InNo+France+Chapter+4+michellel2013+09.12.10

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= =__Napoleon and Europe __=
 * The peace that Napoleon made in 1802 didn’t last
 * Britain, Russia, and Austria formed another Coalition and restarted their war against France
 * Napoleon’s armies won the war and captured half of Europe
 * In the lands they took, French made great changes to the way they were organized and run
 * Many of these changes had long-lasting and important results

**Napoleon Conquers Europe **

 * Napoleon defeated the Coalition's armies in a series of battles in central Europe
 * 1805, smashed Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * Prussians joined Coalition in 1806
 * Defeated them in battles of Jena and Auerstadt
 * 1807, beat Russians in battles of Eylau and Friedland
 * Three major enemies beaten, nothing to stop Napoleon from enlarging his empire
 * 1807, made Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * 1809, took Illyrian Provinces and Papal States
 * 1810, added Holland and north-east Germany to the empire
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon made changes to countries which shared a border with French empire
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1808, occupied a lot of Spain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Central Europe, forced rulers of small German states to join lands together
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Reduced number of German states from 300 to 30
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1806, brought leading German rulers together in union called Confederation of the Rhine, himself as head
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Union helped Napoleon by forming a barrier between France and its enemies – Austria and Prussia
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">States in it provided Napoleon with money and soldiers for armies

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Rule of the Bonapartes **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon could not personally govern all the land
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Shared it among his family for them to govern
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Brothers were King of Holland, Westphalia, and Spain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Step-son was Viceroy of Italy
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Brother-in-law was King of Naples
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sisters had smaller Italian states to rule
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Bonaparte family made many changes to the states they ruled
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Reformed laws that were out of date, got rid of feudal rights, took away land from Church, modernized the way their states were governed
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">French ideas on how to organize and run countries spread all over Europe

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Cost of the French rule **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Bonapartes tried to improve states they ruled
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Didn’t mean life was better for everyone living under their power
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Rule of Bonapartes brought losses as well
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Biggest loss was caused by Napoleon’s wars
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Every state under Bonaparte’s rule had to provide troops for Napoleon’s armies
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1806, Grand Duchy of Berg, population of 50,000, had to provide 5,000 men
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Westphalia, population of 2 million, provided 600,000 men, 38,000 were killed or wounded
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Half a million young Germans, Italians, and Poles saw action in Napoleon’s armies
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Families also paid a heavy price
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Wars were expensive, Napoleon paid by taxing people
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Half his spending on war from 1804-1814 was paid by foreigners living under their rule
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">German states alone contributed 560 million francs
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">French armies didn’t bring food on campaigns
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Took food they needed from villages and farms they passed
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Peasant families living near routes put up with soldiers digging their crops, killing their animals, living in their homes

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Resistance and Rebellion **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Many Europeans hated French rule
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Hatred was strongest in Spain, ruled by Joseph Bonaparte
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1808, Spanish rebelled against French and began war of independence
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">French went to great lengths to crush Spanish rebels
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Spanish painter travelling during the time witnessed and drew scenes, putting them in a collection called The Disasters of War

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon and Britain **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">5 countries were independent from Napoleon
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Most powerful and dangerous was Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Defeating Britain became one of Napoleon’s top priorities
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1803-1805, gathered massive ‘Army of England’ in camps along Channel coast, ready to invade Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2442 boats were built to ferry 193,000 men and 9149 horses across the Channel
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It would take 6 tides to get them out of port, so French needed control of Channel for four days
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Without control, invasion fleet could be attacked by British navy while at sea
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon’s admirals tried to lure British away from Channel by tricking their ship into chasing them into distant waters
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Admiral Villeneuve led British warship under Admiral Nelson on wild goose chase to West Indies
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Tricks succeeded
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">August 1805 Napoleon decided to postpone invasion to Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">News was Austrian army was marching towards France
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon ordered Army of England to leave the Channel coast to cut off Austrian in central Europe
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Result was Battle of Ulm on 20 Oct
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon won great victory at Ulm but thrown away hope of invading Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Nelson’s fleet trapped Villeneuve’s fleet off coast of Spain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">21 Oct 1805, Battle of Trafalgar, 9/33 French ships escaped unharmed
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">French navy had no chance of controlling the Channel, making invasion impossible

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Continental System **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon tried different kind of warfare against Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1806, issued order called Berlin Decree, forbidding states under his control to trade with Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Aim was to force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Blockade of British goods, known as the Continental System, led to immediate fall of amount of goods imported to and exported from Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Most of Europe belonged to Continental System, one country refused to join: Portugal
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Much of Britain’s trade was with Portugal, Napoleon forced it to join
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1807, French forces invaded and occupied the capital, Lisbon
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Invasion of Portugal led to unexpected problems for Napoleon
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Spanish and Portuguese hated French armies who marched across their land to seize Lisbon
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1808, rebelled against French & began war of independence
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Britain quickly joined fighting
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">British forces sent to peninsula to help rebels fight the French
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Next 5 years, they fought the French in the ‘Peninsula War’
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">For Napoleon, war became ‘Spanish ulcer’, used up lots of money and keeping quarter of a million of soldiers tied down in Spain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Continental System created similar problems for Napoleon on other side of Europe
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1810, Tsar of Russia decided to leave the system because it was damaging Russia’s trade
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Opened ports to British trade and allowed Russians to trade with Britain
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon decided to force Tsar back into Continental System by invading Russia

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Russia Campaign **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon gathered a ‘Grand Amy’ of 655,000 men and invaded Russia summer of 1812
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Russian armies retreated before massive onslaught
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Defeated them at Battle of Borodino, Napoleon entered capital, Moscow, Sept 1812
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Looked like another great triumph for Napoleon, but wasn’t
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2 months later they were on retreat
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">When they crossed border back to Europe, only 50,000 were alive
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Grand Army had been wiped out
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Problems began as Grand Army entered Russia
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Russians did all they could to stop French from finding food
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Most houses were empty
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon’s Master of Horses wrote everything had been loaded in wagons and hoped to get horses from the countryside
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They did that in previous campaigns but horses, cattle, and inhabitants all fled
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lack of horses meant lots of their stores were dumped by the roadside
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Food and medicine ran short
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Tsar and his gov’t & many people of Moscow abandoned the city, set it on fire as they went, retreated to safety in countryside
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon didn’t have time or men to chase them
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Could not stay in Moscow because couldn’t feed army during coming winter
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ordered army to retreat
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Winter came early and French were unprepared
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">As French retreated, weather got colder
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">December, thermometer dropped 20 degrees below zero and men froze
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Winter set in, food ran out
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">According to Russian general, starving, freezing men did desperate things to get food and warmth
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon’s 6-month Russian campaign, 370,000 French soldiers died in battle, or illness, or cold
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">200,000 were taken prisoner, half died in captivity
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">200,000 horses died

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The fall of Napoleon **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon’s defeat in Russia led to further disasters
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition against him
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1813, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Britain joined together as allies
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They soon drove French out of central Europe
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Saw French on the run, so Austrians and German states joined the coalition
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1814, allies had driven French back to France
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Nearly every country in Europe was against Napoleon
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He was forced to surrender April 1814
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Allied troops marched to Paris and occupied it
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon gave up his throne and Allies set up new gov’t with Louis XVI’s brother as head
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Crowned as Louis the Eighteenth (XVIII)

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Elba **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Allowed Napoleon to keep title as Emperor
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sent him into exile on island of Elba, off coast of Italy
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">For almost a year, Napoleon ran the island as a little country
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Created a tiny army and navy, opened mines, helped farmers improve their land
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Soon became restless and unhappy
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Heard Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular, decided to return to France
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">March 1815, secretly sailed from Elba and landed in southern France
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Louis fled while crowds cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again

**<span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The ‘Hundred Days’ **

 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon’s second empire lasted 95 days
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Leads of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together 6 armies of almost a million men and set out to crush him
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Rather than wait for attack, Napoleon marched with 122,000 men to meet in Belgium
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">16 June, beat one of the Prussian armies on 16 June
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">18 June, attacked British army at Waterloo, Belgium
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">British, reinforced by Prussians, defeated his attack
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon fled from battlefield and returned to Paris
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon would’ve continued war, but Assembly wanted peace
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Without support of leading politicians, Napoleon gave up throne on 22 June
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2 weeks later, gave himself up to captain of British warship off the French coast – just in time to escape Prussians, who wanted to execute him
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Napoleon hoped British gov’t would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain, but it didn’t
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He wasn’t allowed off the ship, transferred to another ship, taken to a place he couldn’t escape
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Brought to island of St Helena in South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France
 * <span style="color: #1bb19f; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Never received trial, but spent rest of his life in captivity and died in 1821