InNo+christopherc2012+01.11.11

A comparison chart I made that shows the two great powers part of the League and the two non-conformists The Great Depression: the crash that affected the whole world. This led to the downfall of the democratic governments in Germany and Japan.

Monument to remember the Murkden Incident where the Japanese bombed their own railway in order to occupy Manchuria

Hopes for Peace in 1929 Locarno and the 'New Era' Friendship Between Nations League of Nations Limitations of the League
 * European statesmen met in the Swiss town Locarno for peace conference and discussed unsettled problems from the Great War
 * Germany and France on bad terms after fighting in the war
 * France and Belgium occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley
 * **Locarno Treaty**
 * between France, Germany, and Belgium to respect their borders
 * Britain and Italy agreed to enforce it
 * further treaties kept peace between other neighboring countries
 * a 'new era' began in 1929
 * all but 2 nations at peace: Paraguay and Bolivia
 * many countries signed **Kellog-Briand Pac**t
 * set up by Foreign Ministers of the United States and France, Kellog and Briand
 * not use war to end disputes
 * USSR signed **Eastern Pact** with six neighboring states
 * pact made between Greece, Yugoslavia, Chile, Peru, Arabia, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq
 * created in 1919
 * keep peace and make world a better place for people
 * members did not attack each other and would help each other: **collective security**
 * League takes any action to keep peace
 * Permanent Court of International Justice
 * economic **sanctions**: refuse trade
 * impose military sanctions
 * 9 disputes in first 10 years
 * 1929, **Disarmament Commission** persuaded nations to reduce arms
 * 60 nations met in Geneva in 1932 for first disarmament conference
 * not every nations was in League, ex. USA in isolation, and USSR saw it as capitalists opposed to communism
 * lacked enthusiasm Germany excluded until 1926
 * could not stop dispute between major powers
 * 400,000 people showed support in Britain

The Great Depression Great Depression Problem of Empires
 * 1929 was breakdown in world's economy
 * wall street stocks fell on October
 * thousands of firms bankrupt
 * spread throughout the world
 * saved economy with **protectionism**: boost local production/harmed international relations
 * social unrest, 6 million without work in Germany by 1933
 * German and Japanese set up anti-democratic governments
 * countries envied French and British empires and wanted to enlarge their own
 * soldiers and politicians in Italy, Germany, and Japan wanted to add colonies in their own empires
 * native people demanded right to govern themselves
 * Britain and France kept large military to prevent clashes and did not help disarmament

Manchurian League 1931-1933 The attraction of Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria The League and Manchuria
 * Viscount Cecil, chief British representative in LoN thought it was new era of peace until Japan invaded Manchuria
 * later brought South-East Asia in Japanese control
 * Japan wanted Manchuria the most for its rich land
 * Japan controlled its economy by 1931 and all railways, ports, factories
 * kept Kwantung army in South Manchuria
 * conquering foreign lands was way out of depression for Japan gaining jobs raw material trade
 * 9/18/1931, Japanese soldiers blew a section of South Manchurian Railway at Shenyang and blamed on local Chinese
 * occupied it as an excuse
 * China asked LoN for help and it told Japan to withdraw troops
 * Japanese delegate to LoN agreed and said it was planned
 * Japanese government agreed but Kwantung army continued and occupied entire province into Manzhouguo
 * Kwantung army was against orders and Japanese unsafe
 * no LoN member wanted to use sanctions against Japan
 * tried to restore peace by persuasion
 * Lytton Commission tried to satisfy China and Japan in 1932: Manzhouguo would be independent
 * Japan resigned from League and continued to occupy
 * League had failed to stop war with their members
 * strongest supporters doubted peace in 1933

Revival of Germany 1933-1935 Hitler's foreign policy aims Re-armament Reactions
 * 1930-1932, Hitler rises to power, becomes Chancellor of Germany in 1933
 * Nazis refused to believed Germany was beaten and angered at Treaty of Versailles
 * Hitler had 3 policies
 * tear up Treaty of Versailles
 * give **lebensraum**, living space
 * unite into German speaking country
 * had to take over Europe for it to happen
 * Hitler planned to increase army to 300,000 in 1933, build 1000 aircraft, train civilians to fly
 * Hitler withdrew from Geneva Disarmament Conference and League of Nations
 * 16 March 1935, announced to public that military service compulsory for all men and will raise army to 550,000
 * nothing stopped Germany since Britain and others had their own problems
 * France defended themselves with **Maginot Line**, heavily armed forts along French border with Germany
 * Italian leader Mussolini did not want Austria to unite with Germany so he set up men at border
 * **Stresa Front** with France, Italy and Britain issued protest against Hitler but took no action

Summary: In 1929, it seemed like the world was at Peace despite a few disputes. Then, the Great Depression happened in America which affected the world's economy, putting many countries into panic, where some decided that military operations would be needed to save themselves. Japan invaded Manchuria for its land, despite dissuasion from the League of Nations, and Germany built up their armed forces, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles created years before. The League of Nations was failing as fighting broke out in Asia while Germany was getting ready for war.

Questions:
 * 1) How did the League of Nations react to Germany's re-armament?
 * 2) Why did Japan want Manchuria
 * 3) What may have happened if the stock market did not crash?
 * 4) What were some of the treaties created in 1929, and who did they include?
 * 5) Discuss Japan's behavior during their takeover of Manchuria.