InNo+The+World+Re-Made+Part+1+michellel2013+Nov.30.10



**__ CHAPTER 1: GREAT SUFFERING __**

** France ** · Worst fighting took place in France · Area larger than Wale was totally ruined · Good farm land churned into useless mud by millions of high-explosive shells · Countless farm animals turned into food · 2 million people fled · ¾ million destroyed · Factories, roads, and railway lines wrecked · Lots of casualties in of French soldiers ** Belgium ** · Great War started in Belgium · Most of the country occupied by Germany for 4 years · Germans stripped machinery from factories, took crops, rationed food, melted metal, and shot rebels · Cities ruined by fighting and lay in rubble · 50,000 soldiers dead ** Britain ** · Suffered less than either French or Belgians · No part was ever occupied by enemy · Lots of casualties · Government deeply in debt, about one billion borrowed from Americans ** Italy ** · Italians joined war because Allies promised to give Austrian land when fighting was over · 3 years of fighting, many dead, and north-east Italy devastated ** Russia ** · Only Allied country to surrender · Mass hunger and death · Revolutions broke out; Bolsheviks took control, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ** United States ** · Suffered least of all the countries · Lost relatively less amount of soldiers ** Germany ** · Very little fighting took place on her soil · Nearly 2 million soldiers killed · Revolution started, causing chaos · After fighting, British Navy blockaded Germany’s ports to stop supplies getting in · Way to make sure German army could not renew war but people who suffered were ordinary people · Food ships unable to reach their ports, millions of Germans faced starvation ** Suffering of War ** · Central Powers suffered heavy losses · Austria lost lots of men, as well as Turkish Empire; Bulgaria lost relatively less · Tired and hungry people hit by epidemic of Spanish influenza · More than 25 million people died because of it · Leaders of victorious nation determined that such a war must never happen again · Must make treaties with defeated countries to ensure peace

**__ CHAPTER 2: GREAT EXPECTATIONS… __**

** The Paris Peace Conference ** 1. Thirty-two countries sent representative to Paris in January 1919 to make peace treaties with the defeated Central Powers. 2. The Peace Conference was dominated by the ‘**Big Three’** (Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain and Wilson of the USA). Each had different aims: a. **Clemenceau** aimed to weaken Germany so much that France could never be invaded again b. **Wilson** aimed for a fair and lasting peace. In his **Fourteen Points** he said that countries must reduce armaments, people under foreign rule must be given the right of self-determination, and a **League of Nations** must be set up to keep the peace. c. **Lloyd George** agreed with most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points but was under pressure form the British public to be harsh on Germany. 3. The Peace Treaties which the Conference made were therefore a mixture of these different aims and ideas.

** Making the Peace ** · Wilson was only one of Big Three who had detailed ideas for making peace, quickly got his own way · Politicians set up League of Nations · Turned to problem of national self-determination – where people living under rule of foreign empires must be allowed to form own nations and choose their own government · Italian politicians demanded Italians living under Austrian rule must be re-united with Italy · Poles living in Russian, Austrian, and Germany territory demanded nation of their own · Czechs and Yugoslavs wanted as much land as they could get · Peace Conference became free-for-all where victors competed with each other to carve up lands of defeated powers · Only countries did not take part in free-for-all was Germany, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey · Communist Russia was not allowed to take part either · Some politicians began to wonder whether they were doing the right things

**__ CHAPTER 3: GERMANY RE-MADE THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES __**

** The Paris Peace Treaties ** Five treaties were signed in palaces close to Paris:

1. **Treaty of Versailles** (1919) dealt with Germany. a) A League of Nations was set up. b) Land was taken away form Germany: Alsace and Lorraine were given to France, Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia to Poland, Hultschin to Czechoslovakia. Danzig, the Saar and Memel were to be ruled by the League of Nations. All Russian land conquered in 1918 was taken away. All Germany’s colonies were put under League of Nations control. c) Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men. The navy was allowed no more than six battleships. No submarines and no air force were allowed. d) The Rhineland was demilitarized and occupied by Allie armies. c) Union with Austria was forbidden f) The War Guilt Clause blamed Germany for starting the war and so Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies.

**__ CHAPTER 4: EUROPSE RE-SHAPED: THE OTHER PARIS PEACE TREATIES __**

2. **The Treaties of Saint-Germain and Trianon** (1919 and 1920) dealt with Austria and Hungary. a) The covenant of the League of Nations. b) The Austro-Hungarian Empire ceased to exist. Austria and Hungary became separate and independent states. Much of their land was given to the new nations of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as to Romania and Italy. c) Both countries had to reduce their armaments and pay reparations.

3. **The Treaty of Neuilly** (1919) dealt with Bulgaria. a) The Covenant of the League of Nations. b) Bulgarian land was given to Greece and Yugoslavia. c) Bulgaria had to reduce armaments and pay reparations.

4. **The Treaty of Sevres** (1920) dealt with the Turkish Empires. a) The Covenant of the League of Nations. b) Most of Turkeys land in Europe was given to Greece and the Turkish Straits were put under League of Nations control. c) Turkey’s Arab lands became **mandates** of the League of Nations and were put under French and British rule. d) Allied armies were to occupy what was left of Turkey—Asia minor.

**__ CHAPTER 5: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS __**

** The League of Nations ** 1. The Peace Conference set up a League of Nations. Its **Covenant**(rules) was included in all five peace treaties. 2. The job of the League was to preserve the peace by using **collective security** to deal with countries that attacked others. This would be organized by the **Assembly** in Geneva or, in an emergency, by the **Council** of the League. 3. The League also aimed to improve the world through specialized agencies, e.g. the International Labor Organization, the Health Organization, etc.

** Problems for the League of Nations ** ** -I ** mpressive on paper but weak ** - ** Three great countries were not in it. ** - ** Use did not want to join, did not want to get involved with problems form other countries. -Germany and Russia were not allowed in

** Summary: ** Many countries suffered from this war, including both the Allies and the Central Powers. As a result, many treaties were signed in the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was established, which maintained peace and improved the living conditions.

** Questions: ** 1) Why was the League of Nations set up? 2) Who were the Big Three? 3) Name several consequences for Germany after the war. 4) In what ways was the Paris Peace Conference and build-up to World War II. 5) Describe the two main problems for the League of Nations.