INO-+French+Revolution+Notes+September+13+2010+(Chapter+4)

= French Revolution Notes September 13 2010 Chapter 4 = toc

=Awesome=

=Notes=

Napoleon and Europe
- Peace made in 1802 did not last
 * Britain, Russia and Austria formed another Coalition in 1805
 * restarted war against France
 * France won and conquered half of Europe
 * Land, made great changes to the way they were organized and run

Napoleon Conquers Europe - Napoleon defeated the Coalition's armies in a series of battles in central Europe - with 3 major enemies beaten, nothing could stop Napoleon - Made changes to the countries surrounding France
 * 1805 smashed the Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * Prussians joined the coalition in 1806, defeated in Jena and Auerstadt
 * 1807 Russians, defeated in Eylau and Friedland
 * 1807, Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * 1809, took Illyrian Provinces and the Papal States
 * 1810, added Holland and north east Germany
 * 1808 occupied most of Spain
 * forced German states to join their lands
 * reduced the states from 300 to 30
 * brought the leading German rulers together in a union, Confederation of the Rhine
 * Napoleon is the heda
 * helped France form a barrier between Austria and Prussia
 * provided money and soldiers

The Rule of the Bonapartes - Napoleon couldn't govern all the land
 * shared among his family
 * brothers= Holland, Westphalia, and Spain
 * step-son = viceroy of Italy
 * brother-in-law = Naples
 * sisters = smaller Italian States

Costs of French Rule - the changes didn't mean good, brought losses as well - wasn't only the young men who suffered from the wars
 * biggest losses = caused by wars
 * every state had to provide troops
 * in all, half a mil young germans, Italians and Poles saw action in Napoleon's armies
 * families they left behind also paid a heavy price
 * paid for his wars by taxing people
 * half of 1804-1814 was paid by foreign states/countries
 * the armies didn't carry their own food
 * took from the villages and farms they passed

Resistance and Rebellion - many European people hated the French
 * hatred strongest in Spain
 * 1808 rebelled
 * began a war of independence
 * French went to great lengths to crush the rebels

The Opposition to Napoleon Napoleon and Britain - Most powerful and dangerous independent country during that time, Britain
 * defeating Britain = first priorities
 * 1803-1805 gathered a massive "Army of England"
 * because it would take 6 tides to get them out of port, the French needed to control the channel for at least 4 days
 * without control= attacked by British navy
 * admirals tried to lure the British away from the channel by tricking their ships into chasing them
 * Admiral Nelson (British) chased to the West Indies
 * these tricks succeeded, but August 1805, decided to postpone the invasion
 * news: Austrian army was marching towards France
 * leave the Channel, cut off the army in central Europe
 * even though he won, he threw away all his hope of invading Britain
 * Battle of Trafalgar, only 9 out of 35 French ships escaped unharmed = no chance of controlling the Channel

The Continental System - no more invasion, Napoleon tried a different kind of warfare against Britain - Although most of Europe belonged to Napoleon's Continental System, one country refused to join it, Portugal - this soon led to unexpected problems - The C.System created similar problems for Napoleon on the other side of Europe
 * issued an order called the Berlin Decree, forbid his states to trade with Britain
 * aim = force Britain to surrender
 * because most of Britain's trade was with Portugal, Napoleon decided to force it to join
 * invaded in 1807 and captured the capital, Lisbon
 * Spanish marched to seize Lisbon, rebelled in 1808
 * Britain quickly joined the fighting
 * 5 years, Peninsular War
 * huge amount of money and keeping quater of a mil of his soldiers tied down in Spain
 * 1810, Tsar of Russia decided to leave the System because it was damaging Russia's trade
 * opened his ports to British ships
 * Napoleon decided to force the Tsar back by invading Russia

The Russian Campaign - Napoleon gathered a "Grand Army" of 655,000 men and invaded Russia in the summer of 1812 - this looked at first like another great triumph, but it was not - What went wrong? - the weather got colder while the French retreated, many froze to death
 * after defeating them in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered the capital, Moscow, in Sept.1812
 * by the time they crossed the border back into Europe, only 50,000 were still alive
 * people abandoned their homes = no food or shelter
 * not enough horses= leaving their stores behind
 * medicine and food ran short
 * Moscow was burned down while the people fled to the country side
 * winter came early, and the soldiers were unprepared for it
 * during the 6months campaign, 370,00 died in battle, illness or cold
 * 200,000 captives
 * 200,000 horses also died

the Fall of Napoleon - Napoleon's defeat in Russia led to further disasters
 * tsar of Russia now organized a new coalition against him
 * Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britain joined together as allies in 1813 and soon drove the French out of central Europe
 * Germans and Austrians joined later
 * 1814, driven French back into France
 * With nearly every country in Europe against him, Napoleon was forced to surrender in April 1814
 * allied troops marched into Paris and captured it
 * Napoleon gave up his throne and the Allies set up a new govt. with Louis XVIII, Louis XVI's brother

Elba - The allies allowed Napoleon to keep his title of Emperor but sent him into exile on the island of Elba
 * off the coast of Italy
 * For nearly a year, Napoleon ran the island as a little country
 * created a tiny army and navy, opened some mines, and helped farmer to improve their land
 * soon, he became restless and unhappy
 * When he heard Louis was becoming unpopular, he secretly sailed back to France
 * people cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris

The "Hundred Days" - Napoleon's second empire lasted just 95 days - Napoleon would've continued the war, but the Assembly wanted peace - Napoleon hoped that the British govt. would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain
 * Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia put together 6armies of 1mil
 * rather to wait, Napoleon marched with 122,000 men to meet them in Belgium
 * beat on Prussian army on 16 June then attacked by the British at Waterloo
 * 18 June, the British reinforced by Prussians defeated his attack
 * Napoleon fled form the battlefield and returned to Paris
 * Napoleon gave up his throne on 22 June
 * 2weeks later, he gave himself up to the captain of a British warship
 * escaped the Prussians who wanted to execute him
 * it didn't, not allowed to get off the ship
 * transferred to another ship and taken to the island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic
 * although he didn't receive a trial, he lived the rest of his life in captivity
 * he died in 1821 ):

=Summary= =

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