InNo+JonathanK2013+04.18.2011

=Roots of War =

 Awesomeness:
This is an event map of the Tehran meeting of the Big Three in 1943. This is a major event because it discussed the future plans for the world such as British and America postponing invasion of France, British economic issue in Mediterranean and Churchill apparently pursuing self interest at the expense of countless Russian lives. These things made Stalin disappointed at his ally as he starts to trust them less.

This is the bolshevik symbol. The bolsheviks are very important in this book as they were one of the groups fighting for the Russians. The Bolsheviks overthrew the Antitsarist Groups before taking over control of Russia by seizing power in the name of the soviets.

== ** This is a photo of the Big Three, Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill. They met twice, in Tehran and Yalta. They are the big powers in the world at the time of the World War 2, through the meetings at Tehran and Yalta, they have decided future war plans for the World. ** ==

Chapter 1: The Bolsheviks

 * **Two Revolutions in 1917**
 * **Antitsarist Groups**
 * March, coalition of antitsarist groups overthrew the repressive regime of Nicholas II
 * Then established a provisional government led by **Prince Georgy Lvov**. And then by **Alexander Kerensky**
 * **Bolsheviks**
 * November, Kerensky’s government overthrown by Vladimir Lenin’s communist party
 * Seized power in the name of the soviets (workers council)
 * **Origin of Name**
 * Lenin’s followers known as Bolsheviks because of obscure reasons relating to the infighting at the 1903 congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor party.
 * //Bolshe// means more
 * Meant to imply that Lenin’s faction represented most of Russian socialist (Not True)
 * **United States - Bolsheviks**
 * Didn’t care much for Bolsheviks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Poor beginning to relationship
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 1918, US troops arrived in France to join allied sides in WWI; Bolsheviks signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the central powers, taking Russia out of the war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">US supported capitalism, Bolsheviks supported communism.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 1919, Bolsheviks established the Comintern to work “by all available means, including arm force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Civil War in Russia broke out, US sent troops to help anti-Bolsheviks (whites)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Bolsheviks (reds) beat unorganized whites and established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">US government supported Russian famine relief in the early 1920s, but US didn’t recognize the Soviet Union formally until 1933

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Chapter 2: The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**New Economic Policy**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Soviet controlled all of nations large economic enterprises – factories, mines, railroads etc.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Small business (20 people or less) allowed to run privately
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Stalin’s five year plans**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">First one adopted in 1929-1933
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Forcibly collectivized the peasantry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Compelled the rapid development of new heavy industry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**US-Soviet**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 1933, Franklin Roosevelt (US) realized that the US policy of non-recognition no longer made sense
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">No longer restraining Soviet Communism, but instead making it difficult for US to obtain Soviet cooperation with a number of international issues (militarism for Germany and Japan)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">US invited Soviet foreign minister (Maxim Litvinov) to Washington to establish formal diplomatic relations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**World War II approach**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin dislike Germans, even more disliked British and France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Scared if World War II comes, British and France take defensive positions and let Russia face Germany alone
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">April 1939 started hinting to Germans for a agreement to provide soviet neutrality in war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Signed **Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Delaying tactic for both sides
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Although 5 year plans succeeding, USSR not ready for war until 1942
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hitler wanted to avoid fighting in the east until he was successful in the west
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hitler intended to wait until fall of Britain before invading USSR, Britain held longer than expected, invaded USSR early, hoping it would demoralize Britain into surrendering

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Chapter 3: A Marriage of Convenience

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Lend-Lease act**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 1941, Roosevelt persuaded congress to pass lend-lease act
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Authorized the release of military aid to countries fighting Germany and Japan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Purpose is to keep Britain and China afloat until FDR could bring isolationist America around
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">June 1941, Soviet joined war, US welcomed them and sent them aid
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Efforts to improve Soviet-US relations**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">After Pearl Harbor and US entry into war, propaganda started to emerge portraying Stalin as a protector.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**World War II**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin wanted US to invade Germany occupied France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Winston Churchill (British) disagreed. Believed that with the US mobilizing their troops, the only way they could loose is to invade France prematurely
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Churchill later went to Washington to voice his opinions, successfully persuaded Roosevelt to accept his plan of a later invasion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Deeply upset Stalin, whose Red Army continued to bear the worse from battling Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin might doubt his western partners, Churchill travelled to Moscow to try and reassure him.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Chapter 4: The Big Three at Tehran

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Stalin’s disappointment**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">British and America reach conclusion to postpone invasion of France to give them more time to finish of Germans in Tunisia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">British economic interest in Mediterranean also factor, influenced decision to invade Sicily
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin started to doubt his allies even more when he saw Churchill apparently pursuing self interest at the expense of countless Russian lives
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Tehran**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">First face to face meeting of Big Three
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">November 1943
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Discussed:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Status of defeated Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Postwar borders of Poland
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Overlord**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">New cross-channel invasion plan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Roosevelt left Tehran frustrated as he couldn’t get any personal connection with Stalin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin was a correct, stiff person, no human in him.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Chapter 5: Yalta**

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Yalta**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Big Three’s second meeting
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">February 1945
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Four Issues:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Creation of an organization to succeed the disbanded League of Nations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Future of Eastern Europe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Especially Poland
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Status of Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Soviet Entry into Pacific War
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Big Three**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Stalin knew what he wanted and was physically fit
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Roosevelt was dieing, physical condition made it hard for him to resist Stalin’s demands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Stalin’s demands**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Veto power for permanent members of Security Council
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Separate General Assembly seats for Belorussia (White Russia) and Ukraine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Recognition of Communist government he had set up in Lublin over the government in-exile that has been operating in London since September 1939
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">From defeated Germany, he wanted 10 billion dollars worth of industrial equipment as war reparations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In exchange for secret commitment to declare war on Japan within two months of Germany’s surrender, he wanted to take back all territory lost to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to almost all because there was nothing they could do besides invade the Soviets. And soviets had a strong military.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Soviets had troops placed in strategic places where the British and Americans have not.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">British and Americans filled texts the Yalta agreements with empty text to save face

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Chapter 6: The Division of Germany

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">American and British crossed the Rhine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 1945
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Three Main Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Capturing Ruhr Valley and Germany’s industrial heartland
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Preventing a Nazi withdrawal to the Bavarian Alps
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Avoiding an unintentional clash with Soviet troops heading West
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cable to Stalin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">March 28, 1945
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cable informing Stalin of Western allies plans and requesting similar information concerning Red Army intentions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Angered Churchill, because its political subtext was clear
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Soviet main assault
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Dawn of April 16
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Soviets attacked German main capital
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">April 30, Hitler killed himself
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">May 2, Berlin surrendered
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">German wanted to have peace with Hitler dead
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Allies rejected, wanted surrender on all fronts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">May 7, Germany surrendered
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Allies split Germany

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">Chapter 7: The Manhattan Project

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Vice President Truman shocked to learn what was going on in New Mexico
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">He was too low-level to be informed about the development of the Atomic Bomb
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Not fully briefed until April 25
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Briefed by Secretary of War, Henry L.Stimsom
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Stimson was afraid that modern civilization would be completely annihilated by the Atomic Bomb
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Manhattan Project began in August 1939
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">When a Hungarian emigre called Leo Szilard convinced Albert Einstein to send a letter to FDR on troubling developments in nuclear physics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Leo Szilard
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">First physicist to think up of the idea of nuclear chain reaction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Had been monitoring the German research on neutron bombardment.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">German War Office reported that it was possible to create even more powerful weapons
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Would give German a significant war advantage
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The atomic effort in the US was supervised by Major General Leslie R. Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer who directed the scientific work
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">First major step taken in December 1942 when Italian emigre Enrico Fermi created the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Meanwhile, other scientists in the project worked on refining uranium and plutonium into nuclear fuels.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The most famous Manhattan Project site was Los Alamos where the design and testing of the bombs took place.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">Chapter 8: Knowledge of the Bomb

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Part of Truman's April 25th atomic bomb briefing resulted in him being informed that the British knew all about the Manhattan Project while the Soviets did not.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">In the summer of 1944, physicist Niels Bohr urged Churchill and FDR to tell Stalin about the project as Soviet cooperation was needed for postwar atomic control.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">FDR and Churchill did not listen and chose to keep it a secret from him, undermining many efforts to win Stalin's trust.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Had they followed Niels Bohr's advice, the Cold War could have been avoided.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Although Truman continued to hide the bomb efforts from the Soviet, the final decision was discussed by the Interim Committee.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Established in May 1945 to advise the president on atomic policy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The members of this committee believed that dropping the bomb would demonstrate its immense power to the world, and they considered the Soviets nearly as important an audience as the Japanese.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not intentionally left untouched to demonstrate the bombs power against pristine urban landscapes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Furthermore, top US officials like secretary of state James F. Byrnes influenced the language of the surrender term so that Japan would keep on fighting, allowing the use of the bombs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The examination by the Interim Committee shows that the groups had much wider goals besides the defeat of Japan.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">During one committee meeting, Oppenheimer suggested that if they were to offer information to the Soviets before the bomb was used, the moral position would be greatly strengthened.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">But this idea was quickly dismissed as Byrnes wanted to demonstrate their strength and claimed using the bomb was the best way to ensure its usefulness in postwar cooperation.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">**Chapter 9: Potsdam**

 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">In July 1945, Truman went to Berlin to meet with Churchill and Stalin. Mostly involved the German occupation, but also included two subjects. Invading Japan and the Manhattan Project. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">Stalin was remarkably prepared in the conference, saying that he would enter the Pacific war for sure, even giving a date. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">President Truman was initially happy with the date. However, the next day, his attitude changed, believing that the Japanese would surrender at the atomic bomb. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">The event that changed his mind was the successful atomic test and the US could now end the war quickly without the Soviet's help. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">Truman did not mention the bomb to Stalin only until a week later, and even then, he only told him him informally. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">Stalin showed no special interests, this was because he already knew about it from spies in the Manhattan Project. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">He had begun his own Soviet atomic program. In this case, Bohr's advice may have change the Soviet's behavior. ==
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">The fact that this secret was kept from Stalin only allowed him to confirm his worst fear, that the bomb was meant for both Japan and the USSR. ==

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">**Chapter 10: Containment**

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">After Hiroshima and Nagasaki was bombed, the Soviet-American cooperation completely fell apart.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Soviets rearranged the map of Eastern Europe, allowing Poland to remain nominally independent but annexed the Baltic states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania all became Soviet satellites.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Two weeks before this on February 22, George F Kennan, the charge d'affaires at the US embassy in Moscow sent a 5300 word cable to secretary of state Byrnes which woud soon be known as the Long Telegram
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The Long Telegram outlined the strategy of containment that soon became the base of postwar US foreign policy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">After returning to Washington ins April 1946, Kennan published his reasoning in a landmark July 1947 Foreign Affairs article that he only signed as X.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Kennan stated that they needed adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a different geographical and political points following the changes in Soviet policy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">In his view, the postwar USSR had two goals, establishing a security around its homeland and exporting Communism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The first point could not be resisted peacefully but the second could be contained since Marxist-Lennist ideas mattered much less to Russia than safe borders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Even if efforts to recover Eastern Europe were to fail, firmness in political expansion can be effective.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Kennan claimed that the four most important regions to the US is the Western Europe, Western Hemisphere, Japan and the Middle East since they would be an unlikely target for Soviet invasion.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">He was certain that the USSR would limit its political expansion to avoid usurping the leaders which can be countered by creating unstable pro-Western regimes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">As long as the US applied enough pressure against the Russians, there would be no need for fighting in the Cold War.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">**Chapter 11: The Truman Doctrine**

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Truman trusted Kennan's information on the situation and realized that he could not do much to free territory under Soviet control.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">With the defeat of Germany and decline of Britain and France, the Soviets grew to become the dominant force in Europe, and in Eastern Europe they could do anything they wanted.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The nonaligned countries on the borders of the Soviet Union were increasingly pressured to join them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">For example, the Communist led revolt in the civil war was gaining ground against the pro-Western government.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The Turkish government was weak and under pressure to share control of the Dardanelles, giving Soviet's Black Sea fleet access to the Mediterranean.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">If the British still had power, the would have sent aid and stabilized both government. But in February 1947, the British informed the US that they could no longer afford to help Greece or Turkey
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">After speaking to the Greek president, it was concluded by Truman that only substantial American aid could keep Greece and Turkey out of the Soviet sphere.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">To achieve this, the US looked to bipartisan support.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">He instructed Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson to meet with the congressional leadership.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">In this meeting, Acheson said what was known as the domino theory, that if Greece and Turkey fell, other countries would fall, from Iran in the south to India in the east.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The Republican who controlled Congress agreed to appropriate 400 million dollars in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey provided that the President personally explain the severity of the crisis in a national broadcast before a join session of Congress.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Truman agreed and this speech on March 12 was known as the Truman Doctrine, the commitment of the US to aid economically or militarily any nation threatened by Communism.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 19pt;">Chapter 12: Disarray in Postwar Europe

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Two months before the Truman Doctrine speech the US, British, French and Soviet foreign ministers gathered in Moscow to discuss the future of Germany.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">At Yalta and at Potsdam, it has been agreed that Germany would be reunified under a central and freely elected government.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">French and Soviets were proving quarrelsome over this decision.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">More disputes rose on war reparations and the amount of industry Germany should be allowed, wether the coal and steel industries of Ruhr should be under international control and how centralized the new German government should be.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">No agreement was reached in the end and new US secretary of state George C. Marshall was convinced that Soviets wanted a deadlock since political stalemate worsened the economy in Germany and Western Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The economic and political situation was getting serious in Western Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">6 years of Allied bombing had turn many large cities into rubble, destroying much Europe's of economic infrastructure.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The businesses and factories that survived lacked many industrial supplies to be productive, unemployment was severe and those with jobs were demoralized by constant shortages.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">Food in particular was scarce and millions were on the verge of starvation.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The economic turmoil was also affecting the political situation in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">The British withdrew from Greece and Turkey.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">France and Italy had serious shortages, and Communist movements were gaining electoral ground
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">In Germany, poverty was undermining governmental authority.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">After returning from Moscow, army chief of staff during the war, Marshall, decided that something needed to be done if they were to contain the USSR in their own borders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 25px;">He began instructing Kennan who was recently appointed the State Department's new director of policy, to investigate the economic situation in Europe and what assistance could be provided.

Summary: The Cold war started because of many reasons. These include animosity between USA and USSR after WW1. Later there were also a lot of new alliances such as the Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and Warsaw Pacts that divided USA and USSR and their allies into two different groups. The American hatred of Bolsheviks and their fear os communism also separated them from the USSR. Later stalin found out that the Atomic bomb used by America on Japan was also intended to be for the USSR. These many little things started the Cold War between USA and the USSR.

Questions: Why did the soviets sign the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? Why was it called the Manhattan Project? Where was the first and second meeting between the Big Three? Who aided Greece and Turkey? What was the significant of the Berlin Airlift?