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**__ Roots of the Cold War __**

1. __The Bolsheviks__  - March, a coalition of antitsarist group overthrew repressive regime of Nic. II  - Prince Georgy Lvov led provisional gov., later Alexander Kerensky  - November, Lenin’s Communist Party overthrew Kerensky in name of soviets  - Lenin’s followers = Bolsheviks – from Russian word __bolse__ (more)  - 1918 March, Bolsheviks signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Central Power  o Russia was out of war  - Bolsheviks wanted international communist state > capitalism  o Established Comintern (Communist International)  § Work “by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie”  - US supported anti-Bolsheviks Whites against Reds  - After defeating the Whites, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established, 1922  - USSR not recognized by US until 1933

2. __The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact__  - Soviet state controlled all factories, mines, railroads, etc.  - Under 5-Year Plans, Soviet state moved toward even greater economic control  o Forcibly collectivized peasantry and compelled rapid development of new heavy industry  - Franklin Roosevelt soon realized US policy of nonrecognition did not make sense <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Difficult to obtain Soviet cooperation <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR invited Soviet minister Maxim Litvinov to Washington and the 2 agreed on formal diplomatic relations <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin did not trust British and French more than Germans <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact negotiated <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hitler invaded Soviet Union in 1941 June, wanting Britain to surrender

3. __A Marriage of Convenience__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - March 1941, FDR persuaded Congress to pass Lend-Lease Act, wanting to support countries against Germany + Japan <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Efforts to improve relationship of US and Soviet were made, but both could not set aside US’s animosity of Bolshevism <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR promised Soviet minister Molotov invasion of German-occupied France before end of the year <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Winston Churchill thought that invading France = losing the war <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Persuaded FDR to invade North Africa LATER in 1942 <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Stalin was extremely upset because of his fear of Hitler

4. __The Big Three at Tehran__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin disappointed again when FDR and Churchill postponed invasion of France once more <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Due to Britain’s economic interest in Mediterranean, they decided to invade Sicily – Stalin became more suspicious after seeing Churchill pursuing imerial self-interest at expense of Russian lives <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 1st face-to-face meeting happened 1943 November Tehran (FDR, Church, Stal.) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - according to US ambassador, Stalin was better informed than FDR, more realistic than Churchill, and in some way most effective <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - focus of the conference was new cross-Channel invasion plan code-named Overlord that would happen in 1944

5. __Yalta__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Big Three met again in Feb. 1945 at Yalta, final time <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 4 main issues: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o creation of organization to succeed the League of Nations <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o future of Eastern Europe (esp. Poland) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o status of Germany <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Soviet entry into the Pacific War <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin wanted: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Veto power for permanent members of Security Council and separate General Assembly seats for Belorussia (White Russia) and Ukraine <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Recognition of Communist government <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o 10 billion dollars worth of industrial equipment from defeated Germany <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Leave to annex the Kurile Islands, taking back all lost territory to Japan <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin was in best position due to Red Army’s 4 years of fighting <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US and Britain could not do anything

6. __The Division of Germany__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After crossing Rhine in March 1945, Allied commander Eisenhower had 3 main goals: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o capture the Ruhr Valley, Germany’s industrial heartland <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o prevent Nazi withdrawal <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o avoid unintentional clash with Soviet troops <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Eisenhower sent info to Stalin through a cable <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Churchill did not agree because the political subtext was clear: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Eisenhower was giving Berlin to the Soviets <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 16, Soviets began attacking German capital <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 26, SS units roaming city and killing all German soldiers <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - April 30, Hitler committed suicide <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Hitler’s successor Dönitz offered peace with western Allies so that Germans could keep fighting Soviets, thinking that anticommunist alliance made sense <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New US president Harry Truman refused, saying Germany should surrender <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - May 7 Germany finally surrendered and divided into 4 zones <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o US, Britain, France, and USSR controlled them

7. __The Manhattan Project__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - FDR died April 12, 1945, new president Truman learned about what he did in New Mexico <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Manhattan Project: code name for US developing atomic bomb <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Truman was shocked and said modern civilization will be destroyed <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Manhattan project: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Origin, 1939 Leo Szilard persuaded Einstein to write letter to FDR of troubling developments in nuclear physics <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Supervised by Major Gen. Leslie R. Groves <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o First major step December 1942, Enrico Fermi created 1st controlled nuclear chain reaction <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Most famous site at Los Alamos, testing taking place at private school for boys

8. __Knowledge of the Bomb__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - British knew about Manhattan P., Soviets didn’t <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Churchill and FDR both advised to tell Stalin, but they didn’t <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - They thought Soviets were important audience like the Japanese <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Interim Committee did not only want to destroy Japan <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o It had other goals <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Higher cause of world peace required cautionary slaughter <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Oppenheimer said if they told Soviets about the bomb before usage, it would be better <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Byrnes and others disagreed and said usage of bomb should be followed by postwar co-op.

9. __Potsdam__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - July 1945, Truman met Churchill + Stalin in Berlin suburb of Potsdam discussing: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o German occupation <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o For Truman: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Invasion of Japan <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § Manhattan P. <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin promised to enter Pacific War and informed allies that he received peace overtures from Japan (they knew already though) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman finally told Stalin about bomb 1 week after meeting <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Stalin’s deepest fear: bomb meant for Moscow next due to mistrust

10. __Containment__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - after bombing of both Japan cities, Soviet-American co-op. died <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan’s Long Telegram outlines strategy the basis of postwar US foreign policy <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - In Kennan’s view postwar UUSR had 2 goals: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Establish security corridor <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Export Communism to other countries <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - He discussed 4 regions of vital interest to US: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Western Europe <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Western Hemisphere <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Japan <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Middle East

11. __The Truman Doctrine__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets became leading military power in Europe <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Communists-led insurgency gaining ground in Greece <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets put Turkish gov. under pressure <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Britain could no longer give Greece and Turkey aid in 1947 Feb. <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - A whole line of countries would fall if Greece and Turkey did <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Republicans gave 400 million dollars and military aid to Greece and Turkey <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Truman Doctrine: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Commitment of US to aid any nation threatened by Communism

12. __Disarray In Postwar Europe__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 2 weeks before Truman Doc. US BRITAIN FRANCE SOVIET foreign ministers discussed future of Germany in Moscow <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Germany would be reunified under central, free elected gov. <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Problems: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Whether coal and steel industries in Germany should be under intl. control <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o How centralized new German gov. should be <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o No agreement made <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Unemployment was severe, constant shortages, lack of food <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Marshall told Kennan to investigate economic situation and see what assistance US can give

13. __The Marshall Plan__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Marshall said US was facing problems in Europe <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - He wanted Europe nations to make join recovery plan based on principles of self-help, resource sharing, and German reintegration <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o US to fund it <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Britain and France accepted quickly while Stalin opposed because 1 being: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Vision of an integrated European market <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Euro plan became European Recovery Program (ERP) and it was 17 billion dollars <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Marshall Plan = most expensive foreign policy in US history <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Signaled America’s embrace of new role as global leader

14. __The Berlin Airlift__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Americans + British = Bizonia, later French joined = Trizonia <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - US + Britain introduced the Deutsche mark – new currency made shops continue with real money <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets cut off road, rail and water access, so Brit. + US + France used airlift as last option <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 1949 April 16-17 400 Allied aircrafts delivered 13000 tons of cargo <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - West Berlin = symbol of US resolve to counter Soviet aggression without direct conflict

15. __Nato and the Warsaw Pact__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Militarization of Cold War = unwise and necessary because: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Soviets not likely to deploy armed force beyond Eastern European security corridor <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Economic + political counter-pressure is enough to meet forms of expansionism <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Negotiations began with Washington concerning formal, permanent military alliance between US and Euro allies <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o North Atlantic Treaty happened, and established NATO (national atlantic treaty organization) <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Norway, Iceland, Portugal proposed by US, and resisted by other Euro members that they were too disparate <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Soviets had creation of a rival military alliance – Warsaw Treaty Organization or Warsaw Pact with USSR and its client states in Eastern Europe

16. __The Hiss Case__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - //Time// magazine senior editor Whittaker Chambers called to testify <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o said he was part of Communist cell in DC <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o said another member was Alger Hiss, former State Department official and accompanied FDR <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Chambers was telling the truth, although Hiss seemed calm <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Chambers showed State Department documents from 1937 and ’38 in Hiss’s handwriting

17. __McCarthyism__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Nixon became very famous during Hiss case <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After elected to the Senate, joined Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by McCarthy <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - McCarthy delivered Lincoln Day speech to Republican Women’s Club of Wheeling <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Ended his obscurity overnight and wave of anti-communist hysteria happened <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Period named after him because of frequent use of misrepresentation and innuendo he specialized <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - The charge McCarthy made about Communist infiltration of the State Department began a destructive crusade that manipulated domestic fears for political gain

18. __NSC-68__ <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - National Security Act reorganized gov’s military and foreign policy establishments <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - New law streamlined armed forces by consolidating the War and Navy Departments into a s single Department of Defense <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - CIA created too <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 48 page memorandum designated NSC-68 made <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o laid out detail of national security strategy that the US would follow for next 20 years <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Paul Nitze (replaced Kennan)’s group had 2 premises: <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o US and USSR were only the only 2 world powers because of decline of the others <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o USSR had faith again and would be able to take over rest of the world <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan criticized Nitze’s assertion that Soviets would have world domination <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Kennan’s point seemed true until Communist North Korea invaded South Korea <span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Next 3 years, Truman administration tripled defense spending

__**Summary**__ The Cold War happened mainly because of the conflict between 3 countries that were once allies: Britain, America, and Russia. America and Britain had plans and hid many from Stalin, but Stalin knew a lot of their plans, and he started mistrusting them more and more. America tried helping Europe's problems with the help of Britain and France, but Stalin did not help. Soviets joined up with USSR and made a new military alliance. Each nation was trying to get stronger than the other, as US had the atomic bomb, Stalin was also afraid he was going to be their next target, and US also increased their military instead of a non-violent take.

1. When the Soviets tried making obstacles for US and Britain during the Berlin Airlift, what did they do instead? 2. What is the Marshall Plan known as in US history? 3. When did the first face-to-face meeting happen between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin? 4. Who gave aid to Greece and Turkey when Britain had to finally deal with her own problems? 5. What did FDR and Churchill see the Soviets as, making them decide not to tell Stalin about the bomb?
 * __Questions:__**