Russia+in+War+and+Revolution+III+(pg.+26-31)+yipsumw2013+10.24.10

Here is some of my own awesomeness:

1) I created another timeline... This shows the major events that happened in this section. It shows how the Sovnarkom stayed in power the entire time through World War I, Civil War, and how Russia evolved into the USSR.

2) I created another graph..

Russia's Industrial and Agricultural Output (1913-1925) (Years) This graph shows how Russia's industrial and agricultural output fluctuated from 1913 to 1922 to 1925. It shows how WWI, War Communism, and the NEP each made a different impact on Russia's economy and society.

Here is some awesomeness I found outside..

This is an image of Lenin giving a speech during the Revolution. It shows a chaotic scene where Lenin is trying to arouse the people to follow Communism.

**CHAPTER 11**
 * “PEACE AT ANY PRICE” **

//__ The first decrees of Sovnarkom __// - Sovnarkom (chairman) starts issuing decrees: o 8 Nov 1917: ** decree on land ** § 540 acres of land taken from higher classes & given to peasants o 8 Nov: ** “ on peace ** § make peace w/ R’s enemies o 12 Nov: ** “ on work ** § eight-hour day + 48-hour week, holidays set for workers o 14 Nov: ** “ on unemployment insurance ** § insurance to workers for injuries, illness, unemployment o 1 Dec: ** “ on the press ** § bans all non-Bolsheviks newspapers o 11 Dec: ** “ banned LIBERAL PARTY ** (Constitutional Democratic Party)! o 20 Dec: ** set up political police force ** § Cheka (“All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to fight Counter-Revolution and Espionage”   § Dealt with enemies of Bolsheviks    o 27 Dec: ** decree on workers’ control **    § elected committees of workers control factories    o 27 Dec: ** “ on banking **    § Sovnarkom controls all banks    o 31 Dec: ** “ on marriage **    § allowed non-religious weddings

//__ The Constituent Assembly __// - Nov 1917: elections for Constituent Assembly (new parliament.. 1st free elections) - Socalist Revolutionaries gained more votes than Bolsheviks - 18 Jan 1918: met first time, in middle Red Guards (Bolsheviks) kills all who supported Assembly (demonstrations) - Red Guards close down Assembly

//__ The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk __// - 3 December 1917: peace conference between Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary at Brest-Litovsk (Lenin wanted to keep army’s support for him) - ** Leon Trotsky ** tried to drag out talks as long as possible (9 weeks), hoping Germany would begin socialist rev - Feb 1918: German troops got too close, Lenin ordered to make peace: - ** Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ** : § Gave up all western lands (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia…   · Lost 26% of population, 27% of farmland, 26% of railways, 74% of iron ore/coal    · Paid 300 million gold roubles    - Russia now faces CIVIL WAR


 * CHAPTER 12 **
 * CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION **

- May 1918: anti-Bolshevik soldiers take control of Trans-Siberian Railway (vital link from ends) --> serious fighting

//__ Czech Legion __// - May 1918: 45,000 Czech prisoners are sent to Vladivostok on train - Rebellion of prisoners… took over train, important towns, most of Trans-Siberian Railway (by end of 1918) - Bolshevik-enemies joined Czech legion, claimed they ruled Russia… Komuch **(Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly --> formed People’s Army (of all enemy groups), marched to Moscow, captured 650 million gold roubles @ Kazan - gold reserve (attack)**
 * - Bolshevik response: **
 * § Introduced conscription (18-40 yr old men serve in ** Red Army )
 * § If people refused --> imprisoned **
 * § If people deserted --> family imprisoned **
 * § Trotsky found 22,000 officers to command 330,000 men in army **

- Reds had to face foreign intervention because Russia dropped out of war from the Allies side (Britain, France, America, Japan) - Bolsheviks shot Tsar Nicholas II + family dead, in fear he would become captured by Whites and become their leader. - August 1918: assassination attempt made by Fanya Kaplan on Lenin (bullets entered neck), recovered quickly - Sovnarkom convinced needed to become ruthless, ordered the Cheka to start ‘Red Terror’
 * //__ Reds and Whites __//**
 * - Reds vs. ** Whites
 * - White ** --> Tsar’s traditional color… but not all supported tsar. White = anyone who opposed Bolsheviks

//__ The Red Terror __// - ** Cheka ** : led by Felix Dzerzhinksy, HQ @ Lubyanka Street in Moscow, tortured confessions out of prisoners in cellars - In countryside Cheka units would hang, beat, burn, shoot anyone who was for White Armies - Trotsky issued own form of terror (1918): o If voluntarily desert post = shot o Incites retreat = shot o Harbor deserters = shot o Gives up weapon = shot - Trotsky: tyrant + military leader: traveled from place to place, delivered supplies, encouraged, dealt with troublemakers, Red Army = effective + united - 1919: foreign intervention ended - end of 1919: only isolated Whites remain fighting


 * CHAPTER 13 **
 * ‘ONE STEP BACKWARDS…’ WAR COMMUNISM AND THE NEP **

- Civil War: Bolshevik’s aims: o Supply Red Army with food + weapons o Introduce communism (equal sharing of wealth) - TOGETHER known as ** WAR COMMUNISM **

//__ War Communism __// - 5 parts: o gov controls all factories with 10+ workers, (Vesenkha) control decides what factories should produce o gov controls workers, under military discipline (followed m rules). Unemployed people join “Labor Armies” o banned private trading… extra food --> gov, could not get more profit o abolished rents, railway fares, postal charges, etc., money allowed to inflate, people encouraged to barter o rationed food strictly in cities - SUCCEEDED in providing for Red Army, FAILED in communism - 1920: FAMINE because in 1919 peasants only grew enough food for themselves, didn’t want to give extra away. - Seven million killed by starvation, cold weather, disease - 25 million Russians lived under subsistence level

//__ The New Economic Policy __// - March 1921: ** Kronstadt ** rebellion: 10,000 sailors revolt against Bolsheviks because said War communism wasn’t what was promised in 1917 - Uprising was crushed, but Lenin realized he had to change policies - March 1921: abandoned War Communism in exchange for ** NEW ECONOMIC POLICY **: o Could sell surplus food again o Could use money again o If increased food production = decrease in tax o Factories with 20- workers back to owners - Many shocked, Lenin: one step backwards can = two steps forward towards communism - By 1925, NEP helped increase food production + industrial output

__ The 1923 Constitution __ - Russia = “** Union of Soviet Socialist Republics **”, comprised of Russia, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Caucasus. - Each republic = own gov --> public health, welfare, education - National gov: ** Sovnarkom ** --> armed forces, industry, communications, secret police

//__ Lenin’s death __// - Died January 1924 from series of strokes - Body embalmed, placed in Red Square in Moscow, millions of people queued to see his body every year - USSR: became great power

SUMMARY In November 1917, three things happened: the Sovnarkom came to power and started issuing decrees, elections for a Constituent failed, and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was formed, ending the war between Russia and Germany. In 1918, a Czech Legion was formed as prisoners revolted and took over the Trans-Siberian Railway. As enemies in and out of the country joined the war, the Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites formed, and Lenin being on the side of the Reds imposed the Red Terror on to fight for victory. As things quieted down, Lenin tried to enforce war communism but that resulted in a famine and the Kronstadt rebellion, so he issued the New Economic Policy instead and Russia’s agricultural and industrial output rose back to normal. In 1923 Russia was renamed the USSR in a constitution, however unfortunately with his death in 1924, Lenin had yet to witness the superb growth of his nation as a great world power.

QUESTIONS 1. Summarize what war communism was. 2. Why was the NEP more effective than war communism in increasing industrial/agricultural output? 3. What were the causes of the Red Terror? 4. Explain what the Reds and the Whites wanted individually. 5. What did Russia and Germany agree upon in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?