InNo+JonathanK2013+10.17.2010

=** Part 2 - War and Revolution ** =

** Awesomeness: **
1)

This is a event map i made for the Order No.1. I think this issue was very important because it showed that the Petrograd Soviets had control over the army instead of the Provisional Government. Having control over the army is very important because it allows the party that has the army to use force to overthrow the other.

2)

This is Lenin. I believed he plays a big part in the Russian Revolution. He is one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks, he was expelled many times and returned to only be expelled again. This time he returned and staged an armed uprising against the Provisional Government.

** Chapter 7 - Russia at War. 1914-1917 **
Early Defeats Collapse of the Economy 'Dark forces destroying the Throne'
 * Russia war with Germany August 1914
 * Hatred for Germany increased
 * Nicholas renamed St Petersburg, too much like German name
 * Two Russian armies attack Germany, end of August 1914
 * **Tannenberga** and **Masurian Lakes**
 * Russian armies were defeated here
 * Russians were badly equipped and led
 * War continued into 1915, Russian economy began to collapse
 * **Not enough workers**
 * Young men taken into armies
 * Factories closed
 * Farms, weeds grew instead of corn
 * **Transport**
 * Russia depended on railways for food and raw materials
 * Not enough trains to keep army and towns people supplied
 * People in towns went hungry, not enough trains to transport food
 * Coal not supplied to factories,
 * More factories had to close
 * **Inflation**
 * Began loosing value in 1914
 * Food prices went up
 * People's wages were buying less food
 * August 1915, Tsar Nicholas took personal command of army
 * Left Alexandra in charge of government, **Fatal Mistake**
 * ** Alexandra under influence of Rasputin **
 * August 1915 - End of 1916, Alexandra was in charge
 * Do anything she liked
 * Sacked minister who displeased her, replaced with men whom she and Rasputin favored
 * Ministers kept switching
 * Work of government were halt
 * Food, fuel and ammunition became almost unobtainable
 * **'Dark forces destroying the Throne'**
 * Alexandra and Rasputin
 * Rumors they were German agents, destroying Russia form within
 * December, 1916, three nobles loyal to tsar murdered Rasputin
 * Rasputin's death did not help Russia
 * 1917 - Bad Whether
 * Blizzards and low temperatures froze railways and burst boilers
 * Supplies of grain, coal, wood and oil were scarce
 * **Conditions right for Revolution**

** Chapter 8 - The Revolution of March 1917 **
Wednesday 7 March Thursday 8 March Friday 9 March Saturday 10 March Sunday 11 March Monday 12 March Wednesday 14 March Thursday 15 March
 * 1917, Russia conditions grew rose, Petrograd, discontent resulted in full scale revolution
 * 20,000 workers were locked out of Giant Putilov steels works, after pay talks broke down
 * Fifty Factories closed down, 90,000 workers went on strike
 * International Women's day, thousands of socialist women on streets demonstrating
 * Everybody subject was bread
 * 200,000 workers on strike
 * 250,000 workers on strike
 * No public transport, no news papers
 * Food Shortage continues
 * Cossacks refused to attack strikers when ordered to do so
 * President of Duma sent letter to Tsar about situation
 * Tsar Response: order Duma to stop meeting
 * Mutiny began in Volinsky regiment of the army
 * Sergeant shot his commander officer dead
 * Soldier left barracks marched into centre of Patrograd
 * **Provisional Committee**
 * Duma held meeting, and setup this committee
 * ** 12 man committee to take over govenrment **
 * **Soviet**
 * Council of workers and soldiers
 * Revolutionaries set up
 * Intend to take over government --> Organize food supply for city
 * Leading army generals sent letter to Nicholas
 * Informed none of the army supported him
 * Tsar tried to return to take control of situation
 * His train stopped by revolutionaries
 * Nicholas train was stopped by revolutionaries
 * Agreed to give throne to Alexis
 * Realized Alexis too ill to be Tsar, gave it to his brother, **Grand Duke Michael** instead
 * Duke Michael feared he would be as unpopular as Nicholas, **gave up throne**
 * **Russia is now a Republic**
 * Country governed not by a monarch but by an elected leader
 * Question: Which body should govern Russia, **Provisional Committee** or **Soviet**

** Chapter 9 - The Provisional Government **
Two New Governments Lenin and the April Theses The Kornilov Revolt
 * **Provisional Committee**
 * Govern Russia for a short time, until elections could be held
 * Official government
 * **Petrograd Soviet** of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
 * Council elected by working people and soldiers
 * Other soviets with same aim, formed in towns over Russia
 * Imitated whatever the Petrograd Soviet does
 * Gave them great power
 * **Order No.1**
 * Soldiers and sailors must set up committees to take control of all arms, ammunition and equipment
 * Official soldiers were not to salute officers and had address them as 'Mister Colonel' or 'Mister General'
 * Obeyed by all parts of army and navy --> Showed Petrograd Soviet had controlled the army forces
 * Consists of revolutionaries --> SRs and Mensheviks, some Bolsheviks
 * Wanted all land to be given to peasants, factories given to workers
 * Time of March Revolution, Leader of Bolsheviks, **Lenin**, exiled in Switzerland
 * Disagreed with revolutionaries who co-operated with Provisional Government
 * Wanted to go back to Russia to organize second revolution
 * German helped Lenin reach Russia --> Lenin would cause trouble for Russian government --> Help Germany in war
 * **April Theses**
 * There must be end to the war with Germany
 * All land must be given to peasants
 * Banks must be nationalized
 * Bolsheviks change name to "Communists"
 * No support must be given to the Provisional Government
 * Instead, the Soviets should get together to form new government
 * Lenin telling Bolsheviks to start new revolution
 * Many thought time not right
 * In June 1917, Russian armies attacked Austria
 * Failed, turned into retreat
 * Soldiers were separated from main army in large numbers
 * Went back to Petrograd, joined Bolsheviks, demand an end to the Provisional government
 * **July Days**
 * Three days of Rioting
 * Alexander Kerensky, Minister of War
 * Sent troops into Petrograd
 * 16th - 17th July, troops broke up mobs, killed and wounded 400
 * Claimed Bolsheviks paid by Germans to make trouble, and Lenin was a German Agent, wanted to arrest him
 * Lenin fled to nearby Finland, exile again
 * Alexander Kerensky became Prime Minister of the Provisional Government
 * Faced with challenge from Commander-in-Chief of the armies, **General Kornilov**
 * Believed he should be in charge of Russia
 * Planned to get rid of Petrograd Soviet, arrest revolutionaries, take control of Provisional government
 * Kornilov's rebel troops were some of the best in Russia
 * Sent his troops to get rid of the Provisional Government
 * Few loyal troops to defend him
 * **Red Guards**
 * Defense force set up by Bolsheviks
 * 25,000 Bolsheviks armed with rifles and machine guns out in the streets
 * Kornilov's troops refused to fight against fellow workers --> Kornilov soon to be arrested
 * Bolsheviks came out of Kornilov Revolt as:
 * Heroes --> Saved Provisional Government
 * Proved they weren't German Agents
 * Armed and disciplined fighting force
 * Got a majority elections for the Petrograd Soviet in September --> Strengthened their position further
 * Bolsheviks planning on carrying out a second revolution

** Chapter 10 - The Bolsheviks Revolution of November 1917 **
The State of Russia in September 1917 The November Revolution
 * Summer of 1917, peasants began to take control of the land which they grew food
 * Peasants killed landlords and split land among themselves
 * Seized lands of Church and Tsar
 * **Punishment Expeditions**
 * Kerensky tried to stop peasants from grabbing land by sending soldiers into country side
 * Soldiers would whip peasants and burn their homes
 * Kerensky not enough loyal troops to stop peasants grabbing land entirely
 * Most places violence between peasants and landlords continued
 * Violence delayed harvest on many farms --> Food shortages
 * Armies discipline breaking down
 * Order No.1 --> Soldiers disobey orders given by officers
 * Thousands of soldiers deserting from army every week
 * Make sure they had their fair share of land
 * Bolsheviks encouraged soldiers to lay down weapons and give up fighting
 * Soldiers amused themselves by throwing live hand grenades into officers quarters
 * October 1917, Lenin returned to Petrograd from Finland
 * Bolshevik leaders agreed to stage an armed uprising against Provisional Government
 * Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik chairman, drew up plans and set up headquarters in **Smolny Institute** (Disused School)
 * They did not have to make plans of revolution a secret, Provisional government could not stop him
 * Bolsheviks had support from the army, received rifles from the Paul fortress
 * Night of 6 November, Red Guards were well armed with rifles, ready for action
 * Began taking control of most important locations in Petrograd
 * Control six bridges across the River Neva
 * November 7
 * Seized government buildings, power station and railway stations
 * **Winter Palace**
 * Headquarters of Provisional Government
 * Guarded only by army cadets and Women's Battalion of the Army
 * **Aurora**
 * Cruiser which Bolsheviks had captures, fired at Winter Palace
 * Red guards stormed the Winter Palace, Peter and Paul fortress opened fire on the Palace
 * Cadets and Women's Battalion gave in without fight
 * Ministers of the Provisional Government, were arrested
 * Bolsheviks controlled Petrograd
 * Lenin setting up new government

Summary: Tsar wanted to prove himself to be a good leader and attacked Germany, he was defeated and this resulted in a collapse of the economy. Tsar left Russia to take charge of the army and left Alexandra in charge, she caused people to think that she was German agents. Then there was the Revolution of March 1917, this revolution was to over throw tsar, it worked and resulted in Russia being a republic and two new governments (Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet). Lenin came back and staged a revolution which resulted in the Kornilov Revolt because General Kornilov believed that Russia was in too much of a riot and needed a strong man to lead, this revolt failed. The state of Russia than improved as peasants began taking land, in November, Lenin came back and staged another revolution ,the November Revolution. Questions: - Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes - Alexandra and Rasputin - Provisional Government, Petrograd Soviet - "Dark forces destroying the throne" Rasputin and Alexandra was accused of being German agents trying to destroy Russia. Russia was defeated by Germany in war and resulted in a collapse in Russia's economy. - The Kornilov Revolt was lead by Commander-in-Chief of the armies, Kornilov. He believed that Russia needed a strong man to lead. He wanted to be in charge. He then sent his army to destroy Petrograd Soviet, he arrested revolutionaries. Bolsheviks set up defencive force called the Red Guards, Kornilov's army then refused to fight their own troops, soon Kornilov was arrested and the revolt was over.
 * During the Russian-German war, which two battles wiped out the Russian army?**
 * Who were the "Dark forces destroying the throne"?**
 * What were the two new governments?**
 * Name some problems Russia faced from 1914 - 1917.**
 * Briefly describe the Kornilov Revolt**

Citations: 1) Event Map: Greg, Israel. "Notebook Guidelines." // Relay Of Revolutions //. Web. . 2) Picture of Lenin: Auron. "Google Image Result for Http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_65fJY6BlFC0/SP9LT4r0ZOI/AAAAAAAAAXc/MMlV9eGEJf8/s400/lenin.jpg."// Google //. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. .