InNo+samuelguo0801+4.21.2011

Awesomeness: This is an event map of the Berlin Airlift. The first level poses the question while the subsequent levels explain that question further.

This is a map of the Berlin Airlift. It shows the location of the American and British zones and their flight paths in to Berlin.

This is a picture of the Truman Doctrine, the speech that Truman made and offered aid and help to any country that was threatened by Communism.

Notes: ** 1. **** The Bolsheviks ** ** a. **** Two revolutions ** i. 1917 March – overthrew Nick II and set up provisional government ii. 1817 November – provisional government overthrown replaced by Lenin’s communist party ** b. **** Lenin’s followers were called the Bolsheviks ** i. //Bolche// means more ** c. **** US – Soviet Relations ** i. The US didn’t care for the Soviets ii. The Bolsheviks wanted to make an international communist state ** d. **** Russian Civil War ** i. US sent in troops to join the White Army against the Bolshevik Reds 1. Forces withdrawn in 1920 ii. USSR was set up in late 1922 ** 2. **** Nazi Non-Aggression Pact ** ** a. **** New economic policy ** i. Soviet government controlled all of the factories, mines, railroads, etc. ii. Only businesses with less than 20 people could operate privately ** b. **** Five year plans ** i. Collected all the peasants and made them develop heavy industry ** c. **** Roosevelt ** i. Saw that non recognition policy didn’t made sense ii. Made it difficult to get Russian cooperation iii. FDR invited Russian prime minister to Washington DC 1. November 17 - had diplomatic relations ** d. **** WWII ** i. Stalin didn’t like Germany but hated Britain and US even more 1. Afraid that he would take the full force of German troops ii. Hinted to Germany that he would negotiate an agreement to neutrality 1. 1939 August, announced the Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Act iii. This was a delaying tactic 1. Five year plans making progress but not ready to wage war 2. Hitler didn’t want the East and West to worry about a. In the end Germany invaded Russia anyway ** 3. **** Marriage of Convenience ** ** a. **** Lend-Lease Act ** i. Passed March 1941 1. Roosevelt persuaded Congress ii. Keep Britain and China afloat iii. Sent Soviets entered war in June 1. Sent them Lend-Lease aid too ** b. **** US Soviet relations ** i. After Soviet joined war they tried to repair their relationships 1. Propaganda of reliable peasants and Uncle Joe ii. They remained uneasy toward each other ** c. **** Second Front ** i. May 1942 1. Stalin sent Foreign Minister to Roosevelt to initiate a second front a. Churchill disagreed i. Thought invading France prematurely could lose the war 1. At first he went along 2. Eventually went to Washington to tell Roosevelt personally ** d. **** Roosevelt agreed to invade North Africa in 1942 ** i. Greatly upset Stalin, taking the full force of German armies ii. Churchill travelled to Russia to placate Stalin ** 4. **** The Big Three at Tehran ** a. Stalin disappointed again when Roosevelt and Churchill postponed invastion of France again ** b. **** First face to face meeting in Tehran ** i. A test of FDR charm against Stalin gruff ii. Sensitive issues included statues of defeated Germany iii. Came up with new cross-channel invasion plan called Overlord 1. Agreed launch date: May 1, 1944 iv. Roosevelt disappointed he couldn’t get personal relationship with Stalin ** 5. **** V. Yalta ** ** a. **** Big Three met again and last time in 1945 at Yalta, Black Sea ** ** b. **** Four issues came up ** i. The creation of League of Nations ii. Future Eastern Europe iii. The status of Germany iv. Soviet entry in to Pacific war ** c. **** Stalin knew his mind and strength ** i. FDR was dying and made it hard to resist Stalin’s demands ** d. **** Stalin wanted: ** i. Veto powers for permanent members ii. Separate assembly seats for Belorussia and Ukraine iii. Stalin wanted recognition for the government he set up in Lublin iv. Wanted 10 billion dollars of war reparation from Germany v. Wanted to take back territory lost in Russo-Japanese War vi. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed 1. Wanted Stalin to feel in a commanding position ** e. **** Stalin’s army occupied within 65 miles of Berlin ** ** 6. **** Division of Germany ** ** a. **** March 1945: US and Britain crossed Rhine ** i. Captured Ruhr Valley ii. Prevent Nazi withdrawing to the Alps iii. Avoid unintentional conflict with Soviet troops b. Eisenhower angry that Berlin was given to the Soviets c. April 16: Soviets attacks Berlin d. April 26: Last phase of battle e. April 30: Hitler suicides in Bunker f. May 2: Berlin surrenders, wanted to surrender to US front i. Truman refused g. May 7: Final surrender i. Germany divided in four: US, France, Britain, Soviets ** 7. **** Manhattan Project ** ** a. **** April 12 1945: Roosevelt dies ** ** b. **** Truman shocked by the work on the Manhattan Project: Develop an atomic bomb ** i. Stimson predicted the world destroyed by this weapon c. The idea started in August 1939, when researching neutron bombardment d. Dec 1942: Enrico Fermi created first atomic chain reaction e. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Washington: scientists worked on refining uranium and plutonium. f. Las Amos, New Mexico: Had bomb testing at a school for boys ** 8. **** Knowledge of the Bomb ** a. April 25: Turman knows that British know bout Manhattan but Soviets don’t know b. Interim Committee: consisted of officials and scientists c. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were identified as targets for attack ** d. **** Brynes changed the language of the surrender terms ** i. Wanted the Japanese to keep fighting ii. Hoped to test the atomic bombs e. Interim committee wanted to use the bombs for world peace f. It was suggested that they fill Soviets in on the bomb, but wanted it to come as a surprise ** 9. **** Postdam ** ** a. **** Truman meets with Churchill and Stalin in Postdam, Berlin ** i. Truman talked bout German occupation, Japan invasion, and the Manhattan Project ii. Stalin confirms him entering the Pacific war on Aug 15 ** b. **** Truman receives cable saying that atomic testing was very good, ** i. Can end war without involving the Soviets c. Truman then told Stalin that there was a new weapon of huge destructive force i. Stalin already knew about Manhattan Project from his spies within ii. Already a Soviet atomic program was progressing d. Britain-American secrecy increased Soviet mistrust e. Truman and Churchill revealed that the bomb was mean for Japan and the USSR ** 10. **** Containment ** a. When they bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima it ruined Soviet American cooperation. b. USSR annexed the Baltic states ** c. **** US embassy Kennan reports the situation in Europe with the Long Telegram ** i. Outlined the strategy of containment ii. April 1947, Kennan publishes reasoning in //Foreign Affairs:// USSR has two goals 1. Security circle around its homeland 2. Spreading Communism to other countries ** d. **** US has four interests: ** i. Western Europe ii. Western Hemisphere iii. Japan iv. Middle East ** e. **** Kennan emphasized that US has to keep pressuring Soviet counterparts to avoid military action for the Cold War ** ** 11. **** Truman Doctrine ** a. Truman knew he couldn’t free Soviet countries easily b. Soviets were the dominant military power in Europe i. They could do whatever they wanted ** c. **** The Soviet expansion was working, more countries becoming communist ** i. Greece ii. Turkey iii. 1947: Britain couldn’t support Greece and Turkey anymore d. Truman thought that only US help could keep them out of communism ** e. **** Dean Acheson came up with the domino theory ** i. If one country fell, the others would follow f. They didn’t want Iran and India to give in to Communism i. Agrees to give 400 million dollars of help to Greece and Turkey ** g. **** May 12: Truman gives speech ** i. Known and the Truman Doctrine ii. Gives help to any country threatened by Communism ** 12. **** Disarray in Post War Europe ** ** a. **** Jan 1947: US, British, French, Soviet foreign ministers discussed in Moscow the future of Germany ** i. Disputes arose 1. War reparations 2. Level of industry permitted in Germany 3. If coal and steel industry should be internationally controlled 4. How centralized German government should be ii. In the end no agreement was reached iii. George Marshall thought that Soviet deliberately did this 1. Political stalemate would only make European economy even worse iv. Economy in danger: 1. Bombings destroyed industry infastructure 2. Businesses were lacking supplied that were necessary for them to be productive 3. Massive unemployment 4. Millions of people starving v. This caused the US authorities to be undermined 1. Places where there are severe shortages Communism gains ground 2. British withdrew from Turkey and Greece ** 13. **** The Marshall Plan ** ** a. **** June 5, Marshall talks to some Harvard gradurates about the problem US faces ** i. US demands are higher than Europe can provide ii. Proposed that Europeans create a plan and that US would be the economic backer ** b. **** The European countries agreed, and joined together with 16 other nations ** c. Soviets and 5 of its states refused to be a part of this i. Thought that this meant a free movement of trade and goods and therefore a free movement of people ** d. **** Western leaders saw his decision to add more tension to international relations. ** e. European recovery plan i. Proposed to the US congress ii. A price of 17 billion dollars iii. Heavy debate over this topic 1. For: Would create European trade 2. Against: US cannot afford this ** f. **** After Czechoslovakia fell to Communism US gave the ERP 13 billion dollars ** i. Most expensive foreign policy in US history g. US became the new global leader ** 14. **** The Berlin Airlift ** a. Soviets wanted a more disintegrated and unstable Germany b. Americans and the British both had zones in Bizonia c. French later had zones in the Trizonia ** d. **** US and Britain introduced a new currency, made former Nazi currency worthless ** i. Day after new currency introduced all vital supplies cut off by Soviets e. April 16-17, 1949: Truman sent over 400 aircrafts a day for 2.5 billion people, cargo planes could only carry 3 tons per flight f. May 12, Soviets lift the blockade g. Through this US showed their power without direct conflict ** 15. **** NATO and the Warsaw Pact ** ** a. **** Truman and Marshall didn’t want to militarize for the Cold War ** i. Would only cause Soviets to do so also b. They believed that the US wouldn’t want to go out side their security corridor c. March 1948: Britain, France, and Benelux signed Treaty of Brussels, provided mutual protection i. But it was useless without US ** d. **** April 1949, formed NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ** i. Formal military alliance between US and European allies 1. Some nations against joining because they were politically, geographically, and cultrally different ii. Offered membership to Turkey and Greece in 1952 iii. West Germany added to NATO in may 1955 ** e. **** Soviets responded to this with the Warsaw Pact ** i. USSR, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania ** 16. **** This Hiss Case ** a. August 3, 1948: Whittaker Chambers testified for espionage b. He told them that he used to be part of a secret Communist group in Washington DC i. Also ratted out another guy, Alger Hiss who accompanied FDR to Yalta ii. August 5, Hiss comes out poised and denies EVERYTHING iii. At first everyone thought Chambers was the spy because he was fidgety 1. After interrogation he was thought to be telling the truth c. August 25, after interrogation, by Nixon, he became less composed and started to reveal his story i. Later on Hiss sued Chambers for slander ii. Chambers produced documents written by Hiss 1. Cannot be determined validity d. Dec 15, Hiss charged of perjury and sentenced 44 months in jail e. Hiss case caused much unrest in American society i. That Communists played a role in everyone’s lives and in the nation’s public life ** 17. **** McCarthyism ** a. 1950: Nixon became famous for his Hiss case and secured a Senate nomination i. His opponent was Gahagan Douglas 1. Nicknamed “Pink Lady”, deemed too soft by Nixon 2. Distributed pink sheets comparing liberal voting records b. After elected to Senate, Nixon joined the Permanent Sub investigation Committee i. Chaired by Arthur McCarthy ** c. **** Feb 9, 1950, McCarthy made Lincoln Day Speech ** i. Pronounced that he had 205 names who were communists and working in State Department 1. Raised mass hysteria 2. Never showed anyone the list of names 3. No one was ever caught < FAIL 4. Fears of Communism was aroused ** d. **** Fears of communism came from: ** i. Hiss case ii. August 1949, the explosion of the Soviet atomic bomb iii. Victory of Mao’s Communists in China ** e. **** Result was compliant Americans ** ** 18. **** NSC-68 ** ** a. **** Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947 ** i. Because of WWII and the increasing threat of Soviets ii. Caused the reorganization of government military and foreign military establishments 1. Combined War and Navy departments in to Department of Defense 2. Created CIA, in charge of security in the executive branch b. Jan 1950, Truman requests NSC to review US national security strategy ** c. **** NSC-68, a 58 page memorandum ** i. Written by State Departments policy planning staff (replaced Keenan) ii. Laid out plans for US national security for the next 20 years iii. Includes: 1. Defeat of Germany and Japan, decline of Britain, leaving US and USSR only two remaining world powers 2. USSR was the opposite of US and wanted to take over the world 3. Caused a huge military buildup that was meant to counter the threat of Soviets ** d. **** Keenan was opposed to this ** i. Convinced that the threat was political ii. Did not believe that USSR wants to take over the world iii. Thought military buildup would destabilize US e. Keenan was winning the argument until North Korea attacked South Korea i. Republicans said that Truman was too soft ** f. **** GDP spend on military increased from 5% to 14% in the next three years. ** Questions: 1. What is the significance of the Berlin Airlift? 2. What was the Marshall Plan? 3. What was the Truman Doctrine? 4. What is the significance of NSC-68? 5. Why was Keenan opposed to the NSC-68?
 * The roots of the Cold War **

Summary: The Cold War started because of many different reasons, the main one being the growing animosity that seemed to be prevalent between the USA and USSR after World War II ended. Several events worsened the relationship between USSR, US, and Britain, such as postponing the invasion of German-occupied France, and keeping Stalin in the dark about the Manhattan Project. During the aftermath of the Second World War, the US had many ideas for economy recovery, but Stalin disagreed with many of them. As the US began to persecute and punish communists all over the nation, they also began to build up their military in order to meet the new Soviet threats, and this has caused the Soviets to worry a lot.