INO-+French+Revolution+Notes+September+8+2010

= French Revolution Notes Pg. 38-48 = toc

= Awesome = Check out the website below for more information how a guillotine works:

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= Notes =

War
- War began on 20 April 1792 - People blamed for traitors - Such measures put Louis in a difficult position - Louis' position more difficult in July
 * France declared war on Austria
 * hoping for quick win-> attack bases in Belgium
 * = Defeat, Austria was more organized
 * rumor= "Austrian Committee in the palace, passing French military secrets
 * fears increased, Prussian joined Austria
 * Assembly took emergency measures
 * every soldier on frontier
 * watch on all foreigners
 * clergy who refused the oath, expelled
 * 11 July, "Fatherland in Danger"
 * appealed all citizens to join army
 * disagreed with measures against the priests
 * angered French people, 20,000
 * broke into palace and shouted abuse at him
 * enemy commander: Duke of Brunswick, issued Brunswick Manifesto
 * Harming Louis= harsh punishment
 * things spread to the Assembly
 * they decided to give everyone guns so they could defend themselves
 * this = they could do whatever they wanted

Storming of Tuileries
- August 10 1792 20,000 armed men and women marched to the palace
 * dethroning Louis
 * helped by National Guards (blue)
 * Swiss Guards defended the king (red)
 * Swiss were out numbered
 * retreated, caught up, and N.G.s killed 600 men

The Overthrow of the Monarchy
- attack of Tuileries quickly led to the fall of monarchy
 * Louis suspended from office and his family put into prison
 * a new assembly called the Convention were the new law-making body
 * 21 September 1792, dethroned Louis, = France is republic
 * 2 months later, he was put on trial, guilty, then beheaded in public
 * 21 January 1793

The sans culottes
//-// People who overthrew the king called themselves
 * working people of France. craftsmen-> laundry women
 * although varied in work, and income, they had common ideas and acted the same
 * hated nobles
 * men didn't wear knee breaches
 * refused to use any words that relate to the nobles
 * Republican, hated monarchy
 * thought power should belong to ordinary people like them
 * believed strongly that people should have the right to vote and equal rights
 * allowed to use and carry weapons against their opponents
 * broke into prison and murdered 1,400 inmates who they suspected to support the Austrians

The War Spreads
- the execution shocked many people in France
 * fellow monarchs joined the Prussian and Austrian to defeat the new Republic France
 * wanted to fight, spread the word all over France
 * declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain. basically in war with most of Europe
 * Disaster: Austria beat several battles against the French in the Netherlands
 * French general, Dumouriez abandoned his men and went on the Austrian side

Inflation and Shortages
- War facing many difficulties with the new government
 * high price of food
 * assignats to pay for war
 * Feb 1793 a bank note worth only half the amount than actual
 * farmers didn't want to sell their crops for less amount of bank notes
 * san culottes began to raid shops for food

Rebellion
- 3rd major problem: government ordered an extra 300,000 men to join the army
 * unpopular
 * west of France, Vendee: royalists
 * many joined an armed rebellion against the govt.
 * war led to a conflict between 2 groups of politicians in the convention
 * Girondins: most important posts in the govt.
 * Jacobins: supported by san culottes, blamed the Girondins on the defeat and allowing food prices to rise
 * June 2, angry san culottes broke into the convention and expelled major Girondin leaders
 * triggered revolts from other provinces
 * summer 1793, 60 out of 83 departments was revolting against the govt.

The Reign of Terror
- faced with al these disasters, convention set up an emergency group called the Committee of Public Safety
 * 12 members who had the power to do anything they thought necessary to save France
 * they used this power to run France under strict rules
 * Reign of Terror

The Law of Suspects
- began with "Law of Suspects" in Sept. 1793
 * citizens from every towns draw up a list for people who they think were opposed to the govt
 * almost anyone could fall under suspicion
 * who "by their behavior, their contacts, their words, or their writings, showed themselves to be enemies of liberty"
 * over a quater of a million suspects were arrested and put to prison
 * put to trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal
 * special court set up to deal with political offenses
 * around half were death sentences

the Guillotine
- death sentences were carried out by beheading with a guillotine
 * invented by Doctor Guillotin
 * meant for a quicker and less painful way for beheading
 * 17,000 killed, first was Marie Antoinette for treason

Terror in the Provinces
- the Committee took very strong measures to crush the revolts in the countrysides
 * over 100 representatives of convention were sent to the provinces with instructions to do anything necessary to restore order
 * in Vendee, Representative on Mission was Jean-Baptiste Carrier
 * guillotine was too slow, he had them drowned in boatloads in River Loire. 2,000 died
 * To speed up execution, canons were fired at a line of prisoners

Terror in the Armies
- in August 1793, the Convention ordered a "Mass Levy"
 * every citizen must take part in war effort
 * unmarried men had to join the army
 * married men had to make weapons
 * women had to make tents and serve in hospitals
 * children were to make gunpowder and badges
 * Mass Levy increased the army to 800,000 men, 3 times the size of Coalition's armies
 * made sure strict discipline was kept
 * generals who did not win battles were replaced by younger officers who proved themselves in battles

Economic Terror
- tried to stop the rise in food prizes by the Law of Maxium
 * all forty goods must stay fixed until further notice
 * people's wages too
 * break of this will result in a death penalty

Terror and the Church
- Terror led to the disappearance of Christianity in many parts of France
 * san culottes closed down churches, robbed their bells, silvers and sacked the priests
 * in many towns, the Cult of Reason based on the revolutionary ideas such as Liberty replaced Christianity
 * new calendar: years not counted from the birth of Christ, instead from 1792 and onwards
 * Sunday was abolished

Results of the Terror
- the Committee of Public Safety did save France from collapse - 35000-45000 had died of execution or the overcrowded of prisons
 * mid 1794, French armies had driven their enemies out of France and had occupied the Austrian Netherlands
 * crushed revolts
 * food price rose but able to prevent famine
 * everybody's rights and freedoms had been severely limited
 * the Committee sort of became a 12 men dictatorship

the Coup of Thermidor
- summer of 1794, the Committee was unpopular - on July 1794-9, the Convention decided to get rid of the Committee's leading member, Robespierre, along with his supporters
 * many deputies in the Convention disliked for its over power
 * others disliked it because they could not see the use of terror when the revolts were over and France winning the war
 * even the san culottes were unhappy because their wages were held down by the Law of Maximum
 * 21 were executed and 96 the day after
 * when Robespierre died, the Convention lowered the power of the Committee
 * freed hundreds of suspects, abolished the Law of Maximum and got rid of the Revolutionary Tribunal
 * Terror = END :D

= Summary = 1. France declared war on Austria, since they demanded for a quick victory, however they were defeated. Later, Prussia joined Austria causing more fear for the people. "The Fatherland is in Danger" caused many people to join the army. The Brunswick Manifesto was created after abusing Louis at his palace to protect Louis. This caused the Convention to allow people carry and use guns to defend themselves. 2. the Storming of Tuileries was to dethrone Louis. The National Guards vs, the Swiss Guards. The Swiss were outnumbered. Soon, Louis was suspended out of office and his family put into prison. Later, Louis was beheaded in public. 3. the people who overthrew the government called themselves the San Culottes. They were Republicans which hated monarchy. They once broke in prisons and killed 1,400 men who they suspect were helping the Austrians. 4. the execution of Louis shocked the public. Later, France declared war on almost all of Europe and they were in big trouble. Because the government had to pay for war, they printed more bank notes, this caused inflation. That wasn't the only problem. The need for men caused the government to order an extra of 300,000 to join the army. The Jacobins blamed the Girondins for the problems France was facing. The san culottes broke into the convention and killed the Girondin leaders. This made the people really unhappy and some decided to start armed revolts against the government. 5. Because of all the chaos caused, the Committee of Public Safety was formed. It consisted of 12 members who had enough power to do whatever they think were important for France. First they started the Law of Suspects. Every town in France were allowed to write who they think were the suspects of helping the Austrians. Over a quater of suspects were arrested and put to prison. Those who had death sentences were put to death by a newly invented machine: guillotine.

= Question = 1. why did the government allow the san culottes do all these without their permission?