InNo+shynricpx2013+04.06.2011

= **__ The Roots of the Cold War __** =

//The Cold War isn't thawing; __it is burning with a deadly heat__. Communism isn't sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting//. - Richard M Nixon

// The Cold War began with the division of Europe. __It can only end when Europe is whole__. // -George H W Bush

=__ Awesome Stuff __=

Here is a small illustration I created showing President Truman's plans to prevent the spread of communism worldwide. After an "iron-curtain" fell in Eastern Berlin, Truman did not want the "iron-curtain" to fall anywhere else around the world. These were the 3 main steps he undertook. ORIGINAL

Here is a little ToonDoo i created showing how an eagle (America) and a bear (USSR), both fierce creatures, won't attack each other on the fear of retaliation. In the real world, neither sides used nuclear arms against each other because they knew there would not be a winner. The only thing they would achieve is bringing nuclear winter, and an end to our world as we know it. ORIGINAL

This is a map showing the countries who joined NATO (blue) and the countries involved in the WARSAW Pact (Red). As you can see from this map, there are two superpowers separated by a body of water, however, the European are like the "front-lines" between both organizations. FOUND

This image displays the destructive force of an atomic bomb codename "Fat Boy" developed by the **Manhattan Project**, and deployed over Nagasaki. Humanity has just discovered a newer, deadlier way of killing ourselves. FOUND

=__ Notes __=

**__ I. THE BOLSHEVIKS __** · Two revolutions took place in Russia in 1917 o A coalition of antilsarist groups overthrew the repressive regime of Nicholas II and established a provisional government led first by Prince Georgy Lvovand then by socialist Alexander Kerensky. o The Kerensky government was itself overthrown by Vladimir Lenin's Communist party, which seized power in the name of the soviets (workers' council s). · This party is also known as the **Bolsheviks** o Bolshe = “more” · United States government didn’t care for much about this new regime until later, when they found out it was totalitarian. · USA entered war against Russia after World War 1 (also known as the Russian Civil War) o Reason: Russia had betrayed the allies and made peace with Germany before the war came to an end. o Totalitarian- requiring complete subservience to the state/country · The different ideals of American capitalism and Russian communism also created distrust between the two nations. · US government supported Russian famine relief during the early 1920s, however did not recognize the Soviet Union until 1933.

**__ II. The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact __** · The Soviet now controlled all of Russia’s large economic companies, enterprises, factories, mines, and railroads. o Only small few businesses were allowed to operate privately. · Under Stalin’s Five-Year Plans, the Soviet state now moved toward greater economic control and power. · Franklin Roosevelt feared the rising military might of Japan and Germany, so in turn, made diplomatic relations with the Soviet State. · The USSR was not ready for war. · Adolf Hitler wanted to avoid war in the east until Germany was victorious in the west. · Britain managed to hold out the longest, so Germany turned their attentions to the East, and invaded Russia · The original plan was that a fast and hard German victory would demoralize the British in the west into surrendering.

**__ III. A Marriage of Convenience __** · Roosevelt persuaded Congress to allow America to authorize military aid to the Allies fighting the Axis, however still remaining neutral. · When the Soviets declared war on the Axis, Roosevelt welcomed them and sent them **Lend-Lease** aid as well. · Pearl Harbor allowed US entry into the war, also strengthening US-Soviet relations. · Propaganda campaigns depicted Russians as reliable hard-working peasants, however, this “marriage of convenience” was still pretty uneasy between both nations. · Stalin sent Foreign minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov to Washington to persuade Roosevelt to take German pressure off of on the Soviet front by creating a second front. o Roosevelt agreed, USA was now planning an invasion of German-occupied France. o British Prime Minister Winston Churchill disagrees. After long time of arguing, he managed to persuade Roosevelt to invade Northern Africa instead; this change had upset Stalin, who’s Red army was taking a giant beating by Hitler’s army. · Churchill tried to reassure Stalin that he can still trust the western allies, and promised to pay back “pay out way by bombing Germany” even though it will not ease off Nazi assaults in the Soviet Front.

**__ IV. The Big Three at Tehran __** · Stalin was again disappointed when they yet again, postponed the invasion of France. · Stalin noticed that Churchill was pursuing imperialistic self-interest at the trade off of Russian lives. · This first meeting of the **Big Three** took place in 1943 Tehran. · This four day conference decided the new borders of Poland once Germany was defeated, and the initiation of Operation Overlord on May 1st 1944 (invasion of German-occupied France) · All 3 leaders had some sort of “dislike” about each other, especially the western countries and Stalin.

**__ V. Yalta __** · Big Three met a second and final time in Feb. 1945 Yalta, on the Black sea. · The conference held four main issues o Creation of the United Nations o The future of Eastern Europe (Poland) o The Status of the defeated Germany o And the Soviet entry into the Pacific war against Japan · Stalin had asked for A LOT of “favors” in exchange for a formal declaration of war against Japan. · Roosevelt and Churchill declined almost all of Stalin’s wants. · Russia was in a greater military position and wanted to take advantage of this into long political gains in the long run. · To save themselves from shame, American and British officials filled long text agreements filled with empty words.

**__ VI. The Division of Germany __** · Supreme **Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower** perused three main goals after crossing Rhine in march 1945: o Capture the Ruhr Valley (Germany’s industrial heartland) o Prevent a Nazi retreat to the Bavarian Alps o Avoiding any clash with Soviet troops heading west. · The Soviets began their massive assault on the German capital · On April 30th, Hitler killed himself in his bunker underneath the Chancellery. · Germany surrenders on May 2nd, 1945. · An anticommunist alliance made obvious sense to the Hitler’s successor as German head of state, Donitz. · Harry Truman refused Donitz’s offer and insisted Germany surrendering on all fronts. · USA Britain, France, and the Soviet Union divided the German country into four occupation zones where each nation controlled respective-fully.

**__ VII. The Manhattan Project __** · President Truman use to be a senator before succeeding President Roosevelt. · ** Manhattan Project ** = development of an atomic bomb. · Manhattan Project originated on August 1936, a letter whereby Leo Szilard persuaded Albert Einstein to inform America the German’s developments in nuclear physics. · US atomic effort supervised by Major General Leslie R. Groves with J. Robert Oppenheimer directing the scientific work. · Famous Manhattan Project site was Alamos, New Mexico; testing of the bombs took place in a private school for boys Oppenheimer visited during the 1920s. · The Manhattan Project was such an important secret even Vice President Truman wasn’t informed of its existence till after Roosevelt’s death.

**__ VIII. Knowledge of the Bomb __** · Britain knew about the Manhattan Project, but the Allied Soviets did not. · Soviet cooperation would be vital in the postwar for atomic control. · Instead, USA decided to keep Russia in the dark. · Normal Bombs were spared against Nagasaki and Hiroshima, saving them as a future target for the atomic bomb- showing the true immense power. · The Japanese kept on fighting through the war even when the fight was now at their home front, justifying the use of the atomic bomb. · Nobel laureate Arthur Compton quotes, “If the bomb were not used in the present war (world war 2), the world would have no adequate warning as to what was to be expected if war should break out again.” · Oppenheimer proposed to exchange nuclear information with the Soviets, strengthening their moral position. · This proposal was ignored, and believed showing off the bomb in an actual bombing run was the best way to demonstrate strength.

**__ IX. Potsdam __** · July 1945, Truman Churchill and Stalin met at Potsdam to discuss the defeated German occupation. · America and Britain were preoccupied with plans to invade Japan, weighing down the atomic bomb’s use with saving millions/thousands of Allied lives. · Stalin specified an invasion date against Japan (August 15). · USA had received confirmation that the first atomic test had been very successful. The US could end the Pacific war quickly without Soviet’s help. · Stalin had already known about the Atomic Bomb from Soviet spies within the Manhattan Project. · A secret Soviet atomic program was already underway. · Stalin knew about being kept out from American and British’s intelligence and feared that the bomb was meant for Moscow next.

**__ X. Containment __** · After bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, Soviet-American joint actions terminated completely. · Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely · Poland allowed to remain independent, USSR annexed Baltic states · Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania became Soviet satellites · April 1946 returned to Washington, published reasoning in a landmark July 1947 Foreign Affairs article signed only as X   · ** Postwar USSR had 2 goals ** o Establish a security corridor around homeland - Reflected traditional Russian imperialism, war is inevitable o Exporting Communism to other countries - Marxist-Leninist evangelism mattered less to Russians than secure borders, could be contained · Recovering Eastern Europe wouldn’t work, but political expansion should be effective

**__ XI. The Truman Doctrine __** · Truman realized little could be done to liberate territory under Soviet control · German defeated, Britain and France decline · Soviets were the dominant military power in Europe · Many non-aligned countries are feeling the pressure, Greece & Turkey · British government informed US they couldn’t help either country · Truman concluded only US aid could keep them out of the Soviet sphere · Domino theory: if Greece and Turkey fell, then other countries would follow- Iran, India, etc. · Republicans who controlled Congress agreed to 400 million dollars to help Greece and Turkey · March 12, Truman made a speech · Truman Doctrine: commitment of the US to aid, economically and/or militarily to any nation threatened by communism

**__ XII. Disarray In Postwar Europe __** · At **Yalta** and **Potsdam**, agreed Germany would be reunified under a central, freely elected government · All believed that a reunified Germany might pose as a future threat · US secretary of state convinced Soviets wanted deadlock because political stalemate worsened economic disarray in occupied Germany and Western Europe · Nearly 6 years of Allied bombing turned most of large cities into rubble, destroying much of Europe’s economic infrastructure · Businesses and factories that survived lacked many industrial supplies needed to be productive · Unemployment was severe, people with jobs demoralized by constant shortages · Food was scarce, millions on verge of starvation · British withdrawal from Greece and Turkey was direct result · Communist movements gaining electoral ground · Germany, US occupation warned widespread poverty was undermining governmental authority.

**__ XIII. The Marshall Plan __** · June 5 1947, Secretary of State Marshall outlined foreign policy problems: · "Europe’s requirements are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character" · European nations to devise a joint recovery plan based on principles of self help, resource sharing, and German reintegration · Conference in Paris beginning the work of drawing up a plan which Stalin opposes. · Free movement of goods mean free movement of people · Western leaders consider these to be effort to block post war stabilization, · This added to growing international tension · European Plan (December 1947) became basis of European Recovery Program **(ERP)** · Some argued that US cannot afford it   · Some say it would create new export markets for US goods; there also might not be much democracies left · Passed in April · After Soviets ousted the democratically elected government in Czechoslovakia · ** With Truman's Doctrine, US had the role as a global leader ** · The goal of the Marshall Plan was to promote European economic recovery and thus halt the political destabilization that economic hardship was causing

**__ XIV. The Berlin Airlift __** · Soviets wanted a disintegrated and unstable Germany · American and British merged their occupation zones, creating a single political unit, Bizona · In 1948 French also added sector and created Trizona (West Germany) · US and British authorities introduced Deutsche mark which was crucial to economic recovery of western Germany · Next day, Soviets cut off all road, rail and water access to the city, halting supplies of food, fuel, and all the other important stuff · America and Britain decided on a massive airlift (June 26) · Truman started sending aircraft that made nearly 1400 flights, one/min, carrying supplies to western Germany · When soviets finally lifted blockade, West Berlin became an international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without resorting to direct conflict.

**__ XV. NATO and the Warsaw Pact __** · According to Kennan, militarization of the Cold War was unwise and unnecessary · Economic and political counter pressure were enough to meet all other forms of expansionism · Soviets were not likely to put military outside of their eastern European security corridor · If US militarized, USSR would do the same · US quickly demobilized after WWII · For safety signed the Treaty of Brussels · Britain, France, Benelux countries - mutual defense · Blockage of Berlin - negotiations · Formal and permanent military alliance between US and European allies · North Atlantic Treaty Organization (**NATO**) · Also included Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Portugal · Idea of military alliance with the chief of WWII was distasteful · 5 days after West Berlin joined NATO, Soviets responded by creating the Warsaw Pact · NATO was founded at the request of America's European allies to act as a bulwark against Soviet expansionism. The USSR responded by establishing the Warsaw Pact

**__ XVI. The Hiss Case __** · August 3 1948, Chambers told that he was part of the secret communist cell in Washington DC   · He said that Alger Hiss was also a member · Hiss denied it so people thought Chambers was lying · Nixon questioned Chambers again privately and decided he was telling the truth · The Hiss case became a focus for American anxiety about the secret role that Communists might be playing in the nation's public life

**__ XVII. McCarthyism __** · Once elected to Senate, Nixon worked with McCarthy, an aggressive anticommunist · McCarthy delivered a speech on Feb 9, 1950 · Held up paper and said that there were 205 names of people known to the secretary state as members of communist party who were still working and shaping policy in the state department · ** Launched a wave of anticommunist hysteria ** · Fears from the Hiss Case, august 1949 soviet explosion of atomic bomb, and Mao's victory ensured a wide audience to McCarthyism · The charges that McCarthy made about Communist infiltration of the state department began a destructive crusade that manipulated domestic fears for political gain.

**__ XVIII. NSC-68 __** · ** National Security Act 1947 ** - reorganized the government's military and foreign policy establishments · ** National Security Council ** - force for national security planning within executive branch · Concluded that the US should start a massive military build up   · Kennan disagreed; militarization would lead to a destabilizing arms race · Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, and people accused Truman to be too soft on communism · NSC- 68, which called for a military rather than a political response to the soviet threat, determined US foreign policy for the next 20 years.

=__ Summary __= When USSR entered World War 2, the US welcomed them as their allies. However, after bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet-American cooperation completely breaks down. The USSR, now the dominant military power of Europe, sought to expand; the US countered this "expansion" with the Marshall Plan, convincing some countries to avoid communism as a way to improve their economy. The USA joins NATO while Russia counters with the creation of the Warsaw Pact. It seems as though war was re-developing, a war not fought by weapons, but spies. It seems as though The Cold War has been going on since the end of World War 2.

=__ Questions __=
 * 1) Explain why was the Hiss case "important"? How did it contribute to the American cold-war atmosphere?
 * 2) Why was the Berlin Airlift a "victory" for America?
 * 3) How was McCarthyism a modern day "Salem witch hunt"?
 * 4) What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine for America? Does America today still live up to what she promised in the doctrine?
 * 5) Explain why Stalin did not reacted significantly when the Allies told him about a new weapon of unimaginable destruction.

=__ Citation __=

"Atomic Bomb Cloud over Nagasaki." //atomicarchive//. Web. 15 Apr 2011. .

"Nato vs. Warsaw." //familypedia//. Web. 16 Apr 2011. .

ToonDoo. Web. 16 Apr 2011