inNO+julies+2013.+09.+12.+10+ch.+3

=Chapter 3 - The Rise of Napoleon=


 * When the terror ended the French wanted to start a new type of government
 * 1795 - 1799 the government was governed by directors, and behind them were the Councils
 * This was not done well
 * Prices went up
 * Lost money
 * Money lost its value
 * Starvation
 * 1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte took over the government

=Napoleon the Soldier=

Napoleon's background:

 * Born island Corsica in 1769
 * Born French, parents were Italian
 * 9 years old sent to school in France
 * 7 years in military school, 16 years old he left as a lieutenant in the French army
 * During the Revolutionary war, he became general ( 24 years old)
 * 1794 - his career was nearly wrecked
 * When his friend Robespierre was over thrown, he was arrest along with his Robespierre's brothers
 * Released him later, wasn't guilty

Napoleon's Italian Campaign
 * Directors took power in 1795, continued the Revolutionary War against Coalition
 * French armies were large
 * Conquered Holland and Belgium
 * Next target was Italy
 * 1796 - he was made the commander of the Italian army
 * He lead his armies to many wins over the Austrians
 * Oct 1797 - Italy was under France's control
 * Napoleon was famous

Napoleon in Eqypt
 * He was put in charge of the 'Army of the East'
 * Ordered to attack Britain's trade and colonies
 * Began by invading Egypt
 * Egyptians were quickly defeated in the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798
 * Never got to India
 * His ships that had sailed his army to Egypt were sunk but then British
 * They couldn't go to India nor could they go back to France
 * 1799 - learned from his defeats
 * Regels had destroyed large parts of France
 * Country was almost bankrupt
 * Directors were facing strong opposition in the Council
 * Napoleon left his army in Egypt and went back to France so they would't get defeated

Napoleon seizes power
 * A director closed the Council and a started a new government
 * Napoleon was asked to provide military backing
 * Napoleons's brother Lucien, was the President of one of the councils
 * Nov 9, 1799 Councils attacked, a strong was made of the that the rebels about to capture Pairs
 * Napoleon became commander of all the troops in Pairs
 * Soldiers forced the other three Directors to resign
 * Napoleon found out about the lie
 * Took an Oath to defend the Directory
 * Deputies wanted to kill Napoleon
 * Guards were getting hurt defending Napoleon
 * Soldiers were also defending him
 * People got scared by the Soldiers

The Consulate

 * Within a month France had a new government
 * France was to be governed by three Consuls
 * First consuls having poor to make decisions
 * Other two consuls were to advise him
 * Napoleon was head of the government
 * Four new councils were created
 * Most powerful - Council of State - helped write new las and discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * A senate - a tribunate and a legislative body also shared in making laws and appointment of officials
 * There was a vote on weather the people liked the government or not

Victory in war
 * First task defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition
 * Planned to do this by attacking the Austrian forces in north Italy
 * He brought his army across Switzerland and the Alps
 * Took longer than excepted
 * Attacked Marengo a village, Napoleon's men were out numbered and were tired
 * They were on the point of defeat when reserve troops unexpectedly arrived to fight and drove the Austrians back
 * The French won the battle of Marengo
 * Defeated Austrians abandoned north Italy
 * Later that year, another French army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Hohenlinden in Germany
 * 1801 - a peace treaty was signed, France was on control over Belgium, of German lands on the river Rhine and of north Italy

The Making of a Legend
 * Napoleon was France's legend
 * Paintings were painted of Napoleon



Napoleon was thought of as a legend, so they made the original picture more legendary

The Concordat and the Catholic Church
 * Now France was at peace, Napoleonhad time to deal with some problems
 * Churches had been closed and France was 'de-christianised'
 * Millions of loyal Catholics hated this
 * Western France people tried to overthrow the government
 * He had to end this religious conflict
 * He began to allow people to take sundays of
 * 1801 - signed an agreement with the pope called the concordat
 * Catholics were allow to worship freely again
 * In return, Napoleon was appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * Churches reopened
 * Gave him the support of many people

Reforms
 * 1802 - Napoleon made peace with Europe
 * He was made 'consul-for-life'
 * Revoted


 * He started to reform the way France was run
 * 1802 - began the reform of the the country's schools
 * His reforms were put into books
 * Reforms were made into laws
 * Individual rights, freedom of belief and equality were all included in his books

Napoleon becomes Emperor
 * 1804 - Napoleon increased his power, making himself emperor
 * France became an empire after 12 years of being republic
 * He brought back things that had ben abolished during the Revolution
 * He wanted to be crowned in a coronation ceremony like that old French kings had been
 * Brought back the noble titles for members of his family
 * His brother Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire
 * 1808 - he created an Imperial Nobility consisting of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights
 * 1804 - French republic had been replaced with an Empire, the Catholic Church had been restored, and people could become nobles once again
 * THE REVOLUTION WAS OVER