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** Notes **

Napoleon the Soldier
pretense- after the terror french tried a new form of governemnt. form 1795-1799 they were governed by five men calle dthe directors, backed by two new assmeblies called councils. It did not go well. Prices shot up, money lost - Born on the island of Corsica, 1769. Second of 8 children -french king bought island from italian owners, born french, italian parents. -9 years old sent school in france, next seven years in millitary school. -16 lieutenant in french army. -4 years later revolution began, as army grew in size, Napoleon gianed rapid promotion, general by 24. -brilliant career nearly wrecked in 1794, close friend of Robespierres brother Augustin. Robespierre was overthrown, he was arrested along with everyone else clsoe wiht the Robespierre brothers. -no evidence to use against him, return to army.

Napoleons Italian Campaign
 - directors took power in 1795, war continued with the coalition. -large french army, conquered holland and belgium. next target northern italy. -gave napoleon next promotion, 1796 he was made commander of the Army of Italy, with orders to attack Austrian forces in norther italy. -brilliant victories over Austrians in Italy. October 1797 french controlled northern italy. france's most famous general. -Directors put Napoleon in command of an Army Of the East. -Attack Britains trade and colonies in the far east. invaded egypt, half way on the trade route to india. -Battle of the Pyramids, defeated Egyptians, July 1798, never got to india, ships that brought troops to egypt were sunk by British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay. -stranded in Egypt. in middle east for a hole year. -French armies were faring badly. -second coalition driven them out of italy and central europe. -Napoleon learned of the defeats in the summer of 1799. rebels over run large parts of western France. nearly bankrupt, and that directors were facing strong opposition in the councils. -left Egypt and hurried back to France, intentions, save france from defeat.

Napoleon Sizes Power
-while one of the Directors plotting to get rid of his fellow Directors, close down the councils and set up new government. -needed military backing, asked napoleon. - napoleons brother was also involved. -November 9th 1799 took action -made up story about how paris was going to be captured by rebels, asked council to take emergency action -made napoleon commander of all troops in the paris dsitrict. -they left paris for a safer meeting place nerby saint cloud. -forced directors to resign -napoleon went to the councils to ask them to change the government. -Discovered story abotu rebels was a lie, took an oath to defend the Directory. -tried to declare napoleon an outlaw. angry deputies tried to kill him -believe napoleon was in danger, (soldiiers) entered hall to save him. deputies fled when they saw the soldiers. -a handful stayed voted to give napoleon and two of the other plotters power to run the country untill new type of government could be formed.

** Napoleon the Ruler **

The Consulate
-Took a month to create new government. -goverened by three counsuls, -1st power to make decisions. -the other two were to advise him. -napoleon took the role of the first consul and becme teh head of the government. -to share power, four new councils were created, most pwoerful "the council of state" -it helped to write new lawsand discussed Napoleon's decision. -A senate, Tribunate, and a Legislative Body also shared in the making of laws and appointment of officials -provinces officials called Prefects put the laws into effect -France;s 9 million voters were given chance to show by voting whether or not they liked this new gov. -3 million in favour and 1500 against. -6 million didint bother

Victory In War
-Napoleons urgent task defend France against the armies of the second coalition. -attack on Austrian forces in north Italy. -attacking from behind, surpise attack, took army through switzerland and through the alps. -longer than napoleon expected, austrians were ready for him when they reached italy. -Attacked near a village called Marengo. outnumbered and exhausted after long march -point of defeat before reserve troops unexpectdly arrived on the battlefield. -Austrians abandoned north Italy, later that year another french army defeated the Austrians at the battle of Hohenlinden in Germany. -war of second coalition to an end. peace treaty signed at Luneville in 1801 left france in control of Belgium of german lands on the river Rhine and of north Italy.

Making of a Legend
 - Napoleons victory in the war made him mroe famous than ever. -newspaper, books paintings portrayed as a great hero. -legendary figure. -david wanted to paint napoleon, wanted david to capture a certain idea of genius not an exact replica of his face -could not paint napokleon from real life. -picture was not realistic, 14 years after napoleons memoirs were published a French argist painted the same scene.

The Concordat and the Catholic Church
-france peace, Napoleon deal with some urgent problems. -Concenred Catholic religion. -during the terror, churches had been closed and france was de-christianised -millions of catholics hated it, many became rebels trying to overthrow gov. -had to end religious conficlt if his new government was to last. -dropping ten day week rev calender, allowed Sundays off. -told rebel leaders deal with religious complaints. -1801 signed agreement with pope called the Concordat. -agreed to allow catholics to worship freely aain. -in return allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon. -priests were able to come out of hiding and churches reopened. -gain support of millions who hated the revolution.

Reforms
-1802 napoleon made peace with Europe and ended religious conflict. -grateful senate increased his powers, raised his pay made him “Consul for Life” - voters asked of what they thought 3.5 million voted yes and 8000 - he had power, for the rest of his life, reform the way france was run. -1802 reform country’s schools, new kind of secondary school, the Lyeee -living under strict military discipline, pupils studied a curriculum drawn up by the government. - on leaving examination called Baccalaureate for entrance to university. -Greatest achievement, the reform of the French law into seven books called codes. -began 1804 with a code of civil law, Code Napoleon. -codes of criminal and commercial all were added over the next five years. -included things that revolutionaries wanted, Individual rights, freedom of belief, equality before the law were all include in the codes. - 1804, made himself emperor increasing his power. Became an empire after 12 years of being a republic. -AS emperor, napoleon brought back things that were ablosihed during the revolution. -insisted being crowned in coronation ceremony, like old French kings. -nobles titles for his family. For example his brothers became Grand Elctor and Grand Constable of the Empire (joseph and louis) -nobles had to be very rich if they wanted to pass their titles on to their children. Prince for example, had o leave his son an income of 200,000 francs a year to keep the title in the family. -unlike nobles in 1789 Napoleons nobles had no privleges.

Throughout the course of this chapter it covered how Napoleon rose to power. First France was governed under Directors and Councils, it was no successful at all. Napoleon was born french but had italian parents, he went through military school and gained fame when he was young. At an age of 16 he was already a Lieutendent. Then the French Revolution began his career was almost ruined since he was close to Robespierres sone Augustin, and was arrested, but the lack of proof set him free. He was set out on many missions which were all successfull he came one of the most famous genrals. He then was stranded in Egypt for almost a year when he was on a mission, his ship was sunken by the British Navy. After he found out that France was in big trouble he then hurried back, intentions were to save France.One of the directors wanted to over throw another director, he need military power and asked Naopleon to provide it. Napoleon joined this plan, made up a story about rebels taking over france, therefore putting Napoleon in charge of the soldiers in paris. Used the soldiers to force the three directors to resign, and asked council to change government. Council found out about the lie, took an oath to protect the directory. It was said that a deputy tried to kill him, soldiers rushed in to protet napoleon and deputies fled. The ones who stayed voted to give napoleon and the directors power to run the country untill a new type of government was formed. Only one month later a new government, napoleon was head. France later on defeated Italy and Germany, Peace treaty was signed and Napoleon was more popular than ever. he then started to fix other problems in France. For example the church, he allowed catholicst to worship freely, in return they had to take an oath for loyalty. He began to reform schools, he was then made Consul For Life, and also the seven books, began 1804 with a code of civil law, Code Napoleon. Codes of criminal and commercial alw were added over the enxt five years. Included things that revolutionaries wanted, Individual rights, freedom of belief, equality before the law were all include in the codes. Then France became an empire and he became the emperor. By 1804 french republic was replaced, catholic church restored, people could once again become nobles, the revolution was over.

Questions
How did napoleon travel back to France when he was stranded in Egypt? Why didn’t he do so throughout the year that he was stranded there?

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