InNo+Part+1+Russian+Revolution+Jerry+October+17th+2010


 * AWESOME**

**Chapter 1** Russia was really big Sun rises in east when it sets in west **The land and the climate** Most of the land was useless Mountains to defend themselves from outside invaders, keeps warm out warm air spreading to the south leaves Russia open to cold air from Arctic circle Russia is mostly useless for farming5% of the land is used for farming In Arctic Circle known as ‘tundra’: only moss and small shrubs grow 1000 km south of tundra is ‘taiga’: covered with pine trees, fertile is over there. 1900 5% of Russia land used for farming, rest is waste cold climate affected Russia’s industry, factory workers and farming most is in Arctic circle, so frozen over with thick ice for most of the year Rivers of Siberia – Ob, Yenisey, Lena were frozen in the winter Ice-breaking ships smash channels through ice for other ships so trade can keep on going, ice-breakers weren’t powerful before so trade was impossible. Not until spring New railway, the Trans-Siberian, was built for trade from east and west all year round <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By 1900, railway only half-built

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**An empire of many peoples**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1900, Russia was ruled by a Tsar/Emperor: Nicholas II <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> around 125 million people lived in his empire <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">less then half were Russians <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Majority of people had been conquered by ancestors of Tsar Nicholas II werePoles, Ukrainians <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They had their own language, customs, and way of live <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6 out of 10 people were not Russians, Russians were considered foreigners <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People were not spread evenly throughout the country <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most lived on 5% land that usable for farming causing overcrawding in the south <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cold lands (like Siberia), east mountains (like Ural), were not as populated

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Chapter 2** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The autocracy** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">­Tsar Nicholas II, emperor, was an autocrat – monarch doesn’t have to share power <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cas make new laws, up taxes, do whatever he wished or pleased, without consulting anyone <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">no parliament to limit his power, could fire any minister or adviser who disagreed with him <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicholas couldn’t govern 125 million people by himself <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">To run affairs he employed thousands of civil servants <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">organized into 14 ranks like an army <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Top of ‘Table of Ranks’ were ministers in charge of gov. departments <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> bottom were minor officials, like post office and customs inspectors <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civil service collected taxes from Russians <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Made sure Tsar’s decisions were carried out <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Underpaid for work, many civil servants took bribes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tsar didn’t allow people to question his authority or challenge power <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In return he had a secret police force, the Okhrana, or ‘Protective Section’ so make sure no on opposed him <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They censored books and newspapers <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agents spied on political groups <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People who criticized the gov. were arrested <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Political prisoners were tried by special courts without juries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most them all end up in exile. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They were to live in cold lands of Siberia as punishment <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Okhrana couldn’t cope with opponents of Tsar, especially during famines <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Riots broke out <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Workers went on strike, peasants in countries attacked landlords and tax collectors <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cossacks stepped out to resolve the matters. mounted soldiers armed with sabres, specializing in breaking mobs by butchering anyone who didn’t run away fast enough <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Church in Russia also helped maintain authority of Tsar <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Priests of Russian Orthodox Church taught respect of autocracy and loyalty to Tsar <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Head of church was gov minister <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bishops took order from him and priests took orders from bishops <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Through this, gov controlled minds and almost everyone in Russia.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Nicholas and Alexandra**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1894 Oct, Nicholas II said he wasn’t ready to become a Tsar on the day of his father’s death <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1895 Jan, wanted to preserve principles of autocracy as his father did <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1906, Russia’s first Prime Minister (Count Witte) was sacked by Nicholas, because he wished Nicholas luck, and he found a written letter for his dismissal on his desk late <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1906, the British Ambassador in Russia (Arthur Nicholson) said Nicholas was gentle but uneducated, and weak on everything but his own autocray <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Alexander Kerensky, Russian politician and Prime Minister in 1917, said a day of a rule was very boring <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Alexandra, Nicholas’ wife, was German, and confident and strong willed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She encouraged Nicholas to rule as autocrat and ignore new ideas of sharing power <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicholas and Alexandra were happily married, with 5 children in first 10 years of marriage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">First 4 were girls, and 5th was boy, Alexis, the heir to the throne <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Alexis was found with a blood disease (haemophilia) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It prevented his blood from clotting <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There was no cure, and even a small cut could cause him to bleed to death <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A slight bump lead to massive internal swellings and pain <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicholas and Alexandra were very religious <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Alexandra built a chapel in royal palace grounds <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She went there every day and prayed for hours of recovery of hers on <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ordered daughters to never talk about Alexis’ illness and everyone who knew of it was sworn to secrecy

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Russian Society The Peasants In 1900** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 4/5 citizens of the Russian Empire were peasants. 1861, peasants had been serfs, slaves of their landlords with nor rights no freedom and no land of their own 1861 tsar Alexander II, Nicholas II’s grandfater, freed the peasants from serfdom, allowed them to own land, grew food I nthat land. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> They had land, but given as a group, commune or Mir, they lived on that land, and also had to pay for the land given to the commune, yearly installments, called redemption payments, over a course of 49 years. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> After that the land would become theirs. Lives did not improve although freed. Mirs divided up the land in the every year communes gave it out to each family according to its need that year.
 * Chapter 3**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The more the need the bigger the land. Population grew, land grew smaller. 1861 and 1900 average size plots halved. Harder to support family each year. Had to also keep up with yearly redemption payments. Peasants life in Russia was hard, half of the new born babies died before age of 5. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diseases and malnutrition very common, they coukd only hope for good harvest. Enough to eat. Mostly bread, root vegetables, an extra to sell to market to pay for redemption.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Town workers** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Peasants tried to improve their lives going to work in the nearest town or city. Work in factories or mines until harvest time. St Petersburg largest city in Russian is 1900, capital. Millions come there in search of work. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Hard to improve their conditions, working day is eleven and a half hours. Exclusive of meal times. Had overtime, longer than normally allowed by law. 14-15 hours a day. People did not dare complain, because they can easily be replaced.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Rich** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Not all Russian were poor, nobles were rich. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tsar Nicholas head of nobility owned 8 different palaces, 15000 servants. Up to two railway carriages were needed when royal family moved. (for their luggage) 1% were nobles, owned 25% of all the land. A lot made profit by selling them. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1900 new class of Russians becoming rich, capitalists (who mad money form banking industry and trade) Sergei Witte made easy for capitalists to make big proftits, government contracts, for building railways. Loans to make new facoties cut taxes, easy profit , but did little to improve conditions of workers. People started to hate the capitalists.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Chapter 4**

Most Russians did not question the Tsar’s autocratic system of government Believed that god had appointed tsar to rule them. Everyone had rightful place in society. Some peoep waned to get rid of Tsar. OMarch 1881 bomb exploded beneath carriage of Tsar Alexander II, tsar who freed peasants form serfdom. He was unhurt, went down to look at damage, then young man threw what looked like a snow at his feet, it was a bomb, tore off a leg ruppied his stomach open. Bled to death. Carried out by “Peoples Will” terrorist group. Determined to destroy the autocracy by and means. Son and grandson determind to not hav this happen to them. Okhrana to arrst critics ad opponents. Exile in Siberia.
 * Opponents of the Tsar**
 * Terrorism**
 * The Socialist Revolutionary Party**

SRSocialist Revolutionary Party, the sr’s wanted all land in Russia to be given to the mirs. So that peasants could have a bugger share of the land. Meaning taking away land form the Tsar, the nobles and the church,

“Fighting organization” organize terrorist campaigns. 1900 and 1905 fighting organizations managed to kil three government ministers and dozens of officials. Sr’s gained support form millions of peasants.


 * The Social Democratic Party**

Another rev group, followed idea of Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto in 1848. Violent revolution in which the working class overthrew the capitalists who owned the wealth of the country (his predictions) Workers would take away factories mines machinery raw materials form the capitalist, share them out equally, called socialism. Marx though people would learn to work together for the good of everyone, not just for themselves. Stop being selfish. System of communism would come into existence. People work according to their abilities and paid according to their needs. The social democratic part followed marx’s ideas, set up in 1898, spilt up later on, in 1903. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Boldsheviks belied revolution should be organizedby a small group of dedicated and skilled revolutionaries. Mensheviks believed that part should be a mass part with many working class as possible.

Leader of Bolsheviks, Vladmimir Ilyich Lenin, arued that menshviks had their way , take years to start revolution. Spend time on useless disccusion and argument. Menshiveks said that (Julius Martov) there would be no revolution without working class. Lenin and his supporters failed to reach agrereement with MArtov and his supporers. 1903, three groups. The Holsheviks, Mensheviks and the Socialist revolutionaries


 * Liberals**

Not all the tsars opponents were violent revs. Lawabiding Russians, those who owned property, liberals. Supported tsar but wanted him to share pwower. Democratic system of gvoernemnt, like in Britain. Hwere they elect parliament. Alexander II made plans for a Russian parliament the day before he was blown up. Alexander III tore up those plans when he became tsar.

**Chapter 5: The 1905 Revolution** **War against Japan** **1904 fought Japan for Korea and Manchuria** Nicholas thought quick win -> make him popular Battle of Tsushima, Russia defeat after defeat War made Nicholas in weaker position, and put working people's condition worse than before **Bloody Sunday** **Sunday 22 Jan. 1905** crowd of 200000 workers marched through the streets of Tsar's winter Palace aim was to ask for better working and living conditions Marches were led by Father Gapon 500 marchers killed News of massacre spread in Russia, riots started riots reulted many government officials murdered **The 1905 Revolution** **June 1905 crew of battleship Potemkin through officer off board and took control of ship** their attempt failed and turned themselves in few weeks nicholas couldnt trust his armed forces. peasants rebelled too **September 1905 strike begins** All over Russia, factories, offices, schools close down strikers set up councils called soviets soviets became alternative form of government. **October 1905, Nicholas issued October Manifsto** said Russia could have a Duma, an elected parliament allow Russians basic rights **Liberals were delighted, Revolutionary parties dont trust Nicholas** December, 15 members of St Petersburg soviet arrested an army was sent to crush Soviet, thousands died on streets Early months 1906 Tsar crushed all revolution **Black Hundreds (thugs) organized massacred of revolution** bloodbaths **March 1906 Revolution over** elections of Duma held in March **when Dumas met for first time, Nicholas issued a set of Fundamental Laws** all russia belongs to supreme autocratic power Russia still in autocracy

like the french revolution, ended up back wehre they were in the beggining.

**Chapter 6: The Aftermath of the 1905 Revolution** **Dumas** Russia's first Duma lasted for 75 days **second duma elected in 1907** consists of liberals, Socialists Revolutionaries and Social Democrats broke up second Duma after three months **3rd Duma met in 1907** lasted 5 years Nicholas changed the voting laws no revolutionaries were not elected conservative politicians who did what nicholas wanted 1906, he appointed a new, tough Prime Minister to make sure there were no more revolution His name was Peter Stolypin **The Stolypin Reforms** believe in strict govt. first action, clamp down terrorism **1906 1008 arrested, and executed** 21000 people were exiled to Siberia terrorism not a threat anymore **Stolypin help peasants become owners of their own land** redemption payments abolished, mirs control land abolished thought land would help peasants grow rich and no more revolution Conditions improved 1911, one of his police agents investigating terrorism turned out to be a terrorist, he shot Stolypin dead. **Rasputin** Stolypin was prime minister, Nicholas and his wife Alexandra involve with man who claim to be a Starets- holy man of God. They were introduced to Gregory Efimovitch( rasputin), who claims he has a power to heal Alexis internal bleed, Gregory prayed for him and he fully recovered He was then the most trusted members of their court **Years before, people in Siberia gave him a nickname called Rasputin, the disreputable one** he drank heavily and had affairs with local woman **In court, he proved to be more than disreputable** had wild orgies, spent much of his time drunk,raped a nun despite the fact of what hes done, Nicholas and Alexandra continue to trust him **After death of Stolypin, Rasputin influence increased** gave political advice to Alexandra who talked to nicholas. easier to get promotion if friends with Rasputin businessmen who entertained him got contracts easier. **Hatred of him grew** rumors were that he was having affair with Alexandra discussed by Duma all Russia knew about his corruption except for Alexandra and Nicholas

Russia was governed under Tsar, they controlled everything do whatever they pleased. They did not have to share power and also controlled peopel through religion. Russian society consits of peasants nobles capatalists. The rich were extremely rich the poor were really poor. The peasants had to pay 49 years of installemnts in order to own land (after they were freed by Alexander II). There were three important revolutionary groups of russian, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries.started 1905 revolution but failed.Dumas were created, Stolypin started reforms, and Russia is still an autocracy.
 * Summary**

1.How did the church influence the people about the autocracy? did no one realize this ? 2.Who freed the slaves of land? what are redemption payments, how do they work? 3.Who were the three major revolutionary groups? how were they formed? 4. who was rasputin? what did he do? 5. what weretthe stolypin reforms?
 * Questions**