Revolution+and+Terror+(Pg.+39-49)+JonathanK2013+09.07.2010

=Revolution and Terror (Pg. 39-49)=

War (20th April 1792)

 * 20th April 1792, France declared war on Austria
 * French Armies attacked bases across the frontier or Belgium, attack failed
 * **﻿** **"Austrian Committee"**
 * Rumors there this committee, in the Tuileries Palace, passing France military secrets to the Austrians, **people got scared**
 * Prussia joined forces with Austria in May, **people got more afraid**
 * Assembly took emergency measures to deal with this situation
 * Ordered every soldier in Paris to the frontier
 * Put a watch on foreigners
 * Decided that priests who still refused to take and oath of loyalty should be expelled from the country
 * 11th July declared that **"The Fatherland is in Danger"**
 * **Difficult Position** for Louis, **Louis disagreed** with these measurements, especially **measure against the priests**
 * These measures angered 20,000 of his opponents, broke into the Tuileries on 20 June and shouting abuse at him
 * **Brunswick Manifesto**
 * In July, enemy commander, the Duke of Brunswick, issued this statement that threatened the people of Paris with terrible punishments if Louis was harmed
 * More **Difficult Position** for Louis
 * Put Louis in great danger
 * The Assembly responded by giving weapons to all citizens to protect themselves, citizens wanted to get rid of the monarchy and set up a new kind of system in which they had power

** The Storming of Tuileries (10th August 1792) **
 * === 20,000 armed people marched into the Tuileries[[image:Jonath.jpeg align="right" caption="Storming of Tuileries"]] ===
 * They wanted to de-throne Louis
 * National Guards helped them
 * Swiss guards tried to defend the King but were outnumbered, 600 of them were killed

**The Overthrow of Monarchy**
 * Attack on Tuileries led to the end of Monarchy
 * Louis and his family was imprisoned
 * **Convention**
 * New Assembly after the fall of Monarchy
 * First Action: On **21st September 1792**, they de-throned Louis and declared that France was now a republic
 * Louis **Beheaded** on **21st January 1793**

**The Sans Culottes**
 * People who overthrown the King called themselves **Sans Culottes[[image:HAHAHAA.jpg align="right" caption="San Cuolottes"]]**
 * They were the working people in Paris, their jobs ranged
 * Hated Nobles
 * Hated Monarchy, Republicans
 * Claimed the rights to hold weapons
 * September 1792, they broke into the Prisons of Paris and murdered 1,400 prisoners whom they suspected of supporting the Austrians

**The War Spreads**
 * Execution of Louis angered fellow Monarchs all over Europe
 * They joined forces in their war against France
 * Aim: Coalition, or alliance, was to destroy the new French Republic
 * France wanted to fight these people and spread the revolution to the rest of Europe
 * France was at war with most of Europe
 * France armies got beaten
 * French Commander, General Dumouriez went to the other side

**Inflation and Shortage**
 * **Assignats**
 * Paper Money
 * the French Government printed huge amounts of them because prices of food was increasing
 * The more bank notes printed, the less they were worth
 * Currency suffering from inflation
 * February 1793, bank note was worth half the amount printed on it
 * Bread became scarce because farmers did not want to sell their grain for bank notes that were losing their value
 * Hungry **Sans Culottes** began raiding shops and food stores to get food

**Rebellion**
 * Government ordered an extra 300,000 men to join the armies, to defend
 * This order deeply unpopular
 * Thousands of peasants joint an armed rebellion against the government
 * War led to a conflict between two groups of politicians: **The Jacobins and the Girondins**
 * **The Jacobins**
 * Supported by **Sans Culottes**
 * **The Girondins**
 * Help most of the important posts in the government
 * Jacobins blamed the Girondins for France's defeat on the battle field which allowed the food prices to rise
 * 2nd June, angry crowd of Sans Culottes broke into the Convention and expelled leading Girondins
 * Triggered a spring of revolts in provinces which supported the Girondins

The Reign of Terror
**Law of Suspects (September 1793)** **The Guillotine** **Terror in the Provinces** **Terror in the Armies** **Economic Terror** **Terror and the Church** **Results of the Terror** **The Coup of Thermidor**
 * **Committee of Public Safety (Reign of Terror)**
 * Twelve members who had the power to do anything they thought necessary to save France
 * Used power to run France very strictly and imposed harsh punishments on opponents
 * Groups of citizens in every town had to draw up a list of people they thought were opposing the government
 * In the year that followed, quarter million people were arrested and put into prison
 * Suspects were sent to Paris for trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal
 * Special court set up to deal with political offenses
 * A machine designed to execute people
 * Doctor Guillotine first suggested it
 * Meant to be quicker and less painful
 * **Maria Antoinette executed** in October 1793 for treason
 * Committee of Public Safety took very strong measures to crush the revolts in the countryside
 * Over hundred of Representatives of the Convention were sent to provinces to restore order
 * When the guillotine proved too slow to execute captured rebels
 * He drowned them in the River Loire (2,000 people died)
 * In Lyon, prisoners were lined up in front open graveyards and blasted them with cannon fire
 * In August 1793, the Convention ordered a **"Mass Levy"** of the French people
 * Every citizen had to take an active part in the war effort
 * Unmarried men had to join the army to fight
 * Married men were to make weapons
 * Women were to make tents and serve in hospitals
 * Children were to make bandages and gunpowder
 * Increased French armies to 800,000 men, three times Coalition's army
 * Generals who did not win battles were replaced by younger officers who proved their ability in battle
 * **Law of the Maximum (September 1793)**
 * Prices of forty goods (corn, floor, firewood, oil etc) must stay fixed until further notice
 * People's wages must stay fixed
 * Breaking Maximum resulted in death penalty
 * Many Christian religions disappeared due to the terror
 * **Sans Culottes** closed down many churches
 * Claimed Christianity was 'superstition'
 * Convention introduced a **new calender**
 * Years no longer counted from the birth of Christ but from when the Republic was formed (September 1792)
 * 1792-93 was re-named Year One
 * Terror happened in Year Two
 * Year = 12, 30 day months (names of months: describes their weather and growing seasons)
 * Months = 3, 10 day weeks
 * Sunday was abolished
 * Committee of Safety saved France form collapse
 * By mid 1794, the French Armies had driven their enemies out of France
 * France **occupied Austrian Netherlands**
 * Representative crushed all revolts in Provinces
 * **Price of Success:**
 * 35,000 - 40,000 people died
 * Everybody's rights and freedom had been limited
 * Prices were still rising
 * Committee became a kind of twelve-man dictatorship
 * 1794, the Committee became very unpopular
 * Because they thought the Committee had too much power
 * No need for terror because revolts were over
 * Wages were help down by Maximum law while prices still rising
 * On 27th July 1794-9 Thermidor, Year Two on the new calender
 * Committee's leading member, Robespierre, with his supporters, were arrested and executed
 * Reduced power of Committee
 * Got rid of Revolutionary Tribunal
 * Terror came to an end

**Summary:**
=== France went to war with most of Europe but lost. Many things that happened put Louis XVI in a bad position, example, enemy commander put a statement that whoever harms Louis would get punished. The Assembly then gave the citizen's weapons to defend themselves which in the end, were used to kill Louis XVI. Monarch's form all over Europe heard of Louis's death and joined forces against France. France then ordered everyone to help with the war which caused a high rise in prices. Then there was a rebellion between two parties, the Jacobins and Girondins, they accused each other of many things which then tore France apart. The Convention then creates and Committee of Public Safety. Their main purpose was to do anything to save France, they killed many people who they suspected were helping the Austrians and stopped revolts in the provinces. Guillotine was invented for a faster and easier way to kill, but it was not fast enough so they show and drowned them to make it faster. They made everyone either join or help the army in some way, this resulted in prices increasing and the value of money decreasing. Christianity was then banned by the Sans Culottes (People who overthrown the King). After that Committee became very unpopular. Also the people think that Committee of Public Safety had too much power. the Convention then killed the leader of the Committee of Public Safety which reduced their power. ===

**Question:**
Why was the Convention unpopular? Why was the Committee of Public Safety unpopular, without them France would be torn apart.

Question Didn't the rebels outnumber the Committee of Public Safety? Can't it be overthrown? Was the Convention as unpopular as the monarch? Why was there no rebellion after the reign of terror?