Roots+of+the+Cold+War+Sections+1-6+amypx2013.+04.+06.+2011

Roots of the Cold War

//President Truman announces the Truman Doctrine//: Truman made his speech on March 2, 1947, announcing the commitment of the United States to aid, economically and/or militarily, any nation threatened by communism. This helped the republicans who controlled congress to agree to appropriate 400 million dollars in economic and military aid to support Truman's decision of protecting non-aligned countries from Soviet control. This was a great step that the US took to become a world power.

//NSC- 68//: NSC-68 was a 58 page memorandum delivered on April 7, 1950. It recognized US and the USSR as the only two world powers and concluded that the US should start a massive military buildup. Although Kennan disagreed with this plan, when North Korea invaded South Korea, people pointed out that Truman was too soft on communism. The NSC-68,which called for a military rather than a political response to the soviet threat, determined US foreign policy for the next 20 years.











//The Hiss Case: // On August 3 1948, Chambers told that he was part of the secret communist cell in Washington, DC. He said that Alger Hiss was also a member, but Hiss denied it and most people believed that Chambers was lying. However, Nixon questioned Chambers in private and decided that Chambers was telling the truth; another trial was held and Hiss was found out to be lying. This case, regardless of whether Hiss was innocent or not, made the people in US very anxious about the secret role that Communists might be playing in the nation's public life.



Section I: The Bolsheviks
 * In 1917, Lenin overthrew kerensky's government; his followers were the bolsheviks
 * means "more"
 * United states government did not care for the Bolsheviks
 * Bolsheviks signed Treaty of Brest- Litovsk in 1918 and quit the war
 * wanted to replace capitalism by communism
 * March 1919: Comintern (communist international)
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the of the international bourgeoisie
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US helped whites to fight against bolsheviks reds
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">withdrawn in 1920
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established in 1922
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US did not recognize the USSR until 1933

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Section II: The Nazi Soviet Non-agression Pact
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviets had great economic control
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">First Five Year Plan by Stalin - rapid development of new heavy industry
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Franklin Roosevelt realized that nonrecognition did not make sense: could not get cooperation from USSR (rise of militarism in Germany and Japan)
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">november 17 both nations established formal diplomatic relations
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin talked to Germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">hated Britain and France more than Germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Afraid that once war started USSR would be left alone to fight
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">signed Nazi-Soviet Non-agression Pact
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin also needed more time to prepare for war

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section III: A Marriage of Convenience
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">March 1941, Congress passed <span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Lend-Lease Act - military aid to countries fighting Germany and Japan
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Roosevelt welcomed soviets as allies when they joined war in 1941
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">although he tried to improve the relationship between the two nations, but they still could not set aside their dislike
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Conflict in May 1942
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin asked Roosevelt to help relieve pressure on soviet front
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Roosevelt promised to invade German-occupied france
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Winston Churchill disagreed and persuaded Roosevelt to invade North Africa instead
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">this depressed Stalin - red army had to continue fighting

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section IV: The Big Three at Tehran
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1943, invasion of France was postponed again; stalin became suspicious because of british economic interests in the Mediterranean that led to the decision of invading Sicily
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">First meeting in November 1943 at Tehran; issues:
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">status of defeated Germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">post war borders of Poland
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">cross channel invasion plan Overlord - May 1 1944- churchill had to agree

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section V: Yalta
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">big three met again in 1945 at Yalta:
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">creation of organization to replace the league of nations
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">future of eastern europe (poland)
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Status of germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">soviet entry into pacific war
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin was determined, but Roosevelt was sick
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin wanted power to veto security council members and separate General assembly seats for Belorussia and Ukraine
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">also wanted communist government in poland
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">wanted 10 billion dollars worth industrial equipment from as war reparations from germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">wanted to take back all territory lost to Japan in 1904-05
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to these demands because they couldn't do anything else and Stalin was at a better military position and Stalin was commanding

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section VI: The Division of Germany
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">March 1945, Eisenhower (supreme allied commander) pursued three goals
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">capturing Ruhr valley
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">prevent nazi withdrawal to Bavarian Alps
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">avoid unintentional clash with soviet troops
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">he sent cable to Stalin telling him about his plans, and asked for similar information from russia
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">April 16: soviet assault on Berlin; on april 30 Hitler killed himself
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Donitz (hitler's successor) wanted separate peace with western allies so Germany could continue fighting soviets; he argued that an anti communist alliance made sense
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Harry Truman refused
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">germany surrender came may 7
 * <span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Germany divided into four occupation zones (including a french zone)

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Section VII: The Manhattan Project
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">development of atomic bombs
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Szilard was the first to conceive a nuclear chain reaction
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">supervised by Leslie R. Groves with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">first major step taken in december 1942
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the Manhattan Project was a closely held secret that even vice president Truman was not informed until after Roosevelt's death

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section VIII: Knowledge of the Bomb
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman noticed that british knew about the project but not the soviets
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">summer of 1944: Bohr urged Churchill and Truman to tell the truth to the Soviets, because soviet help is needed
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">however, churchill and truman decided to keep stalin in the dark
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">there were wider goals than the defeat of Japan
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Oppenheimer suggested that "if we exchanged information with the soviets, our mortal position would be greatly strengthened"
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">this idea was dismissed
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the group insisted that the flaunting of the bombs would be the best way to ensure its usefulness
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Big idea: FDR and Churchill decided to withhold knowledge of the Manhattan Project from the Soviets, and Truman continued this policy

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section IX: Potsdam
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">July 1945: Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met at the berlin suburb of Potsdam
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">agenda involved the german occupation
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman had 2 things in mind: planing for invasion of Japan and Manhattan project
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin was prepared;
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">reaffirmed his promise to enter the Pacific War with a specific date (august 15)
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">informed that he's been receiving peace overtures from the japanese
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman thought that the war would be able to end quickly without Soviet involvement
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">he didn't tell stalin about the bombs until a week later
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">he did it indirectly
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin already knew about the Manhattan project
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">secret soviet atomic programs was on its way
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Anglo-american secrecy exacerbated Stalin's mistrust
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The attempt to withhold knowledge of the Manhattan project confirmed Stalin's worst fear: atomic bombs were meant to be used against the USSR as well as Japan.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section X: Containment
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">after US bombed Japan, Soviet-American cooperation broke down completely
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviets rearranged the map of Eastern Europe
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Poland was independent
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">annexed Baltic states
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania all became Soviet satellites
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">two weeks earlier, Kennan sent a 5300 word cable to Secretary of State Byrnes on this topic
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">famous as the long telegram
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">became basis of post war US foreign policy
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1947 Foreign Affairs article: " the main element of any US policy toward the soviet union must be that of a long term, patient but firm containment of Russian expansive tendencies"
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and maneuvers of Soviet policy"
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the postwar USSR had 2 goals:
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">establish a security corridor around homeland - cannot be raised short of war; traditional Russian imperialism
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">spreading communism to other countries - is not as important because it mattered less than borders
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Kennan- 4 regions of US interest: Western Europe, Western Hemisphere, Japan, Middle East
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">unlikely target for soviet invasion
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">predicted the USSR would put effort only into political subversion
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">as long as US applies enough counter pressure, there would be no need to militarize.
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Kennan distinguished between the USSRs military pressure in Eastern Europe and its political adventurism elsewhere

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XI: The Truman Doctrine
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Believing Kennan's points, Truman realized that he could not free countries from soviet control
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviet became dominant military power in Europe - germany defeated; Britain and France in decline
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviet expansionism is another matter - nonaligned countries
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Civil war in Greece - communist side taking control
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Turkey under pressure
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Britain was supposed help, but is unable to
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman decided that only American aid can keep greece and turkey out of the sphere
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">instructed Dean Acheson to meet with congressional leadership
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">domino theory : if greece and turkey are allowed to fall, other countries would follow - Iran to the south and India to the east
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">republicans who controlled congress agreed to appropriate 400 million dollars in economic and military aid
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">on condition that Truman personally explain severity of crisis in a national broadcast speech before joint session of congress
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman agreed; speech made on March 12
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman Doctrine
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">commitment of the United States to aid, economically and/or militarily, any nation threatened by communism
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Truman Doctrine made it the policy of the US to aid all nations threatened by communism

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XII: Disarray in postwar Europe
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In jan 1947, US, british, french, and soviet foreign ministers gathered in moscow to discuss germany's future
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">germany would be reunited under a freely elected government
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">french was afraid that Germany will become a threat again in the future
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Russia also disagreed
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Dispute started over war reparations, the level of industry permitted in germany, whether coal and steel industries of the Rhur should be put under international control, how the new government should be
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">no agreement was reached
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US secretary of state George Marshall was convinced that soviet wanted a deadlock
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">economic situations in western europe and germany were made worse
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US bombing destroyed large cities and destroyed Europe's economic infrastructure
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">business and factories lacked supplies
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">unemployment
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">food was scarce
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">effect of economic problems no only seen by soviets
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">british withdrawal from greece and turkey
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">communist movements gained ground in italy and france because of food shortages
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Marshall concluded that something has to be done if the US wanted to contain USSR within its own borders
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">he appointed Kennan to investigate the economic situation in Europe and determine what US can do to help
 * <span style="color: #550755; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Main idea: the devastation of nearly 6 years of war left Western Europe in economic disarray, providing fertile ground for the growth of communists movements.

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Section XIII: The Marshall Plan
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">June 5 1947, Secretary of State Marshall outlined foreign policy problems:
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"europe's requirements are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character"
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">european nations to devise a joint recovery plan based on principles of self help, resource sharing, and German reintegration
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">wanted US to fund it
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Taken up by Britain and France
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Conference in Paris beginning the work of drawing up a plan
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stalin opposed the plan
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">vision of an integrated european market
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">free movement of goods mean free movement of people
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Western leaders consider these to be effort to block post war stabilization,
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">this added to growing international tension
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">European Plan (december 1947) became basis of <span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">European Recovery Program (ERP)
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">17 billion dollars
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">some argued that US cannot afford it
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">some say it would create new export markets for US goods; there also might not be much democracies left
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Passed in April
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">after Soviets ousted the democratically elected government in Czechoslovakia
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">made Marshall Plan most expensive foreign policy initiative in US history
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">with Truman's Doctrine, US had the role as a global leader
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The goal of the Marshall Plan was to promote European economic recovery and thus halt the political destabilization that economic hardship was causing

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XIV: The Berlin Airlift
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviets wanted a disintegrated and unstable Germany
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">American and British merged their occupation zones, creating a single political unit Bizona
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1948 French also added sector and created <span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Trizona (West Germany)
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US and british authorities introduced Deutsche mark
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">was crucial to economic recovery of western germany
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">next day, Soviets cut off all road, rail and water access to the city, halting supplies of food, fuel, and all the other important stuff
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">western allies protested, saying that their occupation rights included right of access
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">soviets disagreed
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">america and britain decided on a massive airlift (june 26)
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman started sending aircraft that made nearly 1400 flights, one/min, carrying supplies to western germany
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">when soviets finally lifted blockade, west berlin became an international symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without resorting to direct conflict.
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Big idea: when the soviets cut of road, rail, and water access to West Berlin, the americans and british responded with a massive airlift of critical supplies

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XV: Nato and the Warsaw Pact
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">according to Kennan, militarization of the Cold War was unwise and unnecessary
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">economic and political counter pressure were enough to meet all other forms of expansionism
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Soviets were not likely to put military outside of their eastern european security corridor
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">if US militarized, USSR would do the same
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">they were still nervous
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">USSR had a massive military
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">US quickly demobilized after WWII
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">for safety signed the Treaty of Brussels
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Britain, France, Benelux countries - mutual defense
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">blockage of berlin - negotiations
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">formal and permanent military alliance between US and european allies
 * <span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">also included Canada, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Portugal
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">addition of west berlin had many difficulties
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">idea of military alliance with the chief of WWII was distasteful
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">USSR would react negatively
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5 days after west berlin joined NATO, Soviets responded by creating the Warsaw Pact
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">USSR and its client states in eastern europe
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">NATO was founded at the request of America's european allies to act as a bulwark against Soviet expansionism. The USSR responded by establishing the Warsaw Pact

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XVI: The Hiss Case
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">August 3 1948, Chambers told that he was part of the secret communist cell in washington DC
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">he said that Alger Hiss was also a member
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hiss denied it so people thought Chambers was lying
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nixon questioned Chambers again privately and decided he was telling the truth
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">hearing held on august 25:
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">hard questioning from Nixon - Hiss lost cool and story began to unravel
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chambers produced State Department documents as proof
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hiss was condemned
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Psychological impact: people became anxious
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">who could be trusted?
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Hiss case became a focus for american anxiety about the secret role that Communists might be playing in the nation's public life

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XVII: Maccarthyism
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Once elected to Senate, Nixon worked with McCarthy, an aggressive anticommunist
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Feb 9, 1950, McCarthy delivered a speech
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">held up paper and said that there were 205 names of people known to the secretary state as members of communist party who were still working and shaping policy in the state department
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">launched a wave of anticommunist hysteria
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">fears from the Hiss Case, august 1949 soviet explosion of atomic bomb, and Mao's victory ensured a wide audience to McCarthyism
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The charges that McCarthy made about Communist infiltration of the state department began a destructive crusade that manipulated domestic fears for political gain.

<span style="color: #0086ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Section XVIII: NSC-68
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">National Security Act 1947 - reorganized the government's military and foreign policy establishments
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">National Security Council - force for national security planning within executive branch
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Truman requested the NSC to conduct a strategy in light of soviet bombs and communist takeover of CHina
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">58 page memorandum (<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">NSC-68 )
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">laid out national security strategy that the US would follow for the next 20 years
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2 premises: US and USSR were the only two world powers, and USSR was animated by a new fanatic growth that was antithetical to the US
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">concluded that the US should start a massive military build up
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Kennan disagreed; militarization would lead to a destabilizing arms race
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">however, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, and people accused Truman to be too soft on communism
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">NSC- 68, which called for a military rather than a political response to the soviet threat, determined US foreign policy for the next 20 years.

<span style="color: #305a30; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Summary:

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The US tried many times to seek cooperation with the USSR, but although they formed an alliance, there were many factors that caused distrust, such as Truman's policy of withholding knowledge of atomic bombs from Stalin and Berlin Airlift; Stalin started to put many countries under Soviet/Communism control, and in response to this the Truman Doctrine was established. After WWII, Europe was also in disarray as it was facing worst economic situations, and therefore Truman started the Marshall Plan and established NATO.However, McCarthyism soon spread through America, and US decided to follow the NSC-68 for the next 20 years.

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Questions:

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">What was the domino theory? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The 2 post war USSR goals were: <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Why did Truman and Churchill decide to withhold knowledge of the atomic bomb from Stalin? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">What were the impacts brought to America by the Hiss Case? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Do you think that a US military build up was necessary? Consider Kennan and the NSC's viewpoints.