Notes+P53-66+amypx2013+9.9.2010

= Revolution in France (6) =







After the Terror
 * France tried a new form of government
 * From 1795 to 1799 they were governed by five men: the Directors
 * It was backed by two assemblies called the Councils
 * They did not govern well- prices rose and money lost its value; many people starved
 * In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte forced them out of the office and held control

Napoleon's Background
 * Born on the island of Corsica in 1769; second of eight children
 * Born French because the king of France bought the island; he was originally Italian
 * School in France at the age of 9; military school for 7 years after
 * At sixteen became a lieutenant and served in the army
 * He gained rapid promotion through years of revolution and the Revolutionary war
 * Became a general at 24
 * He was nearly killed in 1794 because he was a close friend of Robespierre's brother Augustin.
 * The council found no evidence to use against him so he was released

Napoleon's Italian Campaign
 * Revolutionary war was continued in 1795 when the Directors took control
 * They quickly conquered Holland and Belgium; next target was states of northern Italy
 * In 1796 Napoleon was made commander of the Army of Italy
 * He attacked Austrian soldiers in northern Italy
 * He led his army, over the next 18 month, defeated the Austrians
 * By October 1797 northern Italy was under France's control and Napoleon became a well-known general

In Egypt
 * In command of the "Army of the East"- attack British trade and colony in the Far East
 * (trying to get to India) Quickly defeated Egyptians in the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798
 * His ship was sunk by the British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay
 * He and his army was trapped in the Middle East for a whole year
 * Back in France other armies were doing badly
 * Enemies formed a Second Coalition and had driven French troops outside of Italy and Central Europe
 * He learned those defeats in the summer of 1799.
 * Rebels ran over large parts of western France
 * the country was nearly bankrupt
 * Directors were facing strong opposition in the Councils
 * Thus he hurried back to France to save the country from defeat

Napoleon Seizes Power
 * One Director wanted to get rid of his fellow Directors, close down the Councils and set up a new government; he needed military support so he asked Napoleon for help
 * Napoleon joined with another Director
 * His brother Lucien, President of one of the Councils, was involved too
 * November 9, 1799 they took action
 * Made up story: rebels came to capture Paris, Councils take emergency action
 * Councils did what they were asked to and made Napoleon commander of all troops in Paris
 * Safe-meeting in Saint-Cloud
 * Councils then realized the lie
 * Took oath to defend the Directory
 * They pushed Napoleon and were angry at him
 * Napoleon's guards rushed in to defend him
 * However, some people also said that the Councils did not get angry

 The Consulate
 * France was set up to have three consuls- only the First Consul had the power to make decisions
 * Napoleon became the head of the government
 * 4 new Councils were created
 * Most powerful was the Council of State, helped to write new laws and discuss Napoleon's decisions
 * A Senate, A Tribunate, and a Legislative body helped in making laws and appointing officials
 * Officials called the Perfects put laws into effect
 * 9 million could vote; 3 million supported Napoleon

Victory in War


 * Planned to defend France from its enemies by plotting attack on Austrian forces in Italy
 * He took army across Switzerland and the Alps (for a surprise attack)
 * it nearly failed because it took a long time to cross the Alps
 * Austrians were ready when they arrived
 * Battle near a village called Marengo
 * Reserved troops arrived unexpectedly and helped France gain victory
 * Austrians abandoned Northern Italy
 * French army defeated Austrians in the battle of Hohenlinden in Germany
 * This ended the war with the Second Coalition
 * Peace treaty at Luvenille in 1801 made France in control of Belgium, German lands on the Rhine, and northern Italy

 Legend (Paintings)
 * Napoleon became a legendary figure
 * However, people often exaggerated Napoleon's figure in paintings
 * Compare:
 * [[image:napoleon_painting_picture_6-1.png]][[image:napoleon_painting_picture_6-2.png]]

The Concordat and the Catholic Church
 * In western France many people wanted to overthrow the government because their religion was banned during the Terror
 * Napoleon dropped the 10-day week and allowed people to take Sundays off
 * He told rebel leaders that he would deal with their complaints
 * In 1801 he signed an agreement with the Pope called the Concordat
 * In the Concordat, Napoleon allowed people to worship freely
 * In return the Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint bishops
 * Agreed to take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * Churches were re-opened
 * This gained Napoleon more support from those who hated the revolution

 Reforms
 * By 1802 Napoleon made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflicts
 * A grateful senate increased his power and called him the "consul for life"
 * In 1802 he reformed schools
 * main change was the creation of secondary school known as lycee
 * students studied curriculum drawn up by the governemnt
 * examination called Baccalaureate for university
 * Reform of 7 laws in to books called codes.
 * Began in 1804 with a Code of Civil Law called Code Napoleon
 * Codes of criminal and commercial law were added over the next five years
 * This reforms met the demands of the revolutionaries back in 1789
 * Individual right, freedom of belief, and equality before the law were all included in the codes

Napoleon Becomes Emperor
 * In 1804 he increased his power by becoming an emperor after 12 years of a republic
 * He insisted on being crowned in a coronation ceremony like the old French kings
 * He brought back noble titles for his family
 * His brothers Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire
 * In 1808 he created an imperial nobility consisting princes, dukes, counts, barons, and kings.
 * Nobles had to be rich to pass their titles to their children
 * A noble has to leave his son an income of 200,000 francs a year to keep the title in the family
 * However, Napoleon's nobles had no privileges

Summary : After the Terror finally came to an end, the Directors took control. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte, slowly became a well-known general. He led many wars and battles that brought France victory. In the summer of 1799, hearing upon the news that France was facing many defeats, he hurried back from Egypt to save France. He collaborated with one of the Directors and seized power of the government. He set up three consuls, lead more wars of victory, and became a legendary figure. Later on he also introduced many reforms to the French society such as the Concordat, set up of lycee, 7 books called codes, etc. In 1804 he increased his power by becoming the emperor; church was restored, people could become nobles again, and the revolution was over.

Question: 1. How did the Directors took control of the government?