InNo+hyejijun94+09.12.10


  *A chart about the changes made in France by Napoleon Bonaparte.

*Concordat of 1801. Napoleon allowed Catholicism as the major belief of the nation and churches were opened again.



 *Napoleon and the Battle of the Pyramids.

NOTES:
**Revolution in France pg 52-65:**
 * 1795-1799 France was governed by five men called the Directors, supported by Councils
 * The government was not good as well

**Napoleon's background:**
 * Napoleon was born in 1769, Corsica - an island in France
 * His parents were Italian
 * Spent seven years after the age of nine in military school
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Became a lieutenant at the age of sixteen in the French army
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Involved in Revolutionary war and gained rapid promotion
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Became a general at the age of twenty-four

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Napoleon's Italian campaign:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Directors continued Revolutionary war against the Coalition
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">French armies were large, their next targets were the states of northern Italy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1796, he was a commander of the Army of Italy, aiming to attack Austrian forces in northern Italy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon had victories over the Austrians in Italy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">October 1797, all of northern Italy was under French control
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon became the most famous general

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Napoleon in Egypt:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Directors put Napoleon in command of an 'Army of the East' - orders to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon began by invading Egypt, half way on the trade route to India
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">July 1798, Napoleon defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of the Pyramids
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">After the battle, their ship sunk by the British Royal Navy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">They could not go to India and return to France
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">They were marooned in the Middle East for a year
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Second Coalition had driven them out of Italy and central Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The country was nearly bankrupt
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon, back to France, aimed to save the country from defeat

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Napoleon seizes power:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">One of he Directors wanted to set up a stronger government with military aid by Napoleon
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris and asked and made Napoleon commander of all the troops in Paris
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon went to the Councils to ask them to change the government, but they discovered the story was a lie
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The deputies shouted at Napoleon and tried to declare him an outlaw
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">When the soldiers entered the hall to save Napoleon, the deputies fled

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**The Consulate:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Took a month to create a new government
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">France was governed by three Consuls, only the First Consuls having the power to make decisions
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Other two Consuls were to advise the First
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon became the head of the government
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Four new Councils were created:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Council of State - wrote new laws and discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Senate, Tribunate, and Legislative Body helped in making laws and the appointment of officials
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Officials called Prefects put the laws into effect
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">3 million people liked the new government and 1,500 were against

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Victory in war:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The most urgent task was to defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">He planned to attack Austrian forces in north Italy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">To attack them in surprise, Napoleon went through Switzerland and across the Alps, but this was a failure
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Austrians were ready for them
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon's troop was on the point of defeat but his other troops arrived on the battlefield and drove the Austrians back
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This Battle of Marengo ended in France's victory
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Another French army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in German, bringing the war of the Second Coalition to an end
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Peace treaty signed in Lunevilled, left France in control of Belgium (German land), and of north Italy

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**The making of a legend:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">*Portrait of Napoleon painted by Jacques-Louis David (left) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">*Portrait of Napoleon crossing the Alps painted by Paul Delaroche (right)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon had become almost a legendary figure
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Many paintings of Napoleon was portrayed as a great hero
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Some paintings described Napoleon passing the Alps more like a hero but some described it more realistically
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,fantasy;">Compare these paintings of Napoleon:

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**The Concordat and the Catholic Church:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon concerned the Catholic religion
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">France was 'de-christianized' during the Terror
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This led to many rebels trying the overthrow the government
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1801, Napoleon signed an agreement with the Pope called the Concordat - allowing Catholics to worship freely
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Churches re-opened and religious conflict ended

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Reforms:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1802, Napoleon made peace with Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Napoleon started to reform
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reform of the country's schools
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Creation of secondary school, the lycee
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">High schools studied a curriculum drawn up by the government (took examinations called Baccalaureate to enter university)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reform of the French law into seven books called codes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1804, began with a Code of Civil law called the Code Napoleon
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Codes simplified the complex laws
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789 were made into law (individual rights, freedom of belief, equality before the law)

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Napoleon becomes Emperor:**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1804, Napoleon became an emperor
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">France became an empire after twelve years of being a republic
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Brought back things that were abolished:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Crowning in a coronation ceremony
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Noble titles for members of his family
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Created an Imperial Nobility - consisting of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Unlike nobles before 1789, they had no privileges
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">By 1804, Revolution was over

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Summary:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">After the Terror, a new government was formed in France. They were governed by Directors, who were supported by two new assemblies called Councils. Their new government did not run the country well. In 1799, a young army general known as Napoleon Bonaparte began to gain power and took control of the government. He had brilliant victories over the battles against Austrian forces in Italy and Germany. Napoleon, as the head of the government made reforms to France such as the reforms of schools and laws. Later, he became the emperor of France, and this made France an empire not a republic. He brought back things that had been abolished during the revolution and also the things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789. This led the revolution to an end.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Questions:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. Was Napoleon Italian or French? <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. What countries made up the Second Coalition against France?