JohnsonK2013+INO-+The+World+Re-Made+November+29+2010+(Part+1)

= The World Re-Made Part 1 = toc

= Awesome =



= Notes =

1. Great Suffering...
- Before peace treaty in Paris, 1919 - nations who won expect to get something when they win
 * Allies who won expected to gain a lot from the Central Powers

France
- worst fightings - farm lands destroyed - 23,000 factories destroyed - 5,600 km railway tracks destoryed - 48,000 km road - 1,400,000 KIA - 2,500,000 wounded

Belgium
- Controled by Germans - Flanders, ruined by fighting - Ypres lay in rubble - 50,000 KIA
 * stripped machineries
 * took crops, rationed food
 * melted church bells to make guns
 * shot rebels

Britain
- suffered less than France or Belgium - 750,000 KIA - 1,500,000 wounded - govt. in debt - 9bil pounds on war - 1 bil borrowed from USA

Italy
- 3 yrs = 600,000 KIA - NE Italy devastated

Russia
- Only Allied country to surrender - Mass hunger and deaths of 1,700,000 soldiers - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, gave all its western provinces to Germany

USA
- Suffered least - 116,000 KIA

Germany
- Different kind of suffering - no battles fought on her soil - 2mil KIA - Revolution caused chaos - After fighting, British navy blocked ports, not allowing supplies to get in
 * made sure German army could not renew the war
 * millions faced starvation

The Suffering of War
- Central-Powers suffered heavy losses - Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 KIA - Epidemic: Spanish Influenza
 * Turkish 325,000 KIA
 * Bulgaria 100,000 KIA
 * 25 mil died

The Paris Peace Conference
- biggest peace conference in world history - 32 nations - Out of hundreds of politicians, 3 quickly took control of the talks
 * PM of Britain, David Lloyd George
 * PM of France, Georges Clemenceau
 * President of USA, Woodrow Wilson
 * different ideas

- Clemenceau

 * straightforward and harsh
 * Germans must pay for the damage caused to France
 * 200,000,000,000 gold francs
 * Germany must be made weak, not able to attack France again
 * Taking away industries and land

- Woodrow Wilson

 * aim was to make future wars impossible by creating a fair peace
 * speech "14 points"
 * 1. no secret agreements between countries = less misunderstanding and suspicion
 * 2. reduce armed forces and weapons
 * 3. people living under foreign rule, must be allowed to form their own nations and choose their own govt.
 * 4. all countries should belong to a new organization for keeping peace in the world, League of Nations
 * disagreed with Clemenceau that Germans had to pay the fines

- David Lloyd George

 * agreed with many of Wilson's 14 points
 * thought that defeated countries would become angry and resentful if treated harshly
 * British public wanted George to be tough with Germany
 * for him, making a fair and long-lasting peace with the Germans were closely related with taking revenge

Making the Peace
- Wilson was the only one of the Big 3 who had detailed ideas
 * politicians spent the first 2 months of the Conference setting up the LoN
 * problem: national self-determination
 * Italians under Austrian rule, reunited
 * Poles under Russia, Austria and Germany demanded their own nation
 * Czechs and Yugoslavs wanted as much land as they could possibly get
 * conference became a FFA
 * victors competing with each other to crave up the lands of the defeated powers
 * Countries not in FFA
 * Germany
 * Hungary
 * Austria
 * Bulgaria
 * Turkey
 * Russians not allowed to take part, Communist
 * Politicians began to wonder if they were doing the right things

=3. Germany Re-made the Treaty of Versailles= - 28 June 1919, first treaty, Treaty of Versailles
 * dealt with Germany
 * 1. LoN set up. Described how it was to work and were called the Covenant of the League of Nations
 * 2. Germany had to give land away to neighboring countries
 * 3 areas: Danzig, Saar and Memel, were governed by the LoN
 * 3. All German overseas colonies taken away, under LoN
 * 4. Land taken from Russia now given back. Some created new nations
 * Estonia
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Poland
 * 5. Germany's armed forces reduced to the bare minimum
 * 100,000
 * >6 battleships navy
 * no submarines and airforces
 * 6. Western Germany = DMZ (demilitarized zone)
 * River Rhine
 * Allies, kept an army of occupation on the west bank for 15 yrs
 * 7. Germany forbidden to united with Austria to make a single German-speaking state
 * 8. Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war, **Clause 231**
 * 9. Germany had to pay reparations, the cost of repairing war damage, to the Allies, mainly France

- Germans had not been consulted about any of this - Allies threatened to invade if they would not sign - When the signing was over, the Big 3 went outside with everyone cheering
 * uproar in Germany
 * far harsher than expected
 * captains of the German fleet, kept by the British in Scapa Flow, sand their ships in protest
 * treaty was a "Diktat" - dictated peace
 * when Clemenceau called in the German politicians, they were pale-faced and trembling
 * Clemenceau had tears in his eyes : "it's a beautiful day"

=4. Europe Re-shaped: The other Paris Peace Treaties= - treaty makers at the Paris conference had to deal with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey - Difficult: one of the three no longer existed
 * peoples of Austria-Hungary rebelled
 * 3 set up their own independent states
 * Czechs
 * Hungarians
 * Serbs
 * Before conference, putting into practice Woodrow Wilson's idea of self-determination
 * conference had to agree
 * minor suggestions

Austria-Hungary
- 2 treaties: Saint German and Trianon
 * separate and independent states
 * both had to pay reparations for war damage
 * reduced armed forces
 * gave land to their neighbors

Bulgaria
- Treaty of Neuilly
 * same as above

Russia
- Effected by the Treaty of Versailles
 * some land returned

Poland
- Before 1919, no Poland
 * independent after taking land from their conquerors -Germany and Austria Hungary
 * was important to Germany
 * Polish Corridor, free access to the ports on the Baltic Sea

Turkish Empire
- Treaty of Sevres, harsh
 * took away nearly all Turkey's land in Europe
 * Turkish strait under LoN
 * Arab lands in the Middle East were made into mandates
 * lands controlled by the French and British until the people on these lands were ready to rule themselves
 * LoN made sure France and Britain governed property
 * Arabia - independence
 * Britain, France, Italy and Greece occupied the Asia Minor

=5. The League of Nations= - all 5 of the treaties began in the same way
 * keeping peace in the world
 * League of Nations

The Organization of the League of Nations
- The Covenant of the League of Nations - Much of the work of the League was done by commissions - Task to make the world a better one - **Secretariat**, a group of organizers to handle paperwork, communications and publicity
 * 1. members of the League would talk about their differences instead of going to war
 * Assembly in Geneva
 * "world parliament"
 * meet once a year
 * 2. If a member attacked, other members would go to its help
 * **collective security**
 * arranged by the Council of the League
 * smaller body which could meet quickly in a crisis
 * help the victim by cutting off all links with the attacker
 * Disarmament Commission worked to persuade member countries to reduce the size of their armed forces
 * cut down their stocks of weapons
 * Mandates Commission kept an eye on the German and Turkish colonies
 * under temporary rule of Britain and France by the Peace Treaties
 * special committees were set up to look into the big problems in the world and provided suggestions
 * Health Organization
 * International Labor Organization
 * aimed to improve the working conditions
 * Permanent Court of Justice, Holland
 * to try legal disputes between countries
 * first chairman: Sir Eric Drummond

Problems for the League of Nations
- 2 big problems - despite this, many people were very enthusiastic about LoN
 * USA refused to join
 * not interested in getting involved with the problems of other countries
 * Communist Russia and Germany did not join either
 * not allowed
 * therefore, 3 great countries in the world were absent from LoN
 * 2nd Problem: did not have an army to back up its decisions
 * did not have the force to make countries stop fighting
 * able to do a lot of work in the 1920s

= Summary = After the war, many countries suffered from it, both the Allies and the Central Powers. The Allies help the Paris Peace Conference, trying to make peace. Many treaties were given to the defeated countries. The League of Nations was created with many countries involved in it. They tried their beat to maintain peace in the world. However, it had 2 problems.

= Questions = 1. Who were the "Big Three"? 2. What did each of the "Big Three" have in mind before the Conference? 3. Who had the idea of the League of Nations? 4. Who were the Secretariats? 5. What were the two commissions of the League?