InNo+kathryn_chang+09.9.10

__** Chapter Three: The Rise of Napoleon **__


 * The Rise of Napoleon **
 * After the Terror ended, the French tried a new form of government, for four years they were governed by five men called the Directors, backed by two new assemblies called Council
 * They did not govern well so a young army general forced them out of office and took over the government
 * His name was Napoleon Bonaparte


 * Napoleon the soldier **
 * Napoleon's background
 * Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica in 1769
 * He was born French while his parents were Italian
 * He was the second child of eight
 * Age nine, he was sent to school in France, and spent the next seven years in military school
 * he left military school at age sixteen to be a lieutenant in the French army
 * As the Revolution began, the army grew in size and Napoleon gained rapid promotion
 * he was a general by age twenty-four
 * 1794- Napoleon's career was nearly wrecked because he was a close friend of Robespirerre's brother Augustin
 * when Robespirerre was overthrown, he was arrested too along with everyone else close to the brothers
 * however the authorities couldn't find any evidence to use against him and had to let him go back to his army post
 * Napoleon's Italian campaign
 * 1795- when the Directors took power, they continued the Revolutionary war against the Coalition
 * since the French armies were very large, by this time, they quickly conquered Holland and Belgium
 * Their next target were the states of northern Italy
 * Napoleon got his next promotion
 * 1796- he was made commander of the Army of Italy
 * orders to attack Austrian forces in northern Italy
 * Napoleon led his armies in a lot of brilliant victories over the Austrians in Italy, for over the next eighteen months
 * by October 1797- all of northern Italy was under French control
 * Napoleon was France's most famous general
 * Napoleon in Egypt
 * because of Napoleon's outstanding success in Italy, the Directors put Napoleon in command of an 'Army of the East'
 * his orders were to attack Britain's trade and colonies in the Far East]
 * he began invading Egypt, half way on the trade route to India
 * July 1798- he quickly defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of the Pyramids
 * but he never got to India
 * The British Royal Navy at Aboukir Bay sunk his ships with had brought his army to Egypt
 * they could not advance to India or go back to France
 * Napoleon and his army were marooned in the Middle East for a whole year
 * Back in Europe, the French armies were driven out of Italy and central Europe because his enemies had formed a Second Coalition
 * Napoleon found out in the summer of 1799
 * he also learned that rebels had over-run parts of western France, that the country was nearly bankrupt, and that the Directors were facing strong opposition in the Councils
 * Even though he did not have any orders to do so, he left his army and hurried back to France
 * he intended to save the country from defeat
 * Napoleon Seizes power
 * one of the Directors was plotting to get rid of his fellow Directors, close down the Councils, and set up a new, stronger government
 * to succeed, he needed military backing- where Napoleon comes along
 * he asked Napoleon to provide it
 * Napoleon agreed and joined the plot, along with his brother Lucien, who was the President of one of the Councils and another of the Directors
 * 9 November 1799- they took action
 * they made up a story that rebels were about to capture Paris, and asked the Councils to take emergency action
 * The Councils did as they were asked and made Napoleon commander of all the troops in the Paris district
 * then they left Paris to go to Saint-Cloud for a safer meeting place
 * Soldiers then forced the other three Directors to resign
 * Napoleon went to the Councils to ask them to change the government the next day but by then, they had discovered that the story about the rebels was a lie
 * they immediately took an oath to defend the Directory
 * When Napoleon appeared, thy shouted at him, pushed him around and tried to declare him an outlaw
 * Council's own records show that angry deputies tried to kill him
 * some deny the fact that they tried to kill him
 * the soldiers waiting outside the hall believed that Napoleon's life was in danger
 * they entered the hall to save him
 * most deputies fled when they say the soldiers
 * a handful who stayed voted to give Napoleon and two of the other plotters the power to run the country until a new type of government could be formed


 * Napoleon the Ruler **
 * The Consulate
 * Took only a month to create a new government where France was going to be governed by Napoleon the First Consul with the other two Consuls to advise him
 * four new Councils were created to share the work of governing France
 * Most power of them, the Council of State, helped to write new laws and discussed Napoleon's decisions
 * a Senate, a Tribunate and Legislative Body also helped making law and appointing officials
 * In the provinces, officials called Prefects put the laws into effect
 * 9 million voters were given the chance to show by voting whether or not they liked the new government
 * 3 million voted yes and only 1,500 voted against, and the rest didn't bother to vote
 * Victory in war
 * Napoleon's most urgent task as First Consul was to defend France against the armies of the Second Coalition
 * he planned to attack Austrian forces in north Italy
 * hoping to surprise attack them from behind he took his army through Switzerland and across the Alps
 * it nearly failed
 * took much longer to cross the Alps than expected
 * The Austrians were ready for them and attacked near a village called Marengo
 * Napoleon's men were outnumbered and exhausted
 * they were about to be beaten when reserve troops unexpectedly arrived on the battlefield and drove the Austrians back
 * The French won The Battle of Marengo
 * The Austrians abandoned north Italy
 * Later that year, France won another Battle with Austrians in Germany, the Battle of Hohenlinden
 * This brought the war of the Second Coalition to an end
 * 1801- A peace treaty was signed at Luneville
 * France controlled Belgium, German lands on the river Rhine, and north Italy
 * The Making of a Legend
 * Napoleon's victory made him more famous than ever
 * He was portrayed as a great hero everywhere
 * he had become almost a legendary figure
 * The Concordat and the Catholic Church
 * Since France was at peace, Napoleon could deal with some urgent problems, such as the concern about the Catholic religion
 * During the Terror, churches had been closed and France was 'de-christianized'
 * Millions of loyal Catholics hated this
 * In western France, many became rebels, trying to overthrow the government
 * Napoleon dropped the ten-day week of the Revolutionary Calendar and allowed people to take Sundays off
 * 1801- he signed an agreement with the Pope called the Concordat
 * In the Concordat, Napoleon agreed to allow Catholics to worship freely again
 * in return, the Pope allowed Napoleon to appoint all the bishops in France and agreed that all priests should take an oath of loyalty to Napoleon
 * As a result, the churches re-opened and the priests were able to come out of hiding
 * the religious conflict ended
 * Napoleon gained supports of millions of people
 * Reforms
 * By 1802- Napoleon had made peace with Europe and ended the religious conflict at home
 * A Senate increased his powers, raised his pay and made him 'Consul-for-Life'
 * voters were asked to show what they thought 3.5 million-8,000 in favor
 * Napoleon started to reform the way France was run
 * 1802- he began a reform of the country's schools
 * main change was the creation of a new kind of secondary school, the lycee
 * they were under strict military discipline, pupils at these high schools studied a curriculum drawn up by the government
 * they took an examination called the Baccalaureate for entrance to university
 * One of his greatest achievement was a reform of the French Law into seven books called codes
 * 1804- Code of Civil Law, called Code Napoleon
 * codes of criminal and commercial law were added over the next five years
 * these codes simplified the laws that existed for centuries
 * They also made individual rights, freedom of belief, and equality (some things that revolutionaries had demanded in 1789) a part of the codes
 * Napoleon becomes Emperor
 * 1804- Napoleon increased his power by making himself Emperor
 * voters showed their support with a massive vote of approval
 * France became an empire after twelve years of being a republic
 * As Emperor, he brought back some things that had been abolished during the Revolution
 * he insisted on being crowned in a coronation ceremony like the old French kings
 * he brought back noble titles for members of his family
 * brother Joseph and Louis became Grand Elector and Grand Constable of the Empire
 * 1808- he created an Imperial Nobility consisting of princes, dukes, counts, barons and knights
 * Nobles had to be very rich to pass their titles on to their children
 * unlike nobles before 1789, they had no privileges
 * By 1804- the French Republic had been replaced by an Empire, the Catholic Church had been restored, and people could become nobles once again
 * The Revolution was over

Summary Napoleon was born in 1769 and went to military school and then became a lieutenant. He was promoted fast because of the Revolution. He was famous for great victories. He went to egypt to get to India but then got stuck there for a year and then he came back and took over which led to him becoming the first consul. Then he led series of battles that they won. Then he ended the war of the Second Coalition France which ended with a treaty and ended up with France controlling Belgium, German lands on the river Rhine, and north Italy. He was a hero for France and he was promoted to the Consul-for-life. He then reformed France, bringing back Christianity and churches. Then he promoted himself as emperor. Then changed France into an empire. The Revolution was over.

Question What are the reserve troops?

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