Roots+of+the+Cold+War+weiweil2013+18.4.44

This is a comic about the Cold War; I believe it relates to the content of the notes because of the distinctly passive and deceptive actions of both people in the card game. This bears a striking resemblance to the behaviour of both the USA and USSR leading up to and during the Cold War.

US'S NATURAL ANTAGONISM AGAINST BOLSHEVIKS NAZI-SOVIET PACT PACT/PEACE/TREATY OF CONVENIENCE BETWEEN USSR AND ALLIES BIG THREE'S FIRST MEETING AT TEHRAN BIG THREE SECOND MEETING AT YALTA SURRENDER + DIVISION OF GERMANY MANHATTAN PROJECT KNOWLEDGE OF THE BOMB BIG THREE MEETING AT POTSDAM CONTAINMENT OF USSR'S EXPANSION
 * two revolutions in 1917, resulted in Bolshevik gov. with Lenin leading
 * US government didn't like Bolsheviks from start
 * not because of totalitarianism (until Stalin came to power in 1928)
 * USSR dropped out of war just before USA did (from Allied side)
 * ideological divide between USA capitalism + USSR communism
 * Russian civil war: US troops sent in on White Army side AGAINST Bolsheviks
 * NEP: government controlled economy, USA recognises USSR as a country
 * Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (signed in secret, revealed late August 1939)
 * Stalin distrusted Germany, but distrusted UK + France more
 * pact = delaying tactic for both sides: USSR = not ready for war, Germany = finish Western front first
 * USSR entered war in June 1941 on Allied side, but mistrust stood and connections were uneasy
 * USSR asked for relief in form of invasion in German-occupied France, Roosevelt agreed
 * Churchill disagreed, invaded North Africa instead, upset Stalin, tried to reassure but really just gonna be "bombing our way out"
 * Stalin became suspicious at Churchill's apparent self-interest in North Africa (while Russians are dying)
 * Big Three Tehran meeting: November 1943
 * Stalin = smarter, more realistic, most effective but also murderous tyrant
 * US agreed to invasion on May 1, 1944, Churchill had to agree
 * main topics: League of Nation's successor, future of Eastern Europe, Germany, Soviet entry into Pacific War
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Stalin very strong in mind and strength, but Roosevelt very ill and couldn't resist demands
 * Stalin wanted: veto power, recognition for commie gov, 10 billion dollars of war reparation, annexing Japanese islands
 * USA + UK helplessly agree because of USSR's military advantage, but tried to make agreements as flexible as possible
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">April 16: USSR main assault on Berlin, April 30: Hitler commits suicide
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Berlin surrenders May 7, 1945, divided into four zones (UK, USA, France and USSR)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">= development of the atomic bomb from German scientists (albert einstein)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Truman didn't know about it until April 25, "can be complete within 4 months"
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">so secret that Truman didn't know until after Roosevelt's death
 * could destroy modern civilisation completely
 * "the newest developments in nuclear physics... will probably make it possible to produce an explosive many orders of magnitude than the conventional ones"
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USA + UK knew, USSR doesn't (Roosevelt's policy, continued by Churchill and Truman)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Interim Committee = established May 1945, advisors on atomic policy (scientists, government officials, etc), talk about "demonstrations"
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">had larger goals than Japan, wanted to flaunt bomb, etc
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">agenda: German occupation, invasion of Japan, Manhattan Project
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Stalin promises to enter Pacific war, gives specific date
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Stalin already knew about bomb from spies, already developing secret Soviet atomic bomb
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">UK + USA try to withhold knowledge of atomic bomb = "HAHA STALIN THEY'E GONNA BOMB YOU TOO"
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">after Hiroshima + Nagasaki, Soviet-American ties break down completely
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USSR conquer Eastern Europe countries, casting "iron curtain" across Europe


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kennan (US embassy in Moscow) started strategy of containment = basis of postwar US foreign policy
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies"


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">postwar USSR = two goals: establishing secure line around homeland + exporting Communism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">distinguishing between USSR's military presence/traditional Russian imperialism and Communist political adventurism

THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">= policy to aid (economically, militarily) any nation threatened by Communism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">little can be done about territory under Soviet control, but Truman could stop Soviet expansionism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">eg: Greece (civil war) and Turkey (buckling under pressure from Soviets), but could not afford
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Acheson (Undersecretary of State) meet with congress, makes domino theory (if one falls, all will follow)

DISARRAY IN POSTWAR EUROPE
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">January 1947: Germany would be reunified under central, freely elected government (France + USSR both nervous)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">disagreements in Moscow about Germany's future economic strength/freedom, no agreement reached


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">economic + political situation in Western Europe = large cities into rubble, factories lacking industrial supplies, unemployment, starvation
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">acute shortages = Communist advantage

THE MARSHALL PLAN
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">= European joint recovery plan (self-help, resource sharing, German reintegration, wanted US funding)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">goal = promote European economic recovery, halting political destabilisation caused by economic hardship
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">opposed by Stalin (integrated European market, free movement of goods + services = free movement of people?)


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">European Recovery Program (ERP) involved 17 billion dollars, US hesitant at first
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USSR overthrew democratic government with Soviet government, opposition disappeared

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USSR prefer disintegrated, unstable Germany
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">US + UK introduced new currency (Deutsche mark), enabled shopkeepers to accept cash instead of trade items
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">appeared June 23, USSR cuts off all road, rail, water access to West Berlin the next day


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">US + UK reaction = massive airlift, seems impossible at first (45 hundred tons a day, 3 tons per aircraft)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">US sent 100 large-capacity aircraft, make up for difference (fourteen hundred flights = 13 000 tons of cargo)

NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">militarisation = unwise, unnecessary (blockade expansionism using economic and political counterpressure, militarisation only provoke Stalin)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Allies nervous, had quickly demobilised after WW2, but USSR still huge army
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">safety in numbers = Treaty of Brussels (Western European countries)

THE HISS CASE
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, formal, permanent military alliance between US and EU allies
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Warsaw Pact = USSR treaty with Eastern European countries (including East Germany), is counterattack to NATO
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Whittaker Chambers = Time magazine senior editor, told congressmen he was part of secret Communist cell in Washington DC
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">told about another member of cell = Alger Hiss, former State Department official (accompanied FDR to Yalta, imporant individual)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hiss denied everything, Chambers deemed to be lying, but Chambers questioned again and seemed to be telling the truth


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">re-hearing = Hiss lost composure, would have slid by had he not sued Chambers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Chambers produced State Department documents in Hiss's hand, etc, proof that Hiss had committed espionage


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hiss convicted, served 44 months

MCCARTHYISM
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">psychological impact of Hiss case = focus for American anxiety about Communist infiltration
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nixon (aggressive anticommunist) elected to Senate, joining McCarthy, also aggressive anticommunist
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">McCarthy used to be obscure Republican elected from self-inflated war record


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">February 9, 1950: "I have here in my hand a list of Communists in the State Department"
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">never proved, but launched wave of anticommunist hysteria, manipulating domestic fears for political gain

NSC-68
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">National Security Act (NSA) = reorganised government's military + foreign policies
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">streamlined armed forces by grouping War and Navy Deparments, created CIA and National Security Council (NSC)


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">NSC-68 = review of US national security strategy (w/ developments like Soviet bomb, Communist China)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">defeat of Germany, Japan, decline of Britain, France = US + USSR as only two world powers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USSR motivated by new faith, antithetical to USA's, seeking to impose absolute authority over the entire world
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">solution to new Soviet threat = massive military buildup


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">oppositions = Kennan + followers, convinced that threat was primarily political
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">military buildup = not security but destabilising arms race
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">winning argument until Communist NKorea invaded SKorea, leading to charges that Truman was soft on Communism

With a natural antagonism against the USSR because of ideological disagreements, the Allies had its doubts about the Bolshevik government and Stalin from the very beginning; treaties were made and friendships were formed, but all was mostly for show, as Stalin had vast military power over the demilitarised Allies. The development of an atomic bomb increased suspicions between the two sides, and the Allies adopted a policy of containment concerning the USSR's rapid imperialism of Eastern Europe. The Berlin Airlift was the most direct form of conflict between the two sides, setting the passive tone for the rest of the Cold War; pacts were made on each side, further increasing the stakes and tension between the two. The Hiss Case and McCarthyism introduced an anticommunist hysteria into the general Western public, and with the formation of the National Security Act, the Allies prepared militarily for direct conflict; up until then, conflicts had been mostly political.
 * Summary**

What is McCarthyism and who (and why) is it named after? If Roosevelt was so ill at the negotiations in Yalta, why couldn't his vice-president have stood in for him? Did the USA or UK know about the presence of a Russian spy in their Manhattan project? Why was it named the Manhattan project? When did the fear of Communist infiltration become widespread?
 * Questions**