InNoJerryL+1.13.2011

a home-made diagram showing what the major countries were doing or focusing on during the time of the Depression This is important because this period is when the 'New Era' started to end.

media type="youtube" key="8SOdGlHUtRI" height="390" width="640" a video about the rape of nanking from youtube

picture of Japanese army invading Manchuria


 * Chapter 1: The 'New Era': Hopes for Peace in 1929 **
 * **Locarno and the "New Era"**
 * 1925, conference in Swiss town Locarno, hopes for peace
 * Deal with unsettled peace problems (France and Germany)
 * Locarno Treaties:
 * France, Germany, and Belgium to respect each other, Britain and Italy make sure of terms
 * France support Poland and Czechoslovakia
 * removed suspicions between Germany and other countries


 * **friendship between nations**
 * 1929 "new era" seemed to begin, many peace treaties signed
 * Kellogg(US)-Briand(French) Pact:
 * war free methods of settling disputes
 * July 1929: 65 countries had signed
 * Eastern Pact (similar pact): USSR and six nearby states
 * numerous similar pacts
 * **League of Nations**
 * collective security: one attacked, others help
 * only three choices to keep peace
 * legal - Permanent Court of International Justice
 * economic - sanctions (cut trade)
 * military - form army from members
 * settled 9 disputes in 10 years easily
 * Disarmament Commission
 * persuade members to cut weapon storage
 * rely on collective security
 * **limitations of the League of nations**
 * not all in league (no US, USSR)
 * not all liked league (Germany - 'club of victors')
 * league didn't prove themselves (no major power dispute)
 * still supported

 Chapter 2: The Great Depression


 * Great Depression
 * (1929-33) cause economic breakdown
 * Spread from USA to other countries
 * Effect trade, profits, factories, businesses, and jobs
 * affecting attempts at world peace
 * government protectionism: refuse foreign trade and pull in nation demand ---> damage inter-relations
 * cause unhappiness with in nation --> rebellion, social disorder
 * ** The problem with empires **
 * Division of world: great powers (Britain/France) vs. all
 * Colonies helped reduce depression effects
 * increased other countries feelings of unfairness
 * taking foreign land came in mind to help depression
 * meanwhile, people under empire rule demand independence, expensive military costs to put down rebel

 Chapter 3: Japan, Manchuria and the League


 * ** Attraction of Manchuria **
 * Japan invaded Manchuria
 * eventually took over Taiwan, Korea, Liaodong, Kiaochow
 * wanted Manchuria most for land, minerals
 * controlled most of economy by 1931


 * ** Japan invades Manchuria **
 * Kwantung army went against Jap gov, took over Manchuria with force (18 Sept, 1931)
 * blew up section of Railway, blamed Chinese, occupy Shenyang
 * China asked for help from League, Japan ordered to withdraw troops, Japan agreed but army continued
 * government lost control of army, occupied entire province


 * ** The League and Manchuria **
 * All refused sanctions due to depression
 * Tried to persuade, agreed that Japan should leave Manchuria semi-independent
 * BUT Japan resigned from League, occupied more land
 * This affair raised high doubts about league’s ability

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 15.2pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> Chapter 4: The Revival of Germany


 * ** Hitler's foreign policy aims **
 * Nazi had strong views about Germany's place in the world
 * Blamed defeat on governmental cowards
 * Treaty of Versailles was too harsh and unfair
 * didn't allow union with Austria
 * Hitler’s aims in 1933:
 * tear up Treaty of Versailles
 * unite all German-speaking people (Greater Germany)
 * give Germans "lebensraum" (living space), take land from others
 * ** rearmament **
 * treaty of Versailles limited force, needed army to conquer
 * secretly increase armed forces
 * withdraw from Geneva Disarmament Conference and League
 * re-armed in secret, compulsory military service for all men
 * ** reactions to German re-armament **
 * could have been halted from during depression
 * countries had own business to take care of
 * only Italy opposing, Mussolini prevented German union with Austria
 * military service announcement alarmed others,
 * BUT no military action

everyone thought the world would come to long lasting peace 10 years after the great war, at the start peace treaties and the League of Nation settled many arguments and maintained peace. But then when the Great Depression started, peace started to break up. Japan invaded Manchuria and their government lost control of their army. The League was proved useless against this affair. Meanwhile, Hitler started his plan to rearm Germany, although he could have been stopped during the depression, nobody cared because they were too busy taking care of themselves
 * Summary**

define sanctions why did Japan invade Manchuria? explain why the Depression effected nations so much. what were the League's three choices to stop war? Why did the League not war with Japan?
 * Questions**