InNo+andylin1212+03.18.11

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"Iams / B2 1950s De Zwaan." // Iams / FrontPage //. Web. 18 Apr. 2011.  .

** 1. The Bolsheviks **
1917- 2 revolutions took place 1. March, provisional government overthrew Nicholas II. Russia led by Prince Georgy Levov, and later by Alexander Kerensky 2. November, Kerensky over threw by Lenin and his communist soviets. Lenin’s followers known as Bolsheviks- coming from Russian adverb- bolshe- meaning more To imply that Lenin had the major faction of Russia as supporters, but it did not US government did not really care for the Bolsheviks -relationship got off to really poor start: 1918, when US just about to join war, Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and got out of the war - US** capitalism ** and Bolsheviks communism created suspicion and distrust So, when civil war in Russia broke out US sent troops with other western power to help the anti-Bolsheviks white instead of Bolsheviks Red The western force failed and withdrawn in 1920, white lost in 1921 and Bolsheviks created USSR in 1922. Even though US helped Russian ** famine relief ** and businessmen established commercial relations with the doctor, US did not officially recognize USSR until 1933

**2. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact**
- only small businesses ( employing less than 20 people) can run privately later adopted Stalin’s 5 year plans 1929-33 rapid development of heavy industry According to Stalin, Russia 50-100 years behind western countries in economy, they have to make up in 10 years or else they would crush Russia Roosevelt realized nonrecognition of Russia does not make sense -especially the militarism of Germany and Japan -November 17, 2 nations agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations WWII approached, Russia hates Germany, but distrusts Britain and France even more Began to hint the Germans in April 1939 that they might be neutral Signed ** Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ** secretly, announced in late August 9 days later, Germany attacks Poland Both sides delaying strategy Russia not ready to fight until 1942 Germany wants to finish business on West before heading East - thinking that they would defeat the UK, attacked Russia in 1941 anyways
 * New Economic Policy **, Soviet state control all nation’s large economic enterprises

**3. A marriage of convenience**
March 1941, FDR persuaded congress to pass the Lend-Lease Aid -give military aid to countries fighting against Germany or Japan - to keep Britain and China afloat until FDR could bring isolationist Americans around Soviets enter war in June 1941, Roosevelt welcomed them as Allies and sent them Lend-Lease aid as well After Pearl Harbor and US entering war, efforts were made to improve status of Russia and US - propaganda persuading Russians are reliable - both sides cant forget the animosity of Bolshevism from US Another disagreement came about opening a second front - FDR promised Russians to attack France (owned by Germany) at the end of the war - Churchill disagreed, even though playing along at first, went to Washington in June and objected personally Churchill finally persuaded FDR to follow Churchill’s plan of attacking North Africa - deeply upset Stalin - Churchill traveled to Moscow in August 1942 to talk to Stalin but nothing could be done

**4. The Big Three of Tehran**
Stalin disappointed again in January 1943 when Roosevelt postponed once more the invasion of France. -successful in North Africa, in ** Casablanca conference **, British and US agreed to postpone so that they can finish off Germans in Tunisia - British economic interest in Mediterranean also played a factor Stalin became extremely suspicious about the loyalty of his two allies Nov 1943, in Tehran- first face to face meeting of Big 3 - FDR could test his personal charm on the gruff Soviet Leader Although never met Stalin before, was briefed by ambassador to Moscow - saying Stalin was a great War leader but also a murderous tyrant mainly talk about the new cross-Channel plan, code name Overlord Roosevelt committed to a launch date of May 1, 1944, Churchill had no choice but to agree FDR left disappointed, because had no personal contact with Stalin But Stalin left pleased since he knows that FDR knows that who ever occupies a territory can have its own social system

**5. Yalta**
Feb 1945- Big 3 met for last time in Yalta 4 issues discussed: 1. creation of organization to succeed LON 2. future of eastern Europe 3. status of Germany 4. soviet entry in pacific war Stalin was clear of what he wants, but FDR was dying, and his physical condition made it difficult for him to resist Stalin’s demands Stalin’s demands were powerful and Roosevelt and Churchill had to take it because Russia holds the best cards, and Stalin knew it. - owns a huge amount of territory - troops 65 miles away from Berlin while British and Americans did not cross river Rhine American and Britain officials were speechless when they saw the agreements since it was so elastic and Russia could never actually break them
 * Red army’s ** hard work put Russia in commanding military position

**6. The Division of Germany**
March 1945, Britain and America crossed River Rhine Supreme Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower had 3 main goals 1. Capture Ruhr Valley 2. Prevent Nazi withdrawal to Bavarian Alps 3. Avoiding unintentional clash with soviet troops heading west Churchill angered by this since this basically gave Berlin to Russia while Britain still has leverage April 16, soviets attacked Berlin April 26 was the final phase of the battle and featured savage street fighting April 30, Hitler killed himself in the bunker May 2, ** Admiral Karl Donitz ** asked for peace with Britain and American front and keep on fighting soviet - said and anti-communist front made perfect sense - new US president Harry Truman disapproved May 7, Germany surrendered and split into four zones Closing weeks of war, US passed their boundaries, but in July they retreated back and let Soviets come in Berlin was in Soviet zone but because of importance, was jointly occupied
 * Eisenhower ** sent cable to Stalin to inform their plans and ask for Red army’s

**7. The Manhattan Project**
April 12, 1945, when FDR died, Harry Truman was shocked - not so much that FDR died - shocked about the ** Manhattan Project ** Truman was considered too low level to be briefed about the proj - wasn’t formally briefed till April 25, that within four months, they will build the deadliest weapon in the whole world. August 1939, Leo Szilard persuaded Albert Einstein to inform FDR about the difficulties in nuclear physics German war office said the first country that uses it would have a huge advantage over the others. Enrico Fermi, working under the football field of University of Chicago created the first controlled nuclear chain reaction In other places, scientists are trying to refine uranium and plutonium into nuclear fuels Most famous site in Los Alamos, New Mexico, where they did the bomb testing

**8. Knowledge of the bomb**
British knew all about the project, but not Russia Niels Bohr wanted Churchill and FDR to tell Stalin because they play a huge part in the postwar atomic controls. - they decided not to tell Stalin Although Truman adopted the plans but whether to tell the Soviets about it is still being discussed - to demonstrate the power created on urban landscape The bombing shows that the project had higher goals then of just defeating Japan Arthur Compton said that if they didn’t use it, the world would not know what to expect if another war broke out. To keep world peace, they need an initial slaughter Byrnes wanted to operated from a position of strength so Oppenheimer’s idea of negotiating with the soviets before the bombing is refused
 * Hiroshima and Nagasaki ** targeted for this attack

**9. Potsdam**
July 1945, Truman went to Berlin to meet Churchill and Stalin - German occupation was on agenda but Truman also had to plan the invasion of Japan and the Manhattan project Stalin was forthcoming and reaffirmed that he would be helping in the Pacific War and that the Japanese had sent peace overtures to Russia Truman was informed that the first testing was really good and they could finish the war with Japan without Russian interference Truman told Stalin a week later, informally. - Stalin paid no interest and said they should make ‘good use of it against the Japanese’ Stalin knew already about the bomb from spies in the Manhattan project His fear of the bomb is planned for Moscow next is confirmed - Churchill and Truman let him join war in Pacific - But actually trying to prevent it.

**10. Containment**
After US bombed Japan in 1945, Soviet and American relation broke down George F. Kennan sent 50 three hundred word cable to secretary of State Byrnes about that problem Said that US policy towards Russia should be long termed, patient but also firm Kennan’s few was that USSR had two diplomatic goals after postwar 1. establish a security corridor around its homeland 2. export Communism to other countries 1st one is hard to stop but second one is possible efforts to recover eastern Europe would likely fail but, firmness with regard to political expansion would be effective Kennan established 4 regions of vital interest by US: ** Western Europe, western hemisphere, Japan and Middle East **. As long as US keeps on putting counter pressure, Cold War does not have to be militarized

**11. The Truman Doctrine**
Truman realizes he cant do anything about territory under soviet control With Britain and France declining, Russia is strongest military power He can only do something with the non-aligned countries In Greece and Turkey, the soviet supporting group is always winning - Greece, side in the civil war that is supported by Soviets are winning - Turkey government is getting humiliated by Soviets because they are weak and wont fight back February 1947, the British government told US that they cant do anything to help Greece or France Truman concluded that only substantial American Aid could keep Greece and Turkey out of soviet sphere Truman told Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson to meet with the congressional leaders Acheson had a meeting with them and came up with the ** Domino theory **, that if Greece and Turkey falls, other countries would fall too Republicans listened to what he had to say and agreed to give 400 million dollars in economy and military aid to Greece and Turkey Speech on March 12, later known as the Truman Doctrine, shows the commitment of US to aid any country threatened by Communism

**12. Disarray in postwar Europe**
Jan 1947, France, US, Britain, Soviets agreed to make let Germany be ruled by a freely elected government France is scared that the government would pose threat And scared at the quarrelsome Russia Disputes arose because of the war reparations, the level of industry Germany can keep is argued No agreement is reached but the US thinks that Soviets want a deadlock because political stalemate just allows Germany’s economy to go DOWN The economy was really bad because of all the Ally raiding, and companies that survived could not function because lack of resources. Food was extremely scarce Economy affects on political affair was noticed by not only Germans, but other countries as well Marshall started to instruct Kennan to investigate the economy in Europe to determine what kind of assistance US could provide.

**13. The Marshall Plan**
On June 1947, Secretary General Marshall outlined the foreign policy problem that US faced the Europe They need a lot of aid from PES from other nation so he come up with a plan a joint recovery plan based on the principle of self-help, resourcing share and german reintegration US can fund it It was taken by British and French Ministers which issued a joint communiqué from 22 nations and representative from occupied German to help out 16country+soviet and 5 country started helping them out Stalin oppose this plan for several reasons- vision of integrated European market, but other see it as a anti postwar stabilization which added tension European plan presented ** ERP ** for the base of recovery, cost them 17 billon dollars Some agreed with the plan but some go against it After Soviet agreed with the plan they started the plan of ERP

**14.The Berlin Airlift**
Since Soviet didn't really wanted to help unstable Germany, America and British wanted to make it clear 1947 they already have created a political unit called Bizonia in their occupied Germany French agreed and see reared ** Trizonia ** US and Britain keep try to create a independent state in western Germany, they created new currency; Deutsche mark, it was the most important part of the economic recovery since the original currency was worthless So before 1948 they used black market and traded good via black market After the new currency the Soviet cut off the road rail, water and halting the food and fuel and other vital necessities which lead other country to protest for the enter of the region American and British only had a one option to use a massive airlift to carry the supplies they need for West Berlin

**15.NATO and the Warsaw pact**
According to Truman and Marshall militarization of Cold war is unnecessary Soviet will not spread their region to Eastern Europe, with the Economical and political pressure if us makes a military alliance Soviet will follow They are still feared by this because US have demobilize the forces but Russia kept their extensive force Treaty of Brussels-mutual defense but they need US's help to get Soviet They US and Eastern European allies made a permanent military alliance which is ** NATO ** and the five Treaty of Brussels states forming member of Canada, Italy, Denmark ,Norway, Iceland and Portugal last three was suggested by US and additional member was Greece and Turkey The additional country was difficult to be added -while Nato couldn't possibly fill enough force to resist Soviet The alliance are distasteful for some countries and knew that Soviet will react negatively when Germany enter Nato USSR formed Warsaw Treaty Organization

**16.The Hiss Case**
The times magazine editor was called to testify before ** House of Un-American Activities Committee ** He told he use to be a Communist Committee in Washington he reported former state department official who Alge Hiss was a member who have accompanied FDR to Yelta He denied everything but it seemed been Chamber is lying so Hiss got back off Nixon asked Chamber again privately and decided that he was telling the truth They were put back and they were Televisioned it ended with Hiss as a communist espionage and was served in Jail for 2 yrs Whether Hiss was guilty or not this topic is still debatable which gab a big psychological impact, that shows the Communist is not trusted and no nation's public people can be trusted

**17.McCarthyism**
Nixon became famous during Hiss case and he could be nominated to Senator, he focused on the point that he can face Communism and using pink sheet people who is communism After being a senator he join McCarthy of Wisconsin who was trying to make anticommunist The night 1950 McCarthy delivered a Lincoln's day speech calling he have the red-list with 205 people in the State Department This driven US into Communist hysteria for next decade, known as McCarthy The mater of fact that the real list exist or not the successive launch of the Soviet Atomic bomb and Chinese Victory made people more fear

**18. NSC-68**
US congress passed the National Security Act of 1947, which reorganized the government military and foreign policy establishment The New law streamlined the new armed force by Navy into single Department of defense or created ** CIA and lso NSC ** In 1950 Truman wants NSC to conduct a review of US national security strategy in light of such recent development as the Soviet bomb and communism in China. Resulted NSC-68 delivered to Truman, which summarize US will react when other country take any action Start with two premise of the major power and USSR was "animated by a new fanatic faith antithetical to our own" and end with massive military buildup but Keenan disagreed it Kennan was winning however when North Korea attacked Korea they buildup it's army During the end of World War II, US and the USSR were allies and US gave USSR aid due to the Lend-lease pact. But after WWII ended, the alliance between US and USSR stopped immediately, and the USSR started to spread Communism around Eastern Europe. US and Britain worked on building an atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project, and they decided not to tell Stalin. But Stalin knew already and this made Stalin not trust the US at all. McCarthyism then started because of the people's fear of communism. US and other allies created the NATO and USSR created the Warsaw Treaty Organization. At last, NCS delivered NCS-68 to Truman under his orders and it became the national security strategy and foreign policy for US for the next 20 years. 1.What did the passage mean by marriage of the convenience? 2. What about the Manhattan Project that really angered Stalin? 3. What was the Truman Doctrine, and what did it do? 4. Define NATO and Warsaw Treaty Organization. 5. What is McCarthyism?
 * Summary **
 * Questions **