InNo+mengxinw2013+09.14.10

AWESOME PART

Napoleon's personality really contributed to his fall because he was so vain about his abilities, that he keeps on trying to conquer new land, however, he did not think about how hard it would be to govern the land he conquered. In a way, Napoleon is like this huge bully in Europe, if the country doesn't do what he says, then he invades it, however, he never imagined that eventually, these countries will work together to crush him. Napoleon once said "A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights." It is evident that Napoleon loves to fight, and enjoys fighting, however, such man like Napoleon does not fit to be the ruler of a country because his interests are not in ruling the country, but fighting for more land. Napoleon is an able General, but Generals usually don't quality for a successful ruler.
 * What led to the fall of Napoleon?**
 * too much land to govern
 * cost of his wars
 * amount of people used in war
 * heavy taxation on foreigners
 * armies taking the peasants food
 * loss during Battle of Trafalgar
 * continental system - causing Peninsular War, leading to Russian Campaign
 * loss of men during Russian Campaign, some how the defeat made everyone else less fearful of Napoleon
 * new coalition of Sweden, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and German states

NOTES on chap.4

Napoleon Conquers Europe


 * - in 1805, smashed Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz
 * - when Prussians joined Coalition in 1806, defeated them in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt
 * - beat Russians in battles of Eylau and Friedland
 * - 1807, made Italian states of Tuscany and Parma into French provinces
 * - 1809, took Illyrian Provinces and Papal States
 * - 1810 added Holland and north-east Germany to the empire
 * - 1808, occupied much of Spain
 * - forced rulers of many small German states to join their lands together, reducing number of German states from 300 to thirty
 * - 1806, brought leading German rulers together in a union called the Confederation of the Rhine, himself as head
 * - union helped Napoleon forming a barrier between France and its enemies, Austria and Prussia
 * - states in it provided Napoleon with money and soldiers for his armies

Rule of the Bonapartes
 * - Napoleon could not personally govern all the land conquered, therefore, shared it out among his family
 * - Made his bros Kings of Holland, Westphalia, and Spain
 * - Step-son became Viceroy of Italy
 * - Brother-in-law King of Naples
 * - Sisters given smaller Italian states to rule
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Bonaparte family made many changes to states they ruled, reforming laws that were out of date, getting rid of feudal rights, took away land from the Church, modernized the way their states were governed
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- In this way French ideas about how to organize and run countries spread to many parts of Europe

Costs of French Rule
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Bonapartes tried to improve the states they ruled, but didn’t make life better for everyone living under them
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Rule by Bonapartes brought losses as well as benefits
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Biggest losses caused by Napoleon’s wars; every state had to provide troops for armies; great losses among those
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Families that soldiers left behind also paid a heavy price; fighting war = expensive; paid for wars by taxing people
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- French armies did not carry food with them on campaigns; took food they needed from the villages and farms they passed
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Peasant families living near route of a marching army had to put up with soldiers digging up their crops, killing their animals, eating and sleeping in their homes

Resistance and Rebellion
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Europeans hated rule of French, strongest in Spain, ruled by Joseph Bonaparte
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 1808, Spaniards rebelled against the French army and began a war of independence against them
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- French went to greath lengths to crush the Spanish rebels; burning villages, laying waste the country

Napoleon and Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- five countries managed to stay independent of Napoleon, most powerful and dangerous was Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 1803 – 1905, gathered massive “Army of England” in camps along the Channel coast, ready to invade Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- needed six tides to get them all out of port, French needed control of the Channel for at least four days
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- admirals tried to lure British away from Channel by tricking their ships into chasing them into distant waters
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- tricks succedded, but decided in August 1805 to postpone invasion of Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Austrian army was marching towards France, Napoleon ordered Army of England to leave Channel coast to cut off the Austrians in central Europe
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Won great victory at Battle of Ulm on 20 October, however, threw away hope of invading Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- While Austrians were surrendering to him, Nelson’s fleet trapped Admiral Villeneuve’s fleet off the coast of Spain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- In Battle of Trafalgar, on 21 October, 1805, 9 out of 33 French ships escaped unharmed, meaning that French navy now had no chance of controlling the Channel

Continental System
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- tried different kind of warfare against Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 1806, issued an order called the Berlin Decree, forbidding states under his control to trade with Britain, aiming to force Britain to surrender by ruining its trade
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- known as the Continental System, led to immediate fall in quantity of goods imported into and exported out of Britian
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- most of Europe belonged to Continental System, except Portugal
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- much of Britain’s trade was with Portugal, N decided to force it to join
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- French invaded Portugal in 1807, occupied the capital, Lisbon
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Spanish and Portuguese hated French armies who marched across their land to seize Lisbon, rebelled against the French in 1808, began war of independence against them
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Britain joined the fighting, sending forces to Spanish peninsula to help rebels fight French
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Fought for the next five years, in the Peninsular War
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- For N, this war became Spanish ulcer, using up huge amounts of money and keeping a quarter of a million of his soldiers tied down in Spain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- In 1810, Tsar of Russia left System because it was damaging trade, opened ports to British ships, and allowed Russian merchants to trade normally with Britain
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N decided to force Tsar back in CS by invading Russia

Russian Campaign
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N gathered a Grand Army of 655,000 men and invaded Russia in summer of 1812
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Russian armies retreated before this massive onslaught
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Defeated Russia in the Battle of Borodino, entered the capital, Moscow in September 1812
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- It was not a great triumph for Napoleon, only two months later, crossed the border back into Europe, only 50,000 were still alive, Grand Army had been wiped out
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Russians did all they could to stop French from finding food
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Transport problems because no horses or cattles
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- No horses meant French had to dump huge amounts of their stores by the roadside, food and medicine ran short
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Tsar, government, and many people of Moscow abandoned the city, and set it on fire to retreat to the countryside
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N didn’t have time or men to follow them, nor stay in Moscow because he could not feed his army during the coming winter
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Ordered army to retreat, however, winter came early and unprepared for
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- As French retreated, weather got colder, dropping twenty degrees belonw zero, men froze
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Winter set in and food ran out, starving, freezing men did desperate things to get food and warmth; crawled inside an emptied and disemboweled horse to get warm, dead bodies whose thighs strips of flesh had been cut away for eating

Fall of Napoleon
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Defeat in Russia led to further disasters
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Tsar organized new coalition against him; Russia, Sweden, Prussia, and Britain allied in 1813, drove out French of central Europe
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Austrians and German states joined the coalition when they saw the French on the run
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 1814, allies driven the French right back into France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N forced to surrender in April 1814; allied troops marched into Paris and occupied it
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N gave up throne and Allies set up new government with Louis XVI’s brother at its head, crowned as Louis XVIII

Elba
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Allies allowed N to keep his title of Emperor, but sent him into exile on island of Elba, off the coast of Italy
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N ran island as a little country, created tiny army and navy, opened some mines, and helped farmers improve their land
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Before a year, became restless and unhappy, when he heard that Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular, decided to return to France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- March 1815, secretly sailed to southern France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Louis fled while crowds cheered N all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again

Hundred Days
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N’s second empire lasted just 95 days
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Leaders of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together six armies and set out to crush him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N marched with 122,000 men to meet them in Belgium, beat one Prussian armies on 16 June, then attacked British army at Waterloo, in Belgium, on 18 June
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- British, reinforced by Prussians, defeated his attack
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N fled from the battlefield and returned Paris; would have continued the war, but Assembly wanted peace
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Without support of leading politicians, Napoleon abdicated on 22 June
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- 2 weeks later, gave himself up to captain of British warship off the French coast, just in time to escape the pursuing Prussians who wanted to execute him
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- N hoped British government would give him protection and allow him to live in Britain, however not allowed to get off ship when it dropped anchor in Plymouth
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Transferred to another ship, taken to a place he could never escape, island of St. Helena in South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">- Never received trial, but spent rest of his life in captivity, died in 1821

1. Why didn’t Napoleon flee after he was defeated?
 * Question **

Napoleon smashed the Austrian armies at Ulm and Austerlitz in 1805, defeated Prussians in 1806 at the Battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Finally, in 1807, he beat the Russians in the battles of Eylau and Friedland. In 1807, Napoleon enlarged his empire, making Italian states into French provinces, adding Holland and north-east Germany to the empire, and occupying much of Spain, in addition to ruling many small German states. In 1806, he brought the leading German rulers together in a union called the Confederation of the Rhine, with himself as the leader. Since Napoleon could not personally govern all the land he conquered, he shared it out among his family. Life under Bonaparte rule was not better. They brought great losses as well as benefits. The biggest loss was caused by Napoleon’s wars, causing many people who were in the army to die. The families that they left behind had to pay huge amounts of tax, as well as having to put up with the soldiers taking their food, and using their houses, due to not carrying food with them on campaigns. Spanish hated this, in 1808, Spaniards rebelled against the French and began a war of independence against them. The French went ot great lengths to crush the Spanish rebels. Napoleon thought of Britain as powerful and dangerous, therefore, he wanted to defeat it. He needed to cross the Channel, however, he decided to postpone the invasion, and instead, ordered the Army of England to cut off the Austrians in central Europe, resulting in the Battle of Ulm on 20 October. Despite the great victory at Ulm, he had thrown away all hope of invading Britain, because in the Battle of Trafalgar, only 9 out of 33 French ships escaped unharmed. Napoleon tried a different kind of warfare against Britain, issuing an order called the Berlin Decree, forbidding trade with Britain. The Continental Syste, or the blockade of British goods, led to immediate downfall in Britain’s import and export. Portugal refused to join the Continental System. Napoleon decided to force Portugal to join, invading it in 1807, occupying the capital, Lisbon. Spanisn and Portuguese hated the French armies, therefore, rebelled against the French in 1808, and began a war of independence against them. Britain quickly joined in the fighting, sending forces to Spanish peninsula to help rebels fight French. The Peninsular War went on for the next five years. This war became a Spanish ulcer for Napoleon, because huge amounts of money and soldiers were used on it. On 1810, the Tsar of Russia decided to leave the System, and Napoleon decided to invade Russia. Napoleon gathered 655000 men and invaded Russia in the summer of 1812, entering the capital in September 1812. However, this was not a triumph for Napoleon. The Russians did all they could to prevent the French from finding food, and not being able to find horses meant no transportation for the huge amounts of stores they brought. When they reached Moscow, the Tsar and everyone there abandoned it, and set it on fire as they went. Napoleon did not have to time or men to follow them into the countryside, and due to lack of food and warmth, his army retreated. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Tsar of Russia organized a new coalition, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, Britain, Austria, and German joined the coalition, by 1814, the allies drove the French back into France. Napoleon surrendered in April 1814, giving up his throne. The Allies set up a new government with Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII as head. Napoleon was allowed to keep his title of Emperor, but was exiled to the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy. Napoleon ran the island as a little country for almost a year, but decided to return to France when he learned that Louis XVIII was becoming unpopular. Louis fled when the crowds cheered Napoleon all the way to Paris, where he set up his empire again. Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia put together almost a million men to crush Napoleon. Napoleon marched with 122,000 men to meet them in Belgium, even though he beat one of the Prussian armies, he was soon defeated and fled to Paris. The Assembly wanted peace, so they discontinued the war. Napoleon abdicated on 22 June, and was taken to the Island of St.Helena in the South Atlantic, 8000 km away from France, where he spent the rest of his life in captivity until his death in 1821.
 * Summary **