Treaties __** - treaty makers had to deal with Germany’s partners, but Austria-Hungary no longer existed - people rebelled against their own government, and 3 already had independent states with new leaders – Czechs, Hungarians, and Serbs - they also used Wilson’s idea of self-determination, and conference could only suggest minor changes **__Austria-Hungary__** - they had to sign 2 treaties at **Saint Germain** + **Trianon**, making them 2 separate independent states - land was gven to new state of Czechoslovakia and Serbia took over huge areas of land to become new state of Yugoslavia - other Austrian lands given to Italy and Poland; large part of Hungary given to Romania **__Bulgaria__** - **Treaty of Neuilly** gave away land to neighboring countries and made her pay reparations and reduce armed forces **__Russia__** - Treaty of Versailles gave land back to Russia from Germany, but provinces on Baltic Sea – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – became independent - Part of south Russia was given to Romania, and Polish provinces not returned either **__The Turkish Empire__** - **Treaty of Sèvres** took away almost all Turkish land and put Turkish Straits under League of Nations control - her Arab lands became mandates, controlled by French and British until they were ready to rule themselves - Arabia given independence immediately - What was left of Turkey was occupied by Britain, France, Italy and Greece – Asia Minor ** 5. ****__ The League of Nations __** - Woodrow Wilson believed it would only work if body for settling quarrels was designed **__The Organization of the League of Nations__** - **The Covenant of the League of Nations** described how peace was kept: o if members quarreled, they should talk about their differences instead of going to war – talks in the League’s **Assembly** in Geneva – met once a year o if member was attacked, all others would go help – **collective security**, help arranged by **Council** of the League can cut off all links with attacker - most work done by commissions: o **Disarmament Commission** – persuades member countries to reduce size of armed forces and cut weapon stock o **Mandates Commission** – kept and eye on German and Turkish colonies - Special committees set up to look into big problems of the world: o **Health Organization** – improve world’s health o **International Labor Organization** – improve conditions in work o Some committees improved women’s rights, stop drug smuggling, and help refugees - World law court – **Permanent Court of Justice** – try legal disputes between countries - **Secretariat** in Geneva helped organize paperwork, communications, and publicity, first chairman – Sir Eric Drummong **__Problems for the League of Nations__** - 2 problems: o USA refused to join because it didn’t want to get involved with other countries’ problems. Russia and Germany weren’t allowed to join, so 3 great countries weren’t in it. o It did not have army to stop countries fighting - People were still enthusiastic and it did useful work in 1920s

__Summary__ After World War I, all countries that have participated have had great sufferings, losing millions of soldiers, land, and others. Because of the huge sufferings, countries decided that they HAD to form a treaty so that a war like this would never happen again, thus having the Paris Peace Conference, and following Woodrow Wilson's 'Fourteen Points' and making a League of Nations. A Treaty of Versailles was also signed the Allies, while Germany was forced to sign, and had harsh terms. Partners of Germany were also dealt with, many signed treaties and many lost land. Later, the League of Nations was decided to have bodies that would settle quarrels between countries, and although USA, Russia, and Germany were not part of it, people were very enthusiastic about this League of Nations.

__Questions:__ 1. What was ironic about USA not being part of the League of Nations? 2. What was Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versaillles and what did it state? 3. Because of Clause 231, what did Germany have to do? 4. Who controlled Asia Minor of Turkey? 5. Which special committee aimed to improve conditions of work for people?