InNo+youbinpx2013+10.25.10


 * Part Three**
 * Lenin's Russia**

Chapter 11: 'Peace at any price'


 * The first decrees of Sovnarkom**
 * **Sovnarkom** - Council of Peoples Commissars, government that Lenin set up in November 1917
 * Lenin as chairman
 * began issuing decrees (official orders issued by a legal authority)
 * 8 November 1917 - **a decree on land**
 * took 540 mil. acres of land away from the Tsar, nobles, church + landlords
 * lands given to the peasants to divide among themselves
 * 8 November - **a decree on peace**
 * Sovnarkom intended to make peace w/ Russia's enemies at once
 * 12 November - **a decree on work**
 * established an 8-hour day + 48-hour week for all industrial workers
 * laid down rules about overtime and holidays
 * 14 November - **a decree on unemployment insurance**
 * promised to give insurance to all workers against injury, illness+unemployment
 * 1 December - **a decree on the press**
 * banned all non-Bolshevik newspapers
 * 11 December
 * Sovnarkom banned Russia's main liberal party (Constitutional Democratic Party)
 * ordered arrest of leaders
 * 20 December
 * Lenin set up political police force
 * 'All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to fight Counter-Revolution and Espionage'
 * known as Cheka
 * deal w/ opponents+enemies of the Bolsheviks
 * 27 December - **a decree on workers' control**
 * put all factories under the control of elected committees of workers
 * 27 December - **a decree on banking**
 * put all banks in Russia under Sovnarkom's control
 * 31 December - **a decree on marriage**
 * allowed couples to have non-religious weddings
 * made it easier to get a divorce

The Constituent Assembly
 * November 1917
 * elections held for Russia's new parliament (Constituent Assembly)
 * 1st free elections
 * || Number of seats in the Constituent Assembly ||
 * Socialist Revolutionaries || 370 ||
 * Bolsheviks || 175 ||
 * Left wing Socialist Revolutionaires || 40 ||
 * Constitutional Democrats || 17 ||
 * Mensheviks || 16 ||
 * Narodniks || 2 ||
 * Others (nationalities) || 87 ||
 * Total || 707 ||
 * Socialist Revolutionaries gained the most seats
 * 18 January 1918
 * Sovnarkom ordered it to stop meeting within 24 hours
 * Bolshevik Red Guards w/ machine guns killed and wounded more than 100 ppl
 * who demonstrated in support of the Assembly outside its meeting place
 * Red Guards prevented the elected Deputies from entering the Assembly + closed it down permanently


 * The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**
 * Bolsheviks stay in power
 * otherwise they would lose the support of the army
 * 3 December 1917
 * peace conference between Russia, Germany + Austria-Hungary began at Brest-Litovsk(town on the border with germany)
 * **Leon Trotsky** - Russia's Commissar or minister for Foreign Affairs
 * thought if the socialist government begin in both Germany and Russia
 * they might make a fair and democratic peace w/ each other
 * nine weeks
 * no revolution
 * February 1918
 * German army advanced into Russia
 * got so close to Petrograd
 * Lenin made peace
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 * harshest treaties
 * Russia give up all her western lands (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia)
 * losing
 * sixty-two million ppl - 26% of population
 * 27% of farm land
 * 36% of railways
 * 74% of iron ore and coal
 * pay 300 mil. gold nobles of fine


 * Chapter 12: Civil War and Foreign Intervention**


 * The Czech Legion**
 * May 1918
 * 45,000 Czech prisoners of war taken across Russia on trains to Vladivostok
 * one train got into a quarrel w/ the Soviet of a town
 * became a fight and Czechs took control of the town
 * more than loads of Czech joined the fight
 * within 2 weeks, taken over all important towns
 * end of 1918
 * all Trans-Siberian Railway and towns along its route were in Czech's property
 * enemies of Bolsheviks joining the Czech Legion
 * set up their own govs. (**Komuch** - Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly)
 * claimed that they ruled Russia
 * organized the enemies of the Bolsheviks into a People's Army advanced on Moscow
 * captured 650 mil. gold roubles in an attack on gov's gold reserve at Kazan
 * Bolsheviks
 * moved to Moscow
 * desperate protection
 * introduced conscription
 * men aged eighteen to forty had to serve in a new Bolshevik army - the **Red Army**
 * organized by Leon Trotsky
 * problem: find officers to lead the Red Army
 * solution: appoint former officers of the Tsar's army
 * if refused, sent to prison camps
 * found 22,000 officers to command the 330,000 men in the army


 * Red and Whites**
 * **'Whites'**
 * traditional color of the Tsar
 * not all of them supported Tsar
 * many were Socialist Revolutionaires + democrats + landlords + nobles
 * anyone opposing the Bolsheviks
 * end of 1918
 * 3 White Armies attacked the heartland of Russia
 * helped by foreign armies sent by the Allies - the countries on whose side Russia had fought in the Great War
 * Allies were angry at Russia's withdrawal
 * crush the Bolshevik gov.
 * 'armies of intervention' from Britain, France, America + Japan **+ the White Army**
 * Russian Civil War
 * thousandsof ppl(civilians) killed
 * ex-Tsar + his family sent to prision in Ekaterinburg
 * July 1918
 * local Bolsheviks shot Nicholas + Alexandra + Alexis + 4 daughters + servants
 * August 1918
 * Bolsheviks lost own leader
 * Socialist Revolutionary, Fanya Kaplan shot Lenin
 * he survived and recovered within weeks
 * Sovnarkom ordered the Cheka - the secret political police
 * begin a 'Red Terror'


 * The Red Terror**
 * Cheka
 * led by Felix Dzerzhinsky
 * had headquarters in Lubyanka Street in Moscow
 * tortured prisoners
 * extract confessions before execution
 * in countryside
 * hanged, beat, shot, burned anyone who helped the Whites
 * The Red Terror
 * 1) 'Every scoundrel who incites anyone to retreat, to desert, or not to fulfill a military order will be shot
 * 2) Every soldier voluntarily deserts his post will be shot
 * 3) Every soldier who throws away rifle or sells part of his equipment will be shot
 * 4) guilty of harbouring deserters are liable to be shot
 * 5) houses where deserters are found are liable to be burned down'
 * Trostsky
 * tyrant - good military leader
 * spent much of Civil War traveling around to fight
 * directed the movements of the Red Army
 * delivered supplies
 * gave encouragement
 * dealt with troublemakers
 * made sure that the red army was an effective and united fighting force
 * In 1919
 * foreign armies of intervention withdrew from Russia
 * left White Armies fight alone
 * never came together as united force
 * end of 1919
 * isolated groups of Whites still fighting


 * Chapter 13: 'One Step Backwards...' War Communism and the Nep**


 * War Communism**
 * 5 aspects
 * All factories w/ more than 10 workers were nationalised
 * 1) taken over by the gov.
 * Vesenkha (the Supreme Council of National Economy)
 * decided what each industry should produce
 * 1) All workers under gov. control
 * military discipline in the factories
 * death penaly for strikers
 * unemployed -> Lavour Armies'
 * cutting trees or building roads
 * 1) Private trading banned
 * peasants had to give their surplus food to gov.
 * not sell for profit
 * 1) gov. allowed money to lose its value through inflation
 * abolished rents, rail fates, postal charges + other money payments
 * encouraged to barter
 * 1) food was strictly rationed
 * succeeded
 * Red Army was kept supplied with foods+weapons
 * won the Civil War in 1920
 * failed
 * didn't share Russia's wealty equally
 * in countryside
 * many peasants stop growing more food
 * in 1919
 * peasants started to sow less grain + bree fewer animals
 * food shortage in 1920
 * terrible famine in 1921
 * starvation+cold weather+disease
 * killed 7 mil. Russians
 * 25 mil. Russians living below subsistence level


 * The New Economic Policy**
 * March 1921
 * revolt of 10,000 sailors at **Kronstadt** - a naval base near Petrograd
 * Kronstadt once was loyal to the Bolsheviks
 * sailors: War Communism was not as promised in 1917
 * attack Petrograd
 * Trotsky + Red Army generals surrounded Kronstadt w/ 60,000 troops
 * bombed naval base
 * attacked the sailors' headquarters
 * many sailors killed
 * rest were captured, shot by the Cheka
 * March 1921
 * Lenin abandoned War Communism
 * introduced the **New Economic Policy (NEP)**
 * 1) peasants could sell their surplus food for profit
 * 2) peasants who increased their food production would pay less tax
 * 3) factories w/ fewer than 20 workers would give back to owners
 * 4) ppl could use money
 * 1925
 * NEP began to work
 * || 1913 || 1922 || 1925 ||
 * Grain harvest (millions of tonnes) || 80.1 || 50.3 || 72.5 ||
 * cattle (millions) || 58.9 || 45.8 || 62.1 ||
 * Pigs (millions) || 20.3 || 12.0 || 21.8 ||
 * Coal (millions of tonnes) || 29.0 || 9.5 || 18.1 ||
 * Iron (millions of tonnes) || 4.2 || 0.1 || 1.5 ||
 * industrial output increased
 * food production went back to the level before the Great War


 * The 1923 Constitution**
 * start of 1923
 * Russia gained a new constitution
 * '**Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'**
 * the country was now a union of four republics - Russia, Byelorussia, the Ukraine + the Caucasus.
 * each having own gov w/ control over public health, welfare, + education
 * national gov. in Moscow, sovnarkom retained control over national concerns (armed forces, industry, communications + secret police)


 * Lenin's death**
 * 1922-1923
 * Lenin suffered a series of strokes
 * January 1924
 * died at the age of fifty-three
 * body was embalmed and put on display in a tomb in Red Square in Moscow
 * millions of visitors from all over USSr + other countries queued to see his body
 * regarded in the USSR as one of the greatest leaders of the twentieth century.

The part 3 of the book is mostly about Lenin setting up a new government Sovnarkom and it's impact on Russia. He had to carry out the promises that he made in the April Theses to end the war and to provide the people with food. He set up New Economic Policy which satisfies most of citizens and at last, Russia ended as a 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'.
 * Summary:**

1. What were the decrees that Lenin made in 1917? 2. Describe the succession and the failure of War Communism. 3. Who were the White Army? 4. What was New Economic Policy and impact on Russia? 5. Was Lenin a good leader? In which aspects?
 * Question:**


 * Awesomeness:**
 * [[image:Leader_of_the_Cheka_Felix_Dzerzhinsky_-_Unknown.jpeg]]
 * This is the photo of Felix Dzerzhinsky of Cheka who led the Red Terror. He killed most of people who helped the White Army and extracted confessions before the execution.**


 * [[image:screenshot_01.jpg]]
 * This game is related to Red Terror during 1918. Felix Dzerzhinsky led the Red Terror and this killed many people who helped the White Army. The red character represent Felix Dzerzhinsky who was the leader of Red Terror and the white characters represent the White Army who were opposing the Bolsheviks**