InNo+mengxinw2013 11.30.10


 * AWESOME PART **


 * Rank of Countries' Suffering Due to WWI** (based on the loss of men and soil)
 * 1) 1 - Germany
 * 2) 2 - Russia
 * 3) 3 - France
 * 4) 4 - Austria-Hungary
 * 5) 5 - Britain
 * 6) 6 - Italy
 * 7) 7 - Turkish Empire
 * 8) 8 - United States
 * 9) 9 - Bulgaria
 * 10) 10 - Belgium


 * Treaty of Versailles Cartoon
 * [] **(sorry picture wouldn't load properlyT_T)****
 * This treaty shows how German was "wounded" by the peace treaty and Wilson**


 * NOTES PART 1 **


 * Great Suffering****
 * France**
 * · Worst fighting took place in France **
 * · Area larger than Wale was totally ruined **
 * · Good farm land churned into useless mud by millions of high-explosive shells **
 * · Countless farm animals turned into food **
 * · 2 million people fleed **
 * · ¾ million destroyed **
 * · factories, roads, and railway lines wrecked **
 * · lots of casualties in of French soldiers **
 * Belgium**
 * · Great War started in Belgium **
 * · Most of the country occupied by Germany for 4 years **
 * · Germans stripped machinery from factories, took crops, rationed food, melted metal, and shot rebels **
 * · Cities ruined by fighting and lay in rubble **
 * · 50,000 soldiers dead **
 * Britain**
 * · suffered less than either French or Belgians **
 * · no part was ever occupied by enemy **
 * · lots of casualties **
 * · government deeply in debt, about one billion borrowed from Americans **
 * Italy**
 * · Italians joined war because Allies promised to give Austrian land when fighting was over **
 * · 3 years of fighting, many dead, and north-east Italy devastated **
 * Russia**
 * · only Allied country to surrender **
 * · mass hunger and death **
 * · revolutions broke out; Bolsheviks took control, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk **
 * United States**
 * · suffered least of all the countries **
 * · lost relatively less amount of soldiers **
 * Germany**
 * · very little fighting took place on her soil **
 * · nearly 2 million soldiers killed **
 * · revolution started, causing chaos **
 * · after fighting, British Navy blockaded Germany’s ports to stop supplies getting in **
 * · way to make sure German army could not renew war but people who suffered were ordinary people **
 * · food ships unable to reach their ports, millions of Germans faced starvation **


 * Suffering of War****
 * · Central Powers suffered heavy losses **
 * · Austria lost lots of men, as well as Turkish Empire; Bulgaria lost relatively less **
 * · Tired and hungry people hit by epidemic of Spanish influenza **
 * · More than 25 million people died because of it **
 * · Leaders of victorious nation determined that such a war must never happen again **
 * · Must make treaties with defeated countries to ensure peace **


 * Paris Peace Conference****
 * · Met in Paris to talk about how to ensure peace **
 * · Biggest peace conference ever held in world’s history **
 * · Politicians from 32 nations gathered in Paris; each full of his own ideas and expectations **
 * · Three took control of the talks, known as Big Three **
 * o David Lloyd George – PM of Britain **
 * o Georges Clemenceau – PM of France **
 * o Woodrow Wilson – President of USA **
 * · Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay a lot to France; made so weak she could never attack France again, meaning land, industry, and armed forces taken away **
 * · Wilson wanted to make futures wars impossible by creating fair peace; countries to deal openly with each other, countries reduce their armed forces and weapons, people living under rule of foreign must be allowed to form their own nations and choose their own government, and countries should belong to new organization for keeping peace in the world; Wilson disagreed with Clemenceau for Germany to pay cost of war damage **
 * · David George agreed with may of Wilson’s points; if defeated nations were treated too harshly, they would become angry and resentful; British public wanted George to be tough with Germany; ambitious politicians encouraged anti-Germany feelings in Britain **


 * Making the Peace****
 * · Wilson was only one of Big Three who had detailed ideas for making peace, quickly got his own way **
 * · Politicians set up League of Nations **
 * · Turned to problem of national self-determination – where people living under rule of foreign empires must be allowed to form own nations and choose their own government **
 * · Italian politicians demanded Italians living under Austrian rule must be re-united with Italy **
 * · Poles living in Russian, Austrian, and Germany territory demanded nation of their own **
 * · Czechs and Yugoslavs wanted as much land as they could get **
 * · Peace Conference became free-for-all where victors competed with each other to carve up lands of defeated powers **
 * · Only countries did not take part in free-for-all was Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey **
 * · Communist Russia was not allowed to take part either **
 * · Some politicians began to wonder whether they were doing the right things **


 * Germany Re-Made Treaty of Versailles****
 * · Politicians left Paris and went to Versailles, signed the first of the treaties they spent discussing **
 * · Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany, over 200 pages long, contained over 400 clauses **
 * · League of Nations was set up; first 26 clauses described how it was to work, called Covenant of the League of Nations **
 * · Germany had to give land away to neighboring countries **
 * · Germany’s overseas colonies taken away and put under rule of League of Nations **
 * · All land Germany taken from Russia in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was taken; some back to Russia, some used to create new nations **
 * · Armed forces significantly reduced **
 * · Western part of Germany made into DMZ, an area 50 kms wide **
 * · Forbidden to unite with Austria to make single German-speaking state **
 * · Accept blame for starting the Great War, known as the war guilt clause **
 * · Had to pay reparations to the Allies, mainly to France **
 * · Germans not consulted about any of this **
 * · Told the terms just weeks before they had to sign it; uproar in Germany **
 * · Treaty was harsher than expected; government resigned **
 * · People protested and complained **
 * · Allies threatened to invade Germany if not signed **


 * Europe Re-shaped****
 * · Also had to deal with Germany’s defeated partners, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkish Empire **
 * · Faced a difficult task because Austria-Hungary no longer existed **
 * · In last year of war, people of Austria-Hungary rebelled against their Emperor, trying to gain independence **
 * · Three set up their own independent states, Czechs, Hungarians, and Serbs **


 * Austria-Hungary****
 * · had to sign two treaties **
 * · made Austria and Hungary into separate and independent states **
 * · both had to pay reparations, reduce armaments, give up land to their neighbors **
 * · Serbia took huge areas of land in the south, naming it Yugoslavia **
 * · Other Austrian lands were given to Italy and Poland **
 * · Larger part of Hungary handed over to Romania **


 * Bulgaria****
 * · Treaty of Neuilly gave away land to her neighbors **
 * · Made her pay reparations **
 * · Reduced armed forces **


 * Russia****
 * · Treaties dealt with defeated, but had important effects on other countries **
 * · Although Russians didn’t attend Peace Conference; treaties did much to change their country **
 * · The got German conquered land back, but not all of it **
 * · Provinces on the Baltic Sea became independent states **
 * · Peacemakers gave part of southern Russia to Romanian **
 * · Russia’s Polish provinces were not returned **


 * Poland****
 * · Before 1919 there was no Poland; Poles conquered by their neighbors over 100 years ago **
 * · Gained independence by taking land from their conquerors, Germany, Austria, Russia **


 * Turkish Empire****
 * · Last treaty dealt with Turkish Empire; very harsh **
 * · Took away nearly all Turkey’s land in Europe **
 * · Put Turkish Straits under League of Nations control **
 * · Arab lands in Middle East made into mandates, lands which were controlled by French and British until people of those lands ready to rule themselves **
 * · League of Nations was to make sure that France and Britain governed properly **
 * · Only part given independence straight away was Arabia **
 * · Armies from Britain, France, Italy, and Greece had to occupy what remained of Turkey, the barren and mountainous area **


 * League of Nations****
 * · All 5 peace treaties began the same way, describing a new organization for keeping peace in the world, known as League of Nations **
 * · Wilson wanted a piace that would last and thought wars could avoided only with a body specially designed for settling quarrels between countries **


 * Organization of the LN****
 * · Covenant of the LN, first part of each peace treaty **
 * · If any member quarreled with another, would talk about their differences instead of going to war **
 * · Talks take place in League’s Assembly in Geneva **
 * · World parliament met once a year and each country had one vote **
 * · If didn’t work, and member was attacked, all other members would go help **
 * · Known as collective security **
 * · Help arranged by the Council of the League, smaller body which meet quickly in a crisis **
 * · Help victim by cutting off all links with attacker, especially trade and financial links **
 * · Must work was done by commissions **
 * · Disarmament commission worked to persuade member countries to reduce their armed forces **
 * · Mandates commission kept an eye on German and Turkish colonies which were put under temp rule of Brits and France **
 * · Special committees set up to look into big problems of the world **
 * · Health organization improves the world’s health **
 * · International labor organization aimed to improve the conditions in which people worked **
 * · World law court, permanent court of justice, try legal disputes between countries **
 * · League needed large number of organizers to handle paperwork, communications and publicity **
 * · Done by secretariat in Geneva **


 * Problems for the League of Nations****
 * · Looked most impressive on paper, but was rather weak **
 * · USA refused to join, even though the president thought it up in the first place; not interested in getting involved with the problems of other countries **
 * · Communist Russia and defeated Germany not allowed to join **
 * · Did not have an army to back up its decisions **
 * · Could talk about quarrels between countries, could cut off trade, but did not have the force to make countries stop fighting **


 * Summary ****
 * Eventually, Germany surrenders, after many losses and sufferings on the allied side. At the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies signed numerous treaties on the how to treat the defeated countries. The League of Nations was set up, to preserve peace between countries.**


 * Questions****


 * 1) Who were the "Big Three"?
 * 2) Which country did the Treaty of Versailles deal with?
 * 3) Which country did worst of the fighting take place?
 * 4) Who came up with the idea of the League of Nations?
 * 5) What's the purpose of the League of Nations?