InNo+RyanC2013+04.19.2011

=Awesomeness=



=Found Awesomeness=

toc =Notes =

The Bolsheviks

 * A coalition of anti-tsar groups overthrew the regime of Nicholas 2/
 * They established a provisional government led by Prince Georgy Lvov, who was later replaced with socialist Alexander Kerensky.
 * In November, Kerensky’s government was overthrown by Valdimir Lenin’s Communist Party.
 * Lenin’s followers were known as Bolsheviks.
 * The name was mean to imply that Lenin’s faction stood for the Russian socialists. (which it didn’t).
 * United States didn’t care for the Bolsheviks during the beginning.
 * The new regime was totalitarian, however this didn’t become clear until Joseph Stalin began increasing his power in 1928.
 * The relationship between the US and Bolsheviks was bad because US troops joined the allied side during WW1.
 * This caused Bolsheviks to sing treaty of Brest-Litovsk with central powers, taking Russia out of war.
 * The difference between the two governments also fueled distrust and suspicion.
 * The Bolsheviks wanted to replace capitalism with international communist state, and established a Comintern.
 * When civil war broke out in Russia, United States and other countries helped anti-Bolshevik whites in fighting the Bolshevik reds.
 * The whites were defeated the Reds established the USSR in 1922.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Even though the US gov. supported famine relief during the 1920’s and business men established commercial relations with the Soviet Gov. during Lenin’s<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> New Economic Policy (1921-29).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The United States didn’t recognize the Soviet Union until 1933.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">New Economic Policy allowed Soviet states to control all of the nation’s large economic enterprises (factories, mines, railroads, ….)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Small Businesses were allowed to operate.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Later, Stalin’s Five-Year Plan, the first in 1928, the Soviet States gained even greater control.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">First 5 Year Plan collectivized the peasantry and compelled rapid development of new heavy industry.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Franklin Roosevelt realized that US policy of nonrecogintion made it difficult for the US to cooperate with the Soviets.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">In terms of international issues
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Therefore FDR invited Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov to Washington, and the two nations agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stalin considered that if WW2 came then the British and French would defend themselves and leave the Soviets to defend themselves.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Therefore Stalin negotiated the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Germany then invaded France.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">N-SN Pact allowed the USSR to continue its 5-year plan, and this way they could avoid war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hitler didn’t want opposition in the east, so that he could focus in the west.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the British successfully defended themselves against German invasion, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union intending to demoralize the British.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">A Marriage of Convenience

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">March 1941, <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lend-Lease Act authorized military aid to countries warring against Germany and Japan.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lend-Lease act intended to keep Britain and China in action while FDR tried to convince Americans to join the war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the Soviets joined the war in Jun 1941, FDR welcomed them as allies and sent them Lend-Lease aid.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">After Pearl Harbor and US declaration of war, attempts to improve US-Soviet relations occurred.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Propaganda campaigns tried to present Russians as reliable and hardworking peasants watched over by Uncle Joe (Stalin).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neither countries still trusted each other.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the second front Stalin sent Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov to Washington to urge Roosevelt to attack Germans, who were attacking the Soviets.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The president promised an invasion of German occupied France at the end of the year (1942).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) convinced Roosevelt that a premature invasion might lose the war, and so they changed it to a late 1942 invasion of North Africa.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">This change upset Stalin, whose Red Army was still under attack.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fearing that Stalin did not trust them, Churchill traveled to Moscow to try and calm them down.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Churchill said he was paying his way out by bombing Germany, however this would not restrain the Nazi offensive.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Big Three at Tehran

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Roosevelt and Churchill postponed another invasion of France.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Meeting in Casablanca after the successful North African operations, the British and American found it was less time consuming to finish off the Germans in Tunisia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">British economic interests in the Mediterranean played a large role in the decision to invade Sicily.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stalin became more suspicious when he saw Churchill risking Russian lives for economic interests.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the three powers met in Tehran FDR Stalin convinced the three leaders to plan the invasion of France, code-named Overlord.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Big three met for the final time in Feb. 1945 at Yalta on the Black Sea.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">They discussed the replacement of the League of Nations, the future of Eastern Europe, the status of Germany, and Soviet entry into Pacific War.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">FDR’s physical condition effected his negotiations with Stalin, who is in control of his mind and strengths.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">FDR and Churchill agreed to Stalin’s demands of recognition for communist gov. in Lubin, ten billion dollars worth of weapons form Germany as war reparations.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">In exchange was for a 2 – 3 month invasion of Japan after Germany’s surrender, Stalin wanted to annex Kurile Islands and take back all land lost from the Russo-Japanese war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stalin was in a good position, as his troops were already close to Germany’s capital, Berlin.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">All the American British officials could do was put loopholes in the agreements.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Division of Germany

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Once allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme Allied commander, aimed to capture the Ruhr Valley and to avoid an unintentional clash with Soviet Troops.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eisenhower requested information from Stalin, however this meant that he was letting the Soviets take Berlin.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the assault of Berlin, Nazi soldiers roamed the streets to shoot anyone who left their post.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hitler committed suicide in a bunker (April 30).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Karl Donitz, Hitler’s successor, offered to join with the Allies to invade the Soviets.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">President Harry Truman refused his offer, and insisted German surrender on all fronts.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Surrender came on May 7, after Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Initial plans had four zones, but a zone was cut out for France from American and British sectors.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soviet Zone included.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Manhattan Project

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When FDR passed away Truman received information of the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Manhattan Project, the nuclear development of the atomic bomb.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Manhattan Project originated in August 1939 when a letter was sent to FDR by Albert Einstein, informing a development in nuclear physics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Szilard, the first physicist to come up wit nuclear chain reactions, had been monitoring German neutron bombardment research.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">A secret German War Office in 1939, stated that the developments in nuclear physic could allow an explosion more powerful than the conventional one.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The US atomic project was supervised by Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves of the Army Corps of Engineers, with J. Robert Oppenheimer (physicist).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">First step in Dec. 1942, when Italian émigré Enrico Fermi, working in a laboratory created the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">In Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Hanford, Washington other scientist worked on refining uranium and plutonium into nuclear fuels.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most famous Manhattan Project site was Las Alamos, New Mexico, where the design and testing of bombs took place in a private school for boys.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">**Knowledge of the Bomb**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The British knew about the Manhattan Project, but the Soviets didn’t.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Physicist Bohr urged Churchill and Roosevelt to involve the Soviets, however they didn’t.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Interim Committee, established in May 1945, advised the president on atomic policy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hiroshima and Nagasaki were picked to display its effect on urban landscape.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Intentional Letter Language?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Book does not agree with atomic bombing.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">States that the Interim Committee purposely dropped the bomb in order to see its effects.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Potsdam

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Truman traveled to Berlin suburbs of Potsdam to meet with Churchill and Stalin.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">They discussed the German occupation, invasion of Japan, and Manhattan project.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the conference Stalin set a date for the invasion and told them about Japanese peace overtures.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The creation of the atomic bomb meant saving lives and ending the war without soviet involvement.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Truman subtly told the Soviets about the atomic bomb, however Stalin already knew, due to spies within the project.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Containment

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Atomic Bomb usage damaged Soviet-American relations.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soviets rearrange the map of Eastern Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Poland remained independent, but USSR annexed Baltic States, as well as counties in the south.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Truman Doctrine

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soviets were now the dominant military power in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Non-aligned countries were being effected by Communism, such as Greece and Turkey, and British governments had no control.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the a meeting with Congressional Leadership, Acheson presented the Domino Theory.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">If one country fell, countries close by would follow.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Republicans agreed to for a 4 million dollar economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">To announce the severity of the situation Truman gave a speech known as the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Truman Doctrine.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The United States will support any country threatened by Communism.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Disarray in Postwar Europe

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">January 1947, the US, British, French, and Soviet foreign ministers held a conference in Moscow, discussing the reunification of Germany.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Marshall Plan

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secretary of State Marshall wanted the European nations to devise a joint recovery plan based on the principles of self-help, resource sharing, and German reintegration; with America funding it.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marshall’s offer was taken up by French and British foreign ministers, who invited 22 nations occupied Germany to a conference in Paris.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">16 nations took part, except for the Soviet Union and related states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Western leaders saw this as Stalin trying to disrupt postwar stabilization.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">European Recovery Plan was a 17 billion dollar plan, and many argument were risen on whether the United States could afford this.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">After Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia ejected the democratic government there, the US began spending 13.3 billion dollars on ERP aid.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Berlin Airlift

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">French agreed to add their sector of Germany with Britain and America, into what would be West Germany.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Deutsche mark was introduced to replace the worthless Reichsmark.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the new currency appeared in Western Berlin (June 23) the Soviets cut off all road, rail, and water access to the city.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Allies argued that it was their right to have access to this, however the Soviets disagreed.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The British and Americans chose the option of airlifts.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">C-54’s carried supplies to Berlin, delivering 13 thousand tons of cargo.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">May 12 the Soviets finally lifted their blockade.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Nato and The Warsaw Pact

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kennan’s Theory insisted that militarization of the Cold War was unnecessary, and that it would provoke the Soviets if they did.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">European Allies were still nervous since the Soviets still held massive armies and military infrastructures.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Britain, France, and Benelux signed the Treaty of Brussels for mutual defense, but they still stood no chance without the United States.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">After the Berlin Blockade, the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">North Atlantic Treaty was signed which established NATO, this formed a permanent military alliance with United States and its European Allies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The addition of West Germany was difficult as many European countries didn’t want to make military alliances with the country that began WW2.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">When Western was added to NATO, the Soviets responded by making the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Warsaw Pact, which was made up of the USSR and its client states.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">The Hiss Case

 * Senior Editor of Time magazine confessed to being a Communist spy.
 * He also pointed out another spy was Alger Hiss, former State Department official who accompanied FDR to Yalta.
 * It seemed like Chambers was lying when Hiss was tried.
 * However Hiss was tried again, and he may have been let off if he had not sued Chambers, who was able to pull out documents pinning Hiss with espionage.
 * Hiss went to jail for 5 years of which he served 44 months.
 * The Hiss case lead to suspicion, that if a man of such importance could be a spy then any one could.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Mccarthyism

 * Nixon elected to the Senate joined the Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by McCarthy.
 * McCarthy gave a speech that caused a charge of anti-communism hysteria that dominated politics.
 * Period was known as McCarthy.
 * The Hiss case, the Soviet Atomic Bomb, and China’s Communism all helped McCarthy gain a large audience.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">NSC-68

 * Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947, which reorganized the government’s military and foreign policies.
 * New law combined armed forces into Department of Defense and created the CIA and the NSC.
 * NSC-68 concluded that the only way to meet Soviet threat was massive military build up.
 * Others led by Kennan believed that Soviet Bombs were only political.
 * Kennan warned that the Build up of arms suggested by Nitze’s group would not provide security but rather an arms race.
 * Kennan appeared to be winning until North Korea invaded South Korea, and the Truman tripled defenses.

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Questions =

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1. Why did the Soviets create the Warsaw Pact? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2. Why did the Allies create the Treaty of Brussels? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 3. Who were the Bolsheviks, and why did they get off on the wrong foot with the United States? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 4. What is the Manhattan Project? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 5. Why did the Soviets and Americans cooperate during WW2?

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Summary =

The United States and the USSR began with a bad relationship ever since the US support of the White Army during the Russian civil war. Their relationship became better during the process of WW2, however after the usage of the atomic warhead the Soviet-American relationship grew worse. As Communism spread across Europe after WW2, the United States vowed to defend any country threatened by communism (Truman Doctrine). The NATO pact defended US European allies in a mutual protection agreement, likewise the Warsaw Pact defended USSR along with its client states in a mutual protection agreement as well. Mistrust between the nations grew and caused both nations to arm themselves.